Vulnerability to Narcotic Addiction: Preliminary Findings

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
David N. Nurco ◽  
Mitchell B. Balter ◽  
Timothy Kinlock
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Community Control ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Fieldwork Experience ◽  
Narcotic Addiction ◽  
Community Controls

This is a report of fieldwork methodology and preliminary findings from a controlled retrospective study of vulnerability to narcotic addiction comparing three groups of males closely matched by neighborhood, age, and race: a community-wide sample of narcotic addicts; a nonaddicted control sample of age-eleven peer associates of the addicts; and a nonaddicted community control sample of age-eleven peers who did not associate with the addicts. Fieldwork experience and preliminary findings suggest a strong selective association between friendship and deviance among narcotic addicts and their age-eleven associates — a relationship that is much less common in the two control groups, particularly community controls. Association with older deviants was also more characteristic of addicts than for the peer or community controls. Experience in the study also attests to the feasibility and merit of capturing historical data via retrospective, reconstructive sampling methods.

scholarly journals Radiological Parameters Review for Choanal Atresia

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 302-311
Author(s):  
Daniela Messineo ◽  
Maryia Chernikava ◽  
Valeria Pasquali ◽  
Serena Bertin ◽  
Mario Ciotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Surgical Approach ◽  
Choanal Atresia ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Imaging Parameters ◽  
Multiplanar Imaging

(1) Background: The study aims to identify which imaging parameters are necessary for a new correct surgical approach in the study of choanal atresia, and which anatomical findings are essential for correct planning of endoscopic treatment in choanal atresia. (2) Methods: In this retrospective study, 19 patients with choanal atresia had high-resolution multiplanar imaging (14 cases aged ≤1 year and 5 cases aged 1 to 3 years) and 35 patients in the control group similarly distributed by age. Fourteen variables, the most relevant from a surgical point of view, were selected and measured. A comparison was made between the averages of the study group and the different control groups, either directly observed or selected from the literature, using Pearson’s correlation. (3) Results: In 14 out of 26 cases, the differences were statistically significant. There was a correlation between the structures assessed, such as choanal height, rostrum height, and age. (4) Conclusions: Thanks to volumetric reformatting, this work identified and provided the clinician with useful information that helped choose the correct surgical approach. Furthermore, it focused on which imaging parameters are necessary to improve the planning of the surgical correction of choanal atresia.

scholarly journals Sonographic Signs of Adenomyosis in Women with Endometriosis Are Associated with Infertility

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2355
Author(s):  
Dean Decter ◽  
Nissim Arbib ◽  
Hila Markovitz ◽  
Daniel S. Seidman ◽  
Vered H. Eisenberg
Keyword(s):  
Laparoscopic Surgery ◽  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Conservative Management ◽  
Transvaginal Ultrasound ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
And Control

We compared the prevalence of ultrasound signs of adenomyosis in women with endometriosis who underwent surgery to those who were managed conservatively. This was a retrospective study of women evaluated at a tertiary endometriosis referral center who underwent 2D/3D transvaginal ultrasound. Adenomyosis diagnosis was based on the presence of at least three sonographic signs. The study group subsequently underwent laparoscopic surgery while the control group continued conservative management. Statistical analysis compared the two groups for demographics, symptoms, clinical data, and sonographic findings. The study and control groups included 244 and 158 women, respectively. The presence of any, 3+, or 5+ sonographic signs of adenomyosis was significantly more prevalent in the study group (OR = 1.93–2.7, p < 0.004, 95% CI; 1.24–4.09). After controlling for age, for all findings but linear striations, the OR for having a specific feature was higher in the study group. Women in the study group with ≥ 5 sonographic signs of adenomyosis had more than twice the risk of experiencing infertility (OR = 2.31, p = 0.012, 95% CI; 1.20–4.45). Sonographic signs of adenomyosis are more prevalent in women with symptomatic endometriosis who underwent surgery compared with those who continued conservative management. Women with 5+ findings have a significantly increased risk of infertility. Adenomyosis on ultrasound should be considered in the management decisions regarding these patients.

Family and Maternal Characteristics of Children With Co-Occurring ADHD and Depression

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 963-972 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay A. Borden ◽  
Jessica Hankinson ◽  
Carisa Perry-Parrish ◽  
Elizabeth K. Reynolds ◽  
Matthew W. Specht ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family Cohesion ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Community Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Comorbid Depression ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Maternal Characteristics ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Community Controls

Objective: This study examined differences between children with ADHD and comorbid depression ( n = 26), ADHD only ( n = 111), and a community control group ( n = 130) on measures of family and maternal characteristics. Method: The present study utilized a large, community sample. Diagnoses required positive endorsements from multiple sources. ANOVAs and chi-square tests were conducted to determine group differences. Results: Compared with children with ADHD alone and community controls, mothers of depressed ADHD children reported decreased family cohesion, limited participation in social/recreational activities, increased maternal depressive symptoms, difficulty coping with parenting roles, and higher rates of bipolar and anxiety disorders. Mothers of children with ADHD (with or without comorbid depression) reported increased conflict, decreased cohesion, and poor maternal coping compared with community controls. Conclusion: Findings are consistent with prior literature suggesting that families of children with ADHD and depression demonstrate both similar and unique characteristics. Clinical implications are discussed.

scholarly journals Malposition of Unerupted Mandibular Second Premolar in Children with Cleft Lip and Palate

2007 ◽  
Vol 77 (6) ◽  
pp. 1062-1066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miri Shalish ◽  
Leslie A. Will ◽  
Stephen Shustermann
Keyword(s):  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Cleft Lip And Palate ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Inferior Border ◽  
Paired T Test ◽  
Shared Genetic

Abstract Objective: To determine whether distoangular malposition of the unerupted mandibular second premolar (MnP2) is more frequent in children with unilateral clefts of the lip and palate. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study examined panoramic radiographs from 45 patients with unilateral clefts of the lip and/or palate who had no previous orthodontics. A control sample consisted of age- and sex-matched patients. The distal angle formed between the long axis of MnP2 and the tangent to the inferior border was measured. The mean, standard deviation, and range were calculated for the angles measured in the cleft and the control groups. The significance of the differences between the means was evaluated by the paired t-test. The angles of the cleft and noncleft sides were also measured and compared. Results: The mean inclination of the MnP2 on the cleft side was 73.6°, compared with 84.6° in the control group. This difference was highly significant statistically (P &lt; .0001). The difference in angles from the cleft and noncleft sides was 0.7°, not statistically significant. A significant association was found between clefting and distoangular malposition of the developing MnP2, suggesting a shared genetic etiology. This association is independent of the clefting side, ruling out possible local mechanical effects. Conclusion: Clinicians should be aware of the potential for anomalous development of MnP2 in children with clefts.

Perceptions of Social Pathology in the Neighborhood and the Etiology of Narcotic Addiction A Retrospective Study

1996 ◽  
Vol 184 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID N. NURCO ◽  
TIMOTHY KINLOCK ◽  
KEVIN O'GRADY ◽  
MONROE LERNER ◽  
THOMAS E. HANLON
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Social Pathology ◽  
Narcotic Addiction

scholarly journals Familial risk and childhood adversity interplay in the onset of psychosis

BJPsych Open ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonella Trotta ◽  
Marta Di Forti ◽  
Conrad lyegbe ◽  
Priscilla Green ◽  
Paola Dazzan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Familial Risk ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Childhood Adversity ◽  
Psychiatric History ◽  
Parental History ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Family Interview ◽  
Community Controls ◽  
Main Effects

BackgroundThe association between childhood adversity and psychosis in adulthood is well established. However, genetic factors might confound or moderate this association.AimsUsing a catchment-based case-control sample, we explored the main effects of, and interplay between, childhood adversity and family psychiatric history on the onset of psychosis.MethodChildhood adversity (parental separation and death, physical and sexual abuse) was assessed retrospectively in 224 individuals with a first presentation of psychosis and 256 community controls from South London, UK. Occurrence of psychotic and affective disorders in first-degree relatives was ascertained with the Family Interview for Genetic Studies (FIGS).ResultsParental history of psychosis did not confound the association between childhood adversity and psychotic disorder. There was no evidence that childhood adversity and familial liability combined synergistically to increase odds of psychosis beyond the effect of each individually.ConclusionsOur results do not support the hypothesis that family psychiatric history amplifies the effect of childhood adversity on odds of psychosis.

scholarly journals Analysis of porosity comparison formed on film layer of self-processed copal and alcohol based varnish against manufacture based varnish

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agustina Dewi ◽  
Zulia Hasratiningsih ◽  
Elin Karlina ◽  
Nadia Greviana
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Dental Materials ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Treated Sample ◽  
Thin Film Layer ◽  
Independent Test ◽  
Film Layer ◽  
And Control ◽  
Test Result

Introduction: Varnish is one of the dental materials that can be used to protect the pulp. Raw materials for making varnish were easy to be obtained using simple technique and composition. Self-processed varnish which has 40 gr of copal, 50 ml of 95% alcohol and 10 ml of chloroform was produced. When applied, varnish formed a thin film layer which tend to porous. The purpose of this study was to analyze the comparison between porosity which formed in film layer of self-processed and  factory varnish. Method: This study was true experimental with  12 third upper molars that had been cut horizontally as specimens and were divided into 2 groups as treated and control groups. First group had 1, 2, 3 and 4 times application of processed varnish as treated sample and second group samples were applied with factory varnish as control sample. Porosity was tested using SEM then its percentage was calculated by comparing the  porosity and the tooth area. The data was then tested  with t- independent test. Result: The result showed that self-processed varnish obtained larger percentage of porosity. Started at the third application time, both processed and factory varnish showed no porosity. Conclusion: The conclusion of this study was that there is difference between  porosity which formed in film layer of self-processed and  factory varnish.

Human Relations Training and Task-Orientation of Individuals

1977 ◽  
Vol 44 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1123-1129
Author(s):  
Robert C. Hardy ◽  
Charles H. Flatter
Keyword(s):  
Control Sample ◽  
Teaching Experience ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Task Orientation ◽  
Human Relations ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Task Oriented ◽  
And Control ◽  
Human Relations Training ◽  
Experimental Group

The problem was to investigate the effect of human relations training on individuals' relation-orientation as measured by the Least Preferred Co-worker scale. Experimental and control groups were matched on sex and teaching experience. Both groups were administered the Least Preferred Co-worker scale at the beginning and end of the experiment. The experimental group was given an 8 mo. human relations training program while the control group did not receive any training. Relation-oriented (high score) individuals became more task-oriented (low score) after human relations training than the control sample without such training. The reverse occurred for individuals who were initially task-oriented.

Prevalence of Hypodontia in Unilateral and Bilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Patients Inside and Outside Cleft Area: A Case-Control Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto De Stefani ◽  
Giovanni Bruno ◽  
Paolo Balasso ◽  
Sergio Mazzoleni ◽  
Ugo Baciliero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Cleft Lip And Palate ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dental Arch ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Italian Population ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Significant Difference

Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence and distribution of hypodontia, inside and outside the cleft area, in an Italian population with a non-syndromic unilateral (UCLP) and bilateral (BCLP) cleft lip and palate on panoramic radiographs and comparing it with a control sample. Study design: Case group was ethnically uniform and consisted in 233 patients. The control group was composed of 1000 subjects. Patients included were between seven and fifteen years old. Descriptive analysis, using absolute and relative frequencies, was performed to check out the prevalence of gender distribution, hypodontia and cleft formation. Statistical analysis was conducted with Chi-squared test, Yate's correction and the Fisher's exact test. The power was set higher than 0.8 for each test. Results: 160 cleft patients (68.68%) presented at least one missing tooth, while 88 patients in the control groups presented agenesis (8.80%). A statistically significant difference was found in case and control groups for upper lateral incisors (37.34% and 48.07% in the case group against 2.50% and 2.60% in the control group), upper and lower second premolars (8.58%, 6.44%, 5.58% and 6.01% in the cleft group and 0.60%, 0.60%, 2.50% and 2.70% in the control group). Conclusion: Higher prevalence of dental agenesis in the maxillary dental arch is explained by the cleft defect. Higher prevalence of mandibular second premolars agenesis cannot be explained by the anatomical defect and suggests a multifactorial aetiology, including environmental and genetic factors, of the cleft condition.

scholarly journals Cytokine Level and Symptoms of Schizophrenia

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (T3) ◽  
pp. 87-91
Author(s):  
Mustafa Mahmud Amin ◽  
Elmeida Effendy
Keyword(s):  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Tnf Alpha ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Alpha Level ◽  
And Control ◽  
Necrosis Factor ◽  
Positive And Negative Symptoms

BACKGROUND: The study was intended to find one of the cytokines, that is, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha correlation with PANSS scores of people with schizophrenia (PwS) and their differences compared to the healthy people of Malayan- Mongoloid Race. AIM: The aim of this study was providing a profile of TNF-alpha level in PwS of Malayan-Mongoloid race and its correlation with positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. METHODS: It was conducted using cross-sectional and following sampling methods, with inclusion and exclusion criteria set for the PwS and control groups. RESULTS: The result was no correlation between TNF-alpha levels with PANSS scores on PwS (p > 0.005), with very weak correlation and positive correlation direction, and there were differences in TNF-alpha levels.between PwS and control groups. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that the higher levels of TNF-alpha would impact on the severity symptoms experienced by PwS.

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