Political Famines in the USSR and China: A Comparative Analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 42-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Graziosi
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chinese History ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Great Leap Forward ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
Communist Countries

This article offers a comparative study of the domestic and international dimensions of two calamitous famines in Communist countries: one in the USSR engendered by Iosif Stalin's Great Turning Point (1928–1934) and the other in the People's Republic of China in connection with Mao Zedong's Great Leap Forward (1958–1962). The article traces the historical roots of these catastrophes and explains how Sino-Soviet interactions affected the genesis of the famine in China. It also discusses the long-term consequences of these avoidable tragedies, comparing their impact on subsequent Soviet and Chinese history. A close look at the evident affinity between the famines opens new and at times unexpected vistas, which allow us not only to get a better grasp of each event in its own specificity but also to shed new light on fundamental questions.

A Necessary Evil: Conceptualizing the Socialist Commodity under Mao

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Coderre
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Cultural Revolution ◽  
Chinese History ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Great Leap ◽  
The Face ◽  
Great Leap Forward ◽  
The Great Leap Forward ◽  
Necessary Evil ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThis article traces the conceptual lineage of a statement, made by Mao Zedong and published in 1975, describing the contemporary economic system in the People's Republic of China as a commodity economy. Any surprise we might feel in the face of this verdict says more about our own narrow understanding of the (capitalist) commodity than it does about the political economy of the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976). As I detail in this study, the continued existence and necessity of commodities under socialism had long been an important topic of conversation in Communist circles, with important ramifications for economic planning and political movements. This article focuses on the impact of Stalin's theory of the socialist commodity, as articulated in 1952, on Chinese political economy in the 1950s; Mao's particular engagement with Stalin's work in the context of the Great Leap Forward (1958–1960); and the emergence of a new, less benign view of the socialist commodity in the 1970s. I argue that political economic theory and its study were in fact critical to the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution as mass mobilization campaigns, calling into question much of what we think we know about modern Chinese history and Chinese socialism. The essay is intended to unsettle enduring and uncritical associations between the commodity-form and capitalism. How might we, following on the heels of the theorists I discuss, imagine the commodity otherwise?

scholarly journals New insights of zoogeographical distribution of Himalayan goral (Naemorhedus goral) from Indian Himalayan Region

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bheem Dutt Joshi ◽  
Vinay Kumar Singh ◽  
Hemant Singh ◽  
Ashutosh Singh ◽  
Sujeet Kumar Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Valid Species ◽  
Central Himalaya ◽  
Indian Himalayan Region ◽  
Evolutionary Significant Units ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Conservation And Management

ABSTRACTIn the present study, we explored the intraspecific genetic variation and phylogeographic relationship among all the reported species in the genus Naemorhedus distributed in a wide range of habitats. The Bayesian based phylogeny demonstrated that Himalayan goral, is a highly diverged species from the other reported species of gorals. We claim the presence of two valid sub-species of Himalayan goral, i.e. N. g. bedfordi and N. g. goral, distributed in the western and central Himalaya, respectively. The comparative analysis with the inclusion of data available from different ranges, suggests the presence of plausibly six species of gorals across the distribution with a few valid subspecies. Further, we report that N. griseus is a valid species and not the synonyms of N. goral considering the observed discrepancy in the available sequences. We recommend all the sub-species present at distant locations may be considered as Evolutionary Significant Units (ESUs) and, therefore, appeal to provide them special attention for long term conservation and management.

scholarly journals Internationalization of soil physics from an American perspective

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kirkham
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Soil Science ◽  
Soil Physics ◽  
Soil Science Society ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Past ◽  
American Perspective ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Government

Internationalization of soil physics from an American perspectiveUpon the seventy-fifth anniversary of the Soil Science Society of America in 2011, a session was held at its annual meeting to document how the field has changed over the years. I was asked to give the long-term perspective for soil physics. I surveyed soil-physics research published by the society over the past six years (2005-2011) and compared it with a review done in 1961 upon the twenty-fifth anniversary of the society. Of the 299 papers in my survey, 186 came from outside the USA (62% of the total). Twenty-nine countries were represented with the People's Republic of China having the most papers (27 papers). In the 1961 review, only five countries outside the USA were cited. My survey showed that 48 papers (16%) dealt with water, 35 (12%) with mechanical properties, 19 (6%) with aeration, 18 (6%) with solute transport, 14 (5%) with repellency, and 10 (3%) with temperature. Of the non-USA papers in the survey, 27% gave no source of funding and the other 73% usually cited funding by the government of the corresponding author. Of the USA papers, 47% cited no source of funding. The results showed that soil-physics research has become heavily international.

Female Underachievement and Overachievement: Parental Contributions and Long-term Consequences

1994 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigrid B. Gustafson
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Young Women ◽  
The Other ◽  
Individual Development ◽  
Academic Environment ◽  
Significant Extent ◽  
School Adaptation ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
Optimal Adaptation

The present study, part of the Swedish longitudinal project, Individual Development and Adjustment (IDA; female N = 557), concerned two groups of girls designated "Underachievers" and "Overachievers". At age 16 the Underachievers exhibited higher intelligence but lower achievement, self-perceived ability, and school adaptation than did the Overachievers. To a significant extent, the Underachievers came from homes in which, three years earlier when the girls were 13, the parents had reported a low evaluation of their daughters' capacity for academic work; moreover, the parents had no aspiration for their daughters to continue their educations past compulsory school. In contrast, at age 16 the Overachievers did not come from families reporting the non-academically oriented parental evaluations and aspirations that characterised the parents of the Underachievers. In adolescence, the Underachievers' relations with their parents were more conflicted than were the relationships of the Overachievers. In adulthood, the young women who had been Underachievers exhibited significantly lower levels of education and occupation than did the Overachievers. Also, compared to the other women in the IDA sample, significantly more of the Underachievers had borne children by age 26, whereas significantly fewer of the Overachievers had given birth. It was concluded that the values parents espoused concerning educational attainment played a role in inhibiting or promoting their daughters' optimal adaptation-both in and beyond the academic environment.

Comparative Study Between Two Novel BJT-DVCC and CMOS-DVCC

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (05) ◽  
pp. 1750074
Author(s):  
Hassan Fathabadi
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
High Power ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
The Other ◽  
Current Conveyors ◽  
Mos Transistors ◽  
Differential Voltage ◽  
And Behavior

In this paper, a comparative study between performance of BJT and CMOS technologies is performed by implementing two novel BJT and CMOS differential voltage current conveyors (DVCCs) with minimum and equivalent sizes. In this study, “size” means the number of the transistors used in a design. The CMOS-DVCC consists of only 12 MOS transistors, and the BJT-DVCC includes 13 BJTs. The implementations are performed in Proteus-7 environment, and the two DVCCs are formulized with their real parameters. The two chips are modeled at low frequency, and it is shown that the CMOS-DVCC has acceptable performance and behavior to operate as a DVCC while the parameters of the BJT-DVCC are far from an ideal DVCC, so the CMOS-DVCC can be used to design electronic devices. The comparative analysis shows to achieve a reliable and acceptable BJT implementation of a DVCC, it is inevitable to increase the size of the BJT implementation. To prove this claim, another novel acceptable BJT-DVCC with larger size is presented and modeled. It is also demonstrated that the acceptable BJT-DVCC is also the first and only DVCC reported in the literature which is applicable to high-power applications, and this is the other contribution of this work.

scholarly journals Long term effects of formaldehyde preservation on subsequent bone maceration procedures: a comparative study between cold and hot water maceration

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 1000-1008
Author(s):  
Ayodeji S.O. Odukoya ◽  
Oluwaseun Ajani ◽  
Taiye S. Adelodun
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Small Bones

This study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of cold and hot water maceration techniques for the development of bone specimens from cadavers. Three already dissected bodies of both sexes (two males and a female) obtained from the Department of Anatomy, Bowen University, Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria were used. The male bodies were labelled as A and B and the female as C. Before maceration, the heights of the bodies were taken to be 165 cm, 170 cm and 160 cm for A, B and C respectively. The bodies were preserved in formalin for 4 years before being used. Hot water maceration involves cooking bones in water. Bodies A and C were used in this method. While cold water maceration is simply by soaking the body in water until all the remaining flesh was removed. Hot water maceration showed changes in color of the bones, shrinkage of the bones, oily substances were seen on the surface of the chloroform during degreasing and the bones were very soft after bleaching but got harder after drying with sunlight. Cold water maceration on the other hand kept the bones white and maintained their integrity though it required a lot of time. Small bones had their flesh removed quickly in few weeks, while larger and longer bones took months. We conclude that cold water maceration done properly, results in cleaner bones and better morphological outcomes than hot water method though it requires much time.KEYWORDS: Maceration, Formaldehyde, Comparative, Bones, Hot water, Cold water

Long-Term Experiences in Mathematics E-Learning in Europe and the USA

2012 ◽  
pp. 238-257
Author(s):  
Sven Trenholm ◽  
Angel A. Juan ◽  
Jorge Simosa ◽  
Amilcar Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Teaching Mathematics ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Mathematics Courses ◽  
Specific Focus ◽  
The Usa ◽  
E Learning

This chapter presents a comparative study regarding four long-term experiences teaching mathematics online at four different universities in Europe and the USA. The chapter first begins by discussing general differences in e-learning adoption between the USA and Europe (with specific focus on asynchronous e-learning). Second, some of the major benefits and challenges of mathematics e-learning are discussed. Third, the chapter describes some specific experiences with mathematics e-learning at the four universities (two European and two American) - these descriptions focus on methodological and practical aspects of the e-learning process in mathematics courses. Finally, a comparative analysis highlights common patterns and differences among the different models and some key factors for successful mathematics e-learning practice are identified along with a set of recommendations.

Introduction

Early Farmers ◽  
2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penny Bickle ◽  
Alasdair Whittle
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Diversity ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
The Other ◽  
Neolithic Period ◽  
Human History ◽  
Hunter Gatherers ◽  
Archaeological Science ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
Recent Project

The Neolithic period worldwide can readily be identified as one of the great transformations in human history—in Europe, there were no farmers at c.7000 cal BC, but very few hunter-gatherers after c.4000 cal BC—with long-term consequences still felt today. However, it remains difficult to capture both the detail of everyday lives during the Neolithic, and the flow of long-term transformations. This introduction asks how we are to combine all our expanding data, and at what scales we should interpret them. The challenges facing integrated and multi-scalar approaches are illustrated by a recent project on Linearbandkeramik (LBK) lifeways in central Europe, which united isotopic, osteological and archaeological analyses in an investigation of cultural diversity. The other chapters that follow are introduced. The chapter ends by looking to how we better integrate archaeological science, through a shared focus on debating what questions we should ask.

The Chinese Studies, their origin and development at the Institute of Oriental studies of the Russian Academy

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 424-460
Author(s):  
Yurij V. Chudodeev
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Chinese History ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Chinese Studies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
Oriental Studies ◽  
Former Ussr

The article offers an account on the history of the Department of Chinese Studies at the Institute of the Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy in 1960-1980. This is one of the most important centres of Chinese Studies in the former USSR and in the post-soviet Russia. The article deals with its origins, scholarly activities, and achievements as well as the members of staff. The scholarly achievements are outlined in the context of the complex relationship between the Communist party’s views on the Chinese history and the actual findings, which had to be put in accordance with the view of the Party. The ideological censorship was acerbated by the complex and not always easy relations between the Chinese and Soviet communist ideologies on one hand and the USSR and the Peoples Republic of China on the other

scholarly journals A Comparative Analysis of Indonesia’s KPK and Hong Kong ICAC in Eradicating Corruption

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-179
Author(s):  
Ridwan Arifin ◽  
Rodiyah Rodiyah ◽  
Fitria Puspita
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Modus Operandi ◽  
Independent Commission Against Corruption ◽  
Independent Commission ◽  
Great Damage

This article seeks to discusses anti-corruption policies in Indonesia and Hong Kong. This research arises from the phenomenon of corruption that has become widespread in Indonesia and seems to be a never-endingproblem that has caused great damage in all sectors of life. It's not only a matter of how much the state loss or corrupt modus operandi that is even more sophisticated and even makes Indonesia one of the highest-rankingcountries in corruption cases, but it is also a matter of law enforcement whihch is less smart in handling corruption cases themselves. On the other hand, reportedly having a different approach in combating corruption, Hong Kong is considered to have been successful in carrying out its duties. With comparative study, this article will elaborate various patterns of work conducted by anti-corruption institutions in Indonesia and Hong Kong, namely the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) and the Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC).

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