Encumbered and Traditional Anthropometry of Law Enforcement Officers for Vehicle Workspace and Protective Equipment Design

2021 ◽  
pp. 001872082110643
Author(s):  
Hongwei Hsiao ◽  
Richard Whisler ◽  
Darlene Weaver ◽  
Mathew Hause ◽  
Bradley Newbraugh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Law Enforcement Officers ◽  
Equipment Design ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Anthropometric Data ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Body Dimensions ◽  
The Past ◽  
The U.S

Objectives This study investigated anthropometric changes of national law enforcement officers (LEOs) in 46 years, compared the differences between LEO data and civilian anthropometry, and identified the magnitude of differences in dimensions measured with gear versus semi-nude measurements. Background The best available 46-year-old anthropometric dataset of LEOs has largely become outdated due to demographic changes. Additionally, anthropometric data of female LEOs and LEO measurements with gear are lacking. Method Thirty-four traditional body dimensions and 15 with gear measurements of 756 male and 218 female LEOs were collected through a stratified national survey using a data collection trailer that traveled across the U.S. and the data were compared to the LEO anthropometric data from 1975 and existing civilian anthropometric databases. Results LEO body size and shape have evolved over the past 46 years - an increase of 12.2 kg in body weight, 90 mm in chest circumference, and 120 mm in waist circumference for men. No previous data was available for comparison for females. Compared to civilians, both male and female LEOs have a larger upper body build. LEO gear added 91 mm in waist breadth for men and 120 mm for women, and 11 kg in weight for men and 9 kg for women. Conclusion The study reveals that equipment design based on the existing civilian datasets or 46-year-old LEO dataset would not accommodate the current LEO population. The new data fill this gap. Application: The differences reported above are important for LEO body gear, vehicle console, and vehicle ingress/egress design.

scholarly journals Needs and Procedures for a National Anthropometry Study of Law Enforcement Officers

2021 ◽  
pp. 001872082110191
Author(s):  
Hongwei Hsiao ◽  
Richard Whisler ◽  
Bruce Bradtmiller
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Law Enforcement Officers ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Vehicle Design ◽  
Body Dimensions ◽  
Protective Gear ◽  
The Past ◽  
Exploratory Investigation ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Existing Data

Objectives This research aims to determine the need and extent for a national anthropometry survey of law enforcement officers (LEOs) via an exploratory investigation of anthropometric changes of LEOs in four decades and comparisons of the LEO data with three existing military and civilian anthropometry sources. Background The best available anthropometric dataset of LEOs is 45 years old and has largely become outdated due to demographic changes. Assessing the extent of anthropometric changes of LEOs through a sample and evaluating the differences of the sample against existing anthropometric datasets is a step toward ascertaining the necessity for a national LEO anthropometry study. Method Thirty-two body dimensions of 67 regional male LEOs and seven female LEOs were measured, and the data of males were compared with the best available LEO anthropometry data from 1975 and three recent non-LEO anthropometry databases. Results Anthropometric dimensions were significantly different between this LEO study and existing data sources, especially in chest circumference and body weight. Most of the significant differences are important differences for LEO protective gear and vehicle design. Conclusion The study confirmed that the existing 45-year-old LEO dataset and recent Army and civilian datasets would not be suitable for armor and equipment design for the current LEO population. Application The study results are useful in supporting the decision of investing in a national LEO anthropometry survey and for equipment manufacturers to recognize the distinctiveness of LEO anthropometry from other populations and the magnitude of anthropometry changes of LEOs over the past 45 years.

Anthropometry of Women of the U.S. Army

1978 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 456-460
Author(s):  
Robert M. White
Keyword(s):  
United States Army ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Body ◽  
Anthropometric Data ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Body Dimensions ◽  
Body Sizes ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Size Data

A new anthropometric survey of U. S. Army women was planned and carried out in 1976–1977 in response to the need for current and comprehensive body size data for the women who make up an increasingly large part of the United States Army. The main purpose of the survey was to obtain and develop statistical data on the body sizes and proportions of Army women. As a result, new anthropometric data now are available for Army women, as well as workspace and strength measurements. While there has been relatively little change in the body dimensions of Army women between 1946 and 1977, comparisons of data for men and women clearly show that serious design and sizing problems will be encountered in the development of clothing and equipment intended for use by both Army men and women.

scholarly journals Deceiving suspects about the content of their alibis: consequences for truthful and untruthful suspects

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie Sauerland ◽  
Svenja Mehlkopf ◽  
Alana C Krix ◽  
Anna Sagana
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Law Enforcement Officers ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Professional Groups ◽  
The Past ◽  
Low Profile ◽  
Interrogation Techniques ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to test how modifying one’s alibi statement interacts with exposure to deceptive interrogation techniques. Design/methodology/approach – In all, 90 participants walked about a university building for 15 minutes and either stole an envelope from a staff pigeonhole (guilty condition) or put the envelope there along the way (innocent condition). Subsequently, participants were asked to provide an alibi for the past 15 minutes. Guilty and half of the innocent participants were instructed to omit that they had been in the vicinity of the pigeonholes. The rest of the innocent participants were asked to tell the truth. Several days later, participants were questioned about six statements taken from their alibis, three of which contained altered information. Findings – As expected, participants were largely blind to our alterations, with detection rates ranging from 1 to 36 percent. Contrary to cognitive load predictions, detection rates did not vary as a function of truthfulness. Rather, guilty participants were less likely to detect alterations than innocents. Research limitations/implications – Memory distrust and guilty suspects’ aim to keep a low profile might be possible explanations for these findings. Practical implications – It is recommended that law enforcement officers and other legal practitioners refrain from using deceptive interrogation techniques and such techniques that can cause inconsistencies in suspects’ reports. Researcher should make it their task to educate these professional groups about the natural occurrence of memory related, non-deceptive inconsistencies in successive statements. Originality/value – This research uses a new methodology to study the effect of deceptive interrogation techniques on both innocent and guilty suspects. The findings are relevant for legal practitioners and researchers.

Profiles of U.S. Law Enforcement Officers’ Physical, Psychological, and Behavioral Health: Results From a Nationally Representative Survey of Officers

2021 ◽  
pp. 109861112199111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Mumford ◽  
Weiwei Liu ◽  
Bruce G. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Behavioral Health ◽  
Critical Incidents ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Law Enforcement Officers ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Health Concerns ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The U.S

Law enforcement officers’ health and wellness is important at the individual and community levels in terms of maintaining a fit workforce to uphold the mission of public safety. The current study was designed to assess officer wellness across the U.S. From a nationally representative random sample of 1,135 local and state agencies, a random, probability-based sample of officers was selected, oversampling for female officers. Latent class analyses were conducted to assess wellness profiles based on a set of eleven physical, psychological, and behavioral health indicators for 2,232 officers. Personal and professional characteristics were included as auxiliary variables in models of the resulting classes. Results from this sample indicated that over two-thirds of officers fit a healthy profile, whereas one in four officers presents with moderate health concerns and nearly 6% are classified in a profile of broad health concerns. In this sample, sexual assault in childhood, greater exposure to critical incidents, working a current rotation schedule, and being female were characteristics associated with broad health concerns. Emotional and/or physical assault in childhood, greater exposure to critical incidents, and being female were characteristics associated with moderate health concerns, whereas older age and being Hispanic were protective factors. In sum, full-time sworn law enforcement officers across the U.S. are reasonably healthy but their exposures to stressful situations put them at increased risk particularly in terms of post-traumatic stress, risky drinking, and suicidality. These results are important for agency administrators and policymakers to consider in terms of wellness programs, prevention efforts and budget allocations.

scholarly journals CONCEPT AND SYSTEM OF IMPACT MUNITIONS USED IN LAW ENFORCEMENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 89-101
Author(s):  
I. Haraberiush
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Law Enforcement Officers ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Special Means ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Technical Features ◽  
Enforcement Activity

This article examines importance of impact munition based on new conceptual ideas related to humanization of forms and methods of law enforcement. It is emphasized that in implementation of public safety and the order of law enforcement agencies should meet requirements of the rule of law whereby human, his rights and freedoms are recognized as the highest values and determine the content and direction of the state and its legal institutions. It is emphasized that use of specific means contributes to implementation of this principle by creating opportunities to avoid injuries and casualties by law enforcement officers, ordinary citizens and among offenders directly. It is noted that specific means should be considered as protection means and separated from non-lethal weapons. Definition of specific protection means is given. The system of specialized protective equipment is considered because of a conceptual position: specialized protective equipment of law enforcement agencies is a basic concept and consists of subsystems that have their own structure. Place of specialized protective equipment in the system of specialized machinery of law enforcement agencies is determined. System of specialized protective equipment of and branches of these means are structured considering purpose of special means and tactical and technical features of their application in law enforcement activity.

Gender Differences in Law Enforcement Officer Stress and Coping Strategies

2021 ◽  
pp. 109861112110375
Author(s):  
Heidi S. Bonner ◽  
Andy Brimhall
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Law Enforcement Officers ◽  
Safety Factors ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Positive Coping ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
And Coping ◽  
Traumatic Stressors ◽  
Female Officers

Law enforcement officers, like many professionals, are not immune to the effect of stress on their overall health. In fact, law enforcement officers may be particularly vulnerable to these effects due to unique and sometimes traumatic stressors inherent in their work. Further, male and female officers may experience the stressors of the law enforcement profession, and the coping strategies used in response to stress, differently. Using survey data collected from a sample of law enforcement officers in a large urban police agency in the southeastern United States, this research examines the differences between male and female officers in terms of perception of stressors in policing and coping strategies used in response to stress. The findings indicate that female officers have significantly higher mean stress scores on several items (particularly those regarding safety factors) and are significantly more likely to use positive coping strategies compared to male officers.

Are Police Officers More Likely to Kill African-American Suspects?

2007 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Kleck
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Law Enforcement Officers ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
National Data ◽  
Face Analysis ◽  
Criminal Suspects ◽  
Legal Interventions ◽  
The U.S

In recent psychological research decisions by police officers to shoot criminal suspects are often assumed to be racially biased, and it is concluded that officers are more likely to shoot African-American suspects. This assumption was tested with national data on persons killed during legal interventions and with data bearing on the African-American proportion of criminal suspects law enforcement officers face. Analysis indicates that the African-American share of persons killed by law enforcement officers, while higher than the African-American percentage of the U.S. population, is lower than one would expect based on the estimated African-American proportion of suspects confronted in violent encounters or the African-American percentage of suspects who kill police officers.

scholarly journals General Causes and Some Types of Fraud Committed With the Use of Information and Telecommunication Technologies in the Russian Federation

2020 ◽  
pp. 28-31
Author(s):  
Olga V. Khanineva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Law Enforcement Officers ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Communication Services ◽  
The Past ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
The Russian Federation

The article describes the main reasons for the increase in the number of registered frauds committed in the Russian Federation over the past 4 years and provides examples of the most common types of fraud committed with the use of information and telecommunication devices. The author analyzes the reasons for committing frauds using communication facilities and information and communication technologies, with the focus on their types, ways of commission, categories of citizens most susceptible to these crimes. The author lists the most common types of fraud and their nature and proposes improvements for further activities of law enforcement officers to promote cooperation with other organizations involved in transferring and storing funds of citizens (banks) and providing communication services via the Internet (providers, companies of cellular operators) with the aim to curb the growth of crimes and achieve the highquality prevention and protection of information about citizens and their funds.

Preliminary and Comprehensive Static Anthropometric Measurements of Jordanian Children for Various Age-Groups

2020 ◽  
pp. 106480462094700
Author(s):  
Morad Etier ◽  
Atif Alkhazali ◽  
Akram Alsukker ◽  
Ekhlass Al-Momani ◽  
Sumood Asha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Seat Height ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Body Dimensions ◽  
Female Children ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Body Joints

This study measured 354 Jordanian children in six age-group categories from 6 months to 9 years. The linear static measurements included the skeletal dimensions between body joints and the middle- and lower-body dimensions. The results showed negligible differences in seat height, seat depth, and seat width for males and females. However, desk surface height and elbow rest height differed for male and female children older than 5 years. These data can inform the design of various functional items such as tools, clothes, protective equipment, or furniture for Jordanian children.

U.S. Law Enforcement Abroad: The Constitution and International Law, Continued

1990 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 444-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas F. Lowenfeld
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
International Law ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Law Enforcement Officers ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Conventions ◽  
The U.S ◽  
High Seas

In the October 1989 issue of this Journal, I wrote a brief essay concerning the U.S. Constitution and law enforcement abroad. I called attention to the case of Fawaz Yunis, a Lebanese national who was arrested on the high seas by U.S. officers and brought to the United States for trial on charges of aircraft hijacking and hostage taking. Within the space constraints of the Journal’s issue commemorating two centuries of the Constitution, I was able to discuss only one of the questions illustrated by the Yunis case—the question of jurisdiction over crimes committed by aliens abroad. My conclusion, in brief, was that a general reliance on passive personality as the basis for jurisdiction—i.e., the U.S. nationality of victims of the offense—was of doubtful validity under the Constitution, but that jurisdiction based on legislation enacted in implementation of international conventions widely adhered to probably was constitutional. The Yunis case raises two other issues that I believe are of continuing interest: (1) to what extent do the constitutional and statutory restraints on U.S. law enforcement officers apply abroad? and (2) does the so-called Ker-Frisbie rule, according to which a court in the United States may try a person brought before it for a crime over which it has jurisdiction—regardless of how the accused came to be before the court—remain valid and persuasive in the last decade of the 20th century? I want to explore these questions here, bearing in mind that the two questions are related to each other, as well as to the question of jurisdiction to prescribe discussed in the earlier article. Before embarking on the analysis, I want to set forth again in somewhat greater length the saga of Fawaz Yunis, as well as that of two other persons recently seized abroad by authority of the United States for trial in the United States.

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