scholarly journals Why Aquinas’s Metaphysics of Gender Is Fundamentally Correct: A Response to John Finley

2019 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-205
Author(s):  
William Newton

In an important article, John Finley suggests a correction to Aquinas’s understanding of gender distinction. Disagreeing with Aquinas, Finley proposes that gender distinction (male and female) stems from the soul rather than from the body. In this essay, I will show that this is not a tenable position because it does not fit with either what we know about the physical development of sex differences or the unity of man and woman as a single human species. I will defend Aquinas’s fundamental insights into the root of gender distinction without defending his biological understanding of the process itself. I will argue that there is a single generic generative power in the soul that is determined by the matter to which the soul is united, to be expressed as either male or female. This paradigm, I believe, copes better than the one offered by Finley with phenomena such as intersexed persons and sex reassignment surgery. While I do not accept the idea of a feminine or masculine soul, the paradigm offered here does lead to the notion of the soul being feminized or masculinized on account of the matter that it informs.

1981 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ira B. Pauly

Fifteen years ago the author reviewed the world literature on male transsexualism (Pauly, 1965). Subsequently he summarized the results of sex reassignment surgery for male and female transsexuals (Pauly, 1968), and reviewed the literature on female transsexualism (Pauly, 1974). Very recently, Meyer and Reter (1979) concluded that ‘sex reassignment surgery confers no objective advantage in terms of social rehabilitation’ as compared with a group of individuals who sought sex reassignment but remained unoperated upon at follow-up. Both groups improved over time and led the Johns Hopkins Gender Identity Clinic to conclude that sex reassignment surgery would no longer be offered there. This report, and other non-surgical, psychotherapeutic approaches to gender dysphoric patients (Barlow et al. 1973; Barlow et al. 1979; Lothstein and Levine, 1980) call into question the justification for sex reassignment surgery. Therefore, it becomes important to update the results of sex reassignment surgery for transsexuals. Data on 283 male to female transsexuals and 83 female to male transsexuals are presented.


Author(s):  
Tatiana Piccardi

ABSTRACTThrough the analysis of narratives on sorrow and pain, this paper attempts to verify the extent to which speakers seem to find relief and internal resources to rebuild their lives within their own processes of narration. The proposed reflections derive from two correlated experiences: (i) observing speeches of parents belonging to a group that supports grieving parents. These speeches led to a favorable mourning development; and (ii) the fact that the researcher had the opportunity to act as a ghostwriter of an unusual story: the one involving a transsexual who decided to undergo sex reassignment surgery and write about the experience to transform her pain into narrative. In both cases, the narratives seem to have been critical to transform their lives. In both cases, the empathy of the interlocutor(s) was fundamental to promote what I freely call “curative effects”. The starting point is the perception that each speech act can be understood in its wealth only within the broader context of its production. This includes checking – for the case of the fragments presented – the appearance of discourses about illness, death, loss, sexuality, which permeate our culture and get materialized into the speeches of the interlocutors. It is understood that curative effects as well as identity empowerment cannot be explained solely through the narrativization of personal stories about sorrow and pain, but it is equally understood that one needs a widely-held comprehension about the language movement that is enabled in those specific situations as to evaluate how language can be optimized in similar processes where transforming pain into narrative can be a matter of survival. My conclusion makes a few considerations on how these narratives can be deemed speech acts with curative effects that can promote life and reconstruct identities and how they act independently within the enunciative process. Austin’s (1975) speech act theory is the main theoretical prospect adopted, in a combination with recent debates about identity and reflections over the relations involving language, literature, narrative, and health promoted by GENAM, the Narrative and Medical Science Study Group of the University of São Paulo, Brazil.RESUMOEste trabalho busca verificar, por meio da análise de narrativas sobre dor e sofrimento, em que medida os respectivos enunciadores parecem encontrar alívio e recursos internos para refazer suas vidas por meio do próprio processo de narrar. As reflexões propostas são desdobramento de duas experiências correlatas: (i) a observação das falas das mães/pais pertencentes a um grupo de apoio a pais enlutados; falas tais que promoveram um desenvolvimento favorável do luto; e (ii) o fato de esta pesquisadora ter tido a oportunidade de ser a ghostwriter de uma história incomum: a de um transexual que decidiu realizar a cirurgia para mudança de sexo e resolveu escrever sobre sua experiência de modo a transformar sua dor em narrativa. Nos dois casos as narrativas parecem ter sido decisivas para transformar vidas. Nos dois casos, a empatia do(s) interlocutor(es) foi fundamental para que se promovessem o que chamo livremente de efeitos curativos. Parte-se da compreensão de que cada ato de fala pode ser entendido em sua riqueza apenas se inserido no contexto mais amplo de sua produção, o que compreende verificar, no caso dos fragmentos apresentados, a emergência de discursos sobre doença, morte, perda, sexualidade, que atravessam nossa cultura e se materializam nas falas dos interlocutores. Entende-se que os efeitos curativos e o empoderamento identitário não podem ser explicados unicamente através da narrativização das histórias pessoais de dor e sofrimento, mas igualmente entende-se que é preciso compreender melhor o movimento de linguagem que é acionado nessas situações específicas, para que se avalie como se pode otimizar a linguagem em processos semelhantes, em que transformar uma dor em narrativa pode ser condição de sobrevivência. Concluo com algumas considerações a respeito do quanto tais narrativas podem ser consideradas atos de fala com efeitos curativos capazes de promover vida e reconstruir identidades e o quanto atuam independentemente no processo de enunciação. A principal perspectiva teórica adotada é a teoria dos atos de fala de Austin (1975), combinada com debates recentes sobre identidade, e reflexões sobre as relações entre linguagem, literatura, narrativa e saúde promovidas pelo GENAM.


1979 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 719-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane R. Follingstad

This study assessed the differential effects of sex of pressuring confederates and perception of ability on conforming behavior of males and females. Varying male and female sources of the communication to influence subjects' views of their ability was expected to produce less conformity in females receiving the information from a male rather than a female. Data on undergraduates showed 64 females did not conform significantly more than 64 males, but male subjects conformed more in the presence of male confederates while females conformed significantly more when led to believe that males were more accurate on the task. Only the male source influencing females to believe they were superior on the task resulted in significantly less conformity in female subjects. Considering sex differences is essential due to the finding that the sexes responded to different variables present in most conformity experiments. The decrease in conformity produced in females when told by a male that females do better than males has implications for the use of male sources of communication to increase independent behavior of women.


With a view to the future investigation of the osteological developement of the human race, the author gives, in the present paper, the results of a great number of measurements, which he has very carefully made, of the dimensions of the different bones composing the adult human skeleton. The male bones examined were those in the collection of Dr. Monro 3 the female bones were furnished by Dr. Hamilton. The author was anxious to fix on some one dimen­sion in the skeleton which might be taken as the standard of all the measurements: and finding that no bone of the trunk or limbs pos­sessed the requisite characters for that purpose, he sought for it in the cranium; and the result of an extensive series of observations led him to adopt as the standard of measure the distance between the prolongations of the zygomatic ridges, immediately over the meatus auditorius externus, as being that dimension which was less liable to variation than any other of the human cranium. This line he deno­minates the auricular transverse ; and, adopting a scale of which the unit is the 14th part of this line, being generally about the third of an inch, he states at length, in multiples of this unit, the dimensions, in different directions, of almost every bone in the skeleton; noting more especially the differences that occur in those of the two sexes. Of these measurements, which are given in much detail, and in many instances arranged in a tabular form, it is impossible to give any abridgement. The conclusion he deduces from his inquiry is, that every bone in the body exhibits certain modifications, according to the sex of the individual.


Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 293
Author(s):  
Jose Manuel Fernandez-Garcia ◽  
Beatriz Carrillo ◽  
Patricia Tezanos ◽  
Paloma Collado ◽  
Helena Pinos

Phytoestrogens are considered beneficial for health, but some studies have shown that they may cause adverse effects. This study investigated the effects of genistein administration during the second week of life on energy metabolism and on the circuits regulating food intake. Two different genistein doses, 10 or 50 µg/g, were administered to male and female rats from postnatal day (P) 6 to P13. Physiological parameters, such as body weight and caloric intake, were then analyzed at P90. Moreover, proopiomelanocortin (POMC) expression in the arcuate nucleus (Arc) and orexin expression in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), perifornical area (PF) and lateral hypothalamus (LH) were studied. Our results showed a delay in the emergence of sex differences in the body weight in the groups with higher genistein doses. Furthermore, a significant decrease in the number of POMC-immunoreactive (POMC-ir) cells in the Arc in the two groups of females treated with genistein was observed. In contrast, no alteration in orexin expression was detected in any of the structures analyzed in either males or females. In conclusion, genistein can modulate estradiol’s programming actions on the hypothalamic feeding circuits differentially in male and female rats during development.


Moreana ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 43 & 44 (Number (4 & 1-2) ◽  
pp. 150-177
Author(s):  
Emilien Mohsen

This article follows an aspect of Spenser’s structure of the The Faerie Queene, namely that of duality, to discuss how the notion of the body is treated. This representation gives way to doubleness, if not to say problematic expression of bipolarity, someties as both male and female figures, in the process of “sexual” regeneration or creation. The article, thus, mostly highlights the role of Britomart, the heroine of Book III, and Artegall, hero of Book V, as the one is presented in an armour, brandishing a “phallic” lance, and the other is introduced in a woman’s attire. In both of them, therefore, one finds the principle of the duality of bodily representation, or as Pico della Mirandola has it, that the male and female representation can be seen as “two powers in the same substance.”


2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 137-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. De Cuypere ◽  
M. Van Hemelrijck ◽  
A. Michel ◽  
B. Carael ◽  
G. Heylens ◽  
...  

AbstractAimThe Belgian medical world has acknowledged the diagnosis of transsexualism and accepted Sex Reassignment Surgery (SRS) as one of the steps in the treatment of choice since 1985. This prevalence and demographic study analyses data on all Belgian individuals who have undergone SRS since that year.MethodsAll (188) plastic surgeons as well as all gender teams (Antwerp, Bruges, Ghent, and Liège) in Belgium were sent demographic questionnaires to be completed for each of their transsexual patients.ResultsThe results show an overall prevalence of 1:12,900 for male-to-female and 1:33,800 for female-to-male transsexuals in Belgium. In Wallonia (the French-speaking region of Belgium) the prevalence is significantly lower than in Flanders (the Dutch-speaking region) and in Brussels (the bilingual capital region). In the total Belgian population the male/female sex ratio is 2.43:1, again with a substantial difference between Wallonia on the one hand and Flanders on the other.Discussion and ConclusionWhile in Flanders and in Brussels the prevalence is comparable to that in other Western European countries, in Wallonia it is markedly lower. Transsexualism in Wallonia appears to be socially less acceptable: persons suffering from gender dysphoria in that part of Belgium encounter more problems accessing gender clinics and receiving treatment.


2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (11) ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Travis Stephens ◽  

Expert opinions diverge on appropriate treatment for gender dysphoria. Some encourage the pursuit of counseling that helps one to identify with one’s natal sex. Others encourage people struggling with gender dysphoria to change the body to match the so-called inside. The latter advocate the use of hormone replacement therapies and sex reassignment surgeries to facilitate the transition. Such procedures are not only immoral because they render the patient sterile, but also because they reject the God-given personhood that is manifest through one’s sexuality. Since sexuality constitutes so much more than genitalia, sex reassignment surgery does not actually change one’s sexuality. Rather, it merely maims the individual, limiting her ability to love authentically as a sexual person. Out of respect for the human person, the only appropriate course of action is to counsel these individuals and encourage them to overcome the inhibitions that prevent them from embracing their natal sex.


1982 ◽  
Vol 54 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1139-1144
Author(s):  
Sharon A. Whittaker-Bleuler

This study compared the ability of experienced and inexperienced tennis players to detect winning and losing behavior of selected championship tennis players (3 males and 3 females). 80 males and 80 females, experienced Canadian adult tennis playing volunteers, and a similar number of Canadian adults who did not play tennis regularly, viewed “between-point” behavior of selected championship tennis players on two video-tapes. The subjects responded as to whether the player on the tape had won or lost the point immediately preceding the behavioral episode and also indicated the degree of confidence they had in each response. Experienced subjects were significantly better than inexperienced ones in the detection of winning and particularly losing behavior. Sex differences were not found in either the experienced or inexperienced group even when wins and losses or male and female players on the tapes were considered separately. Experienced subjects generally expressed confidence in the correctness of their responses particularly on Tape 1 while inexperienced subjects were unsure of their responses. Involvement in tennis appears to be important to the detection of winning and losing.


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