Commercial uses for straw fibre

1982 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Staniforth
Keyword(s):  
World Wide ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Food Energy ◽  
Cereal Straw ◽  
Plant Waste ◽  
Textile Manufacture ◽  
Chemical Feedstock

Whether or not it is the largest, or the last—both claims have been made—a vast untapped source of food, energy, and raw materials lies in the billions of tonnes of plant waste produced world-wide each year. Cereal straw accounts for a significant proportion of this and is attracting increasing attention as an animal feedingstuff and chemical feedstock. Its fibre also has many uses—in construction, insulation, packaging, and papermaking; its potential extends even to textile manufacture.

Feasibility of cereal straw for industrial utilization in Minnesota

2000 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.C. Wagner ◽  
S. Ramaswamy ◽  
U. Tschirner
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cereal Straw ◽  
Industrial Utilization ◽  
Industrial Use ◽  
On Farm ◽  
And Storage

AbstractA pre-economic feasibility study was undertaken to determine the potential of cereal straw for industrial utilization in Minnesota. Specifically, utilizing straw for pulp and paper manufacture was of interest. The availability of cereal straw fiber supplies at various locations across the state of Minnesota, along with pre-processing issues such as transportation, harvesting, handling, and storage, are discussed and priced. The greatest economic advantage of straw for industrial use appears to be the low cost of the raw material compared to traditional raw materials. This also provides an excellent opportunity for additional income for farmers. The methodology and information provided here should be helpful in evaluating the feasibility of utilizing straw for other industrial purposes in other parts of the world. However, in some Third World countries, long-standing on-farm, traditional uses of cereal straws for fuel, fiber, and animal feed may limit their availability for industrial utilization.

scholarly journals EFFECTIVE USE OF ROTARY FURNACE SHELL HEAT

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 414-419
Author(s):  
Julius Lisuch ◽  
Dusan Dorcak ◽  
Jan Spisak
Keyword(s):  
Waste Heat ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Rotary Furnace ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Total Energy Expenditure ◽  
Heat Losses ◽  
Controlled Cooling ◽  
Effective Use

<pre><pre>Significant proportion of the total energy expenditure for the heat treatment of raw materials are heat losses through the shell of rotary furnace. Currently, the waste heat is not used in any way and escapes into the environment. Controlled cooling system for rotary furnace shell (<span>CCSRF</span>) is a new solution integrated into the technological process aimed at reducing the heat loss of the furnace shell. Based on simulations and experiments carried out was demonstrated a significant effect of controlled cooling shell to the rotary furnace work. The proposed solution is cost-effective and operationally undemanding.</pre></pre>

scholarly journals TECHNOLOGY AND EQUIPMENT FOR PROCESSING ACTIVATED AGRICULTURAL PLANT WASTE INTO BIOETHANOL

2022 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 59-67
Author(s):  
Dmitriy Prosvirnikov ◽  
Denis Tuncev ◽  
Bulat Ziganshin
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
Agricultural Plant ◽  
Plant Waste ◽  
Hydrolysis Temperature ◽  
Reducing Substances

The article is devoted to the development of technology and equipment for the production of bioethanol from agricultural plant waste, activated by the steam explosion method. The value and novelty of research lies in obtaining new data on the effective acidic and enzymatic hydrolysis of activated raw materials, and developing a technology for the conversion of plant raw materials into bioethanol. The studies were carried out on the basis of the Department of Wood Materials Processing of Kazan National Research Technological University (Republic of Tatarstan, Kazan). A pilot plant for the production of bioethanol and the principle of its operation are presented. Pine wood waste and wheat straw (collected in Kukmor region of the Republic of Tatarstan in the period August-September 2021) were used as raw materials. Steam-explosive activation of raw materials was carried out at temperatures of 165 ⁰C and 210 ⁰C for 5 minutes. Acid hydrolysis parameters: H2SO4 concentration - 0.5% and 1.5%, hydromodule 1:15, hydrolysis temperature - 187⁰C, hydrolysis duration - 5 hours. Enzymatic hydrolysis parameters: preparation - Cellulox-A (OOO PO Sibbiopharm, Russia) - 6 and 12 g/kg of raw material, hydrolysis temperature - 45 ⁰C, substrate pH 4.7 (acetate buffer), raw material concentration in the substrate 33 g/l, the duration of hydrolysis is 72 h. Alcoholic fermentation of hydrolysates was carried out at 32-34⁰C using Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, fermentation duration 7 h, yeast concentration 25 g/l. The bioethanol yield in % of reducing substances was recalculated after determining the mass yield. It is concluded that the vapor-explosive activation of pine wood at a temperature of 210 ºC makes it possible to obtain by acid hydrolysis and anaerobic fermentation of reducing substances up to 0.26 kg (0.33 l) of ethanol from 1 kg of activated raw materials, and activation of wheat straw at the same temperature allows obtaining up to 0.172 kg (0.218 l) ethanol with 1 kg of activated straw

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ РЕЗУЛЬТАТОВ ДИАГНОСТИКИ ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКОГО ПОЛИМОРФИЗМА β- И κ-КАЗЕИНОВ

2019 ◽  
pp. 18-22
Author(s):  
V.A. POGREBNYAK ◽  
А.V. KOLBAS ◽  
N.A. MORKOVKINA
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Casein Gene ◽  
Cheese Making ◽  
Holstein Breed ◽  
Dairy Cattle Breeding ◽  
Holstein Bulls ◽  
Genetically Determined

Использование ДНКтехнологий позволяет значительно повысить эффективность селекционноплеменной работы по генетически обусловленным качественным характеристикам молока для производства специализированных видов продукции, сокращая расходы и время для достижения целей. Выявление предпочтительных вариантов генов позволяет проводить селекцию по генотипу. В исследовании маточного поголовья из племенных стад голштинской породы в Белгородской области установлено, что молоко коров генотипов ВВ и АВ по казеину имело лучшие показатели сыропригодности в сравнении с молоком от гомозиготных носительниц Ааллеля казеина: выход сырного зерна был выше на 1317. для производства 1 кг сырного зерна меньше требовалось нормализованного и сырого молока на 12,5. Различий по сыропригодности молока от коров с гетерозиготными и гомозиготными генотипами по аллелю В гена казеина не установлено. На значительной по численности выборке коров голштинской породы (n8706) установлена низкая (8,46) доля животных гомозиготных по аллелю В гена казеина при высокой доле гетерозигот (44,66) и гомозигот АА (46,88). При генотипировании быков (n84) выявлено, что гомозиготными по желательным аллелям казеина было 7,1 животных, по казеину 22,6. Дефицит отечественных быков голштинской породы по желательным генотипам на сегодняшний день может быть компенсирован импортом спермы быков из стран, в которых селекция проводится не только по и казеинам, но и в целом по сыропригодности. Высокая доля (38,87) гомозиготных коров по аллелюА2 при наличии значительного по численности поголовья позволяет сформировать из них специализированное стадо для производства гипоаллергенного молока. Значительная доля гетерозиготных генотипов по казеину дает возможность создавать группы/стада коров с аллелем В гена казеина по результатам генотипирования и получать улучшенное молоко для сыроделия.Enhancing innovation in dairy cattle breeding is interesting for not only dairy manufacturers, but also milk processing enterprises and suppliers of various raw materials. Application of DNA technologies allows improving efficiency of cattle breeding for genetically determined milk quality characteristics to produce specialized products, reduce costs and time achieving goals. In addition to the traditional selection of animals, identification of gene variants, which are preferred for selection, allows to carry out selection according to genotype. The study of the stock of Holstein breed in Belgorod region reveals that milk of cows with the BB and AB genotypes of casein had significantly better characteristics for cheese making compared to milk of cows with homozygous Aallele of casein: increased yield of cheese grain on dry matter / protein by 1317, reduced amount of normalized and raw milk for the production of 1 kg of curd grain by 12.5. There was no difference in the suitability of milk for cheese manufacture between cows with heterozygous and homozygous genotypes for the allele B of the casein gene. An investigation of large group of Holstein cows (n8706) showed low (8.46) proportion of animals that homozygous for the allele B of the casein gene and high proportion of heterozygotes and homozygous(AA) animals (46.88 ).Genotyping of bulls (n84) reveals that animals with homozygotes for the desirable alleles of casein were 7.1, for casein 22.6.The deficit of native Holstein bulls with the desired genotypes today can be compensated by imported bovine semen from countries in which selection is carried out not only for and caseins, but also for all factors influencing milk suitability for cheese manufacture. The high proportion (38.87) of homozygous cows for the A2 allele in the presence of a significant number of livestock, allows forming a specialized herd for the production of hypoallergenic milk. A significant proportion of heterozygous casein genotypes makes it possible to create groups / herds of cows with the casein B allele according to the genotyping results and to receive improved milk for cheese making.

scholarly journals Agent-Based Modeling for Integrating Human Behavior into the Food–Energy–Water Nexus

Land ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 519
Author(s):  
Nicholas R. Magliocca
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Agent Based Modeling ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Learning Technology ◽  
Coupled Modeling ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Food Energy ◽  
Data Limitations

The nexus of food, energy, and water systems (FEWS) has become a salient research topic, as well as a pressing societal and policy challenge. Computational modeling is a key tool in addressing these challenges, and FEWS modeling as a subfield is now established. However, social dimensions of FEWS nexus issues, such as individual or social learning, technology adoption decisions, and adaptive behaviors, remain relatively underdeveloped in FEWS modeling and research. Agent-based models (ABMs) have received increasing usage recently in efforts to better represent and integrate human behavior into FEWS research. A systematic review identified 29 articles in which at least two food, energy, or water sectors were explicitly considered with an ABM and/or ABM-coupled modeling approach. Agent decision-making and behavior ranged from reactive to active, motivated by primarily economic objectives to multi-criteria in nature, and implemented with individual-based to highly aggregated entities. However, a significant proportion of models did not contain agent interactions, or did not base agent decision-making on existing behavioral theories. Model design choices imposed by data limitations, structural requirements for coupling with other simulation models, or spatial and/or temporal scales of application resulted in agent representations lacking explicit decision-making processes or social interactions. In contrast, several methodological innovations were also noted, which were catalyzed by the challenges associated with developing multi-scale, cross-sector models. Several avenues for future research with ABMs in FEWS research are suggested based on these findings. The reviewed ABM applications represent progress, yet many opportunities for more behaviorally rich agent-based modeling in the FEWS context remain.

scholarly journals About the Work of Leningrad Industrial Enterprises in 1941

TECHNOLOGOS ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 16-29
Author(s):  
Ryabkov Andrei
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Light Industry ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
War Production ◽  
The One ◽  
The City

Before the Great Patriotic War (GPW) at least 1/3 of cumulative total yield of Leningrad factories was the products of ―defense‖ or ―special‖ function, i.e. military ones. A significant proportion of civilian products could also be used for the army, navy or the NKVD troop’s demands. Pre-war production planning provided for the all-round increase in the output of military products.In this regard, the city's enterprises experienced an acute shortage of production and office premises, electricity and personnel. Plants and factories operated with external raw materials and fuel which made them critically dependent on the functioning of the logistics chains connecting Leningrad with the regions of the USSR. The main criterion of evaluating the work of an industrial enterprise was the amount of output and the mandatory fulfillment or over-fulfillment of production plan. At the factories the problems of quality were ignored and this led to the necessity of conducting periodic campaigns of "struggle for quality" by senior management. However, such campaigns turned to be useless and did not result in the required demands due to the initially defective system of goal-setting in industry. The peculiarities of conducting economic activities in wartime, on the one hand, deepened the previous problems, on the other hand, made the processes of deploying new industries more dynamicby reducing the number of management links and lengthening work shifts,. The main role in setting production tasks to the enterprises was transferred from the specialized People's Commissariats to the City Committee of the All-Union Communist Party and the Military Council of the Front; factories were often forced to execute three parallel production plans. The establishment of the blockade regime focused the industry of Leningrad almost exclusively on the interests of the Leningrad Front. Mobilization into the army and recruitment into the people's militia deprived enterprises of the number of qualified personnel; at first, the replacement of experienced workers by housewives and adolescents could not be considered complete and equivalent. In September – October 1941 the reserves of fuelwere exhausted in the city and this led to a fuel and energy crisis in November – December 1941 and an almost complete shutdown of heavy and light industry enterprises in the first quarter of 1942. The factors which influenced the manufacturing processes of Leningrad industrial enterprises in the pre-war, war and blockade periods of 1941 have been considered in the present article.

The Malabo Declaration and agenda 2063: making climate smart agriculture real with conservation agriculture in Africa.

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Saidi Mkomwa ◽  
Amir Kassam ◽  
Martin Bwalya ◽  
Reynolds K. Shula
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Conservation Agriculture ◽  
Strategic Positioning ◽  
Smart Agriculture ◽  
African Agriculture ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Agenda 2063

Abstract The African Union (AU) has provided the vision and even a hint of the future through Agenda 2063: The Africa We Want, to be achieved, in part, through accelerated agricultural growth and transformation, leading to shared prosperity and improved livelihoods. The promulgation is contained in the Malabo Declaration of the AU Summit held in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea, in June 2014. Attaining the ambitious commitments of ending hunger, doubling productivity, halving post-harvest losses and poverty, enhancing resilience in livelihoods and production systems to climate variability and other shocks, and reducing child stunting to 10% and numbers of underweight children to 5% by 2025 requires a definition of the strategies and the operative paradigms. The Declaration also calls for African agriculture to become climate smart. This chapter presents the strategic positioning of Conservation Agriculture (CA) in making climate smart agriculture (CSA) real in Africa and harnessing partnerships, informed by science and analyses of lessons from past interventions. We conclude that investing US$50 per household, in a capacity development programme in CA for 25 million households, has the potential to increase land productivity, produce food surpluses and transform livelihoods, thus attaining the Malabo Declaration targets. The investment in and adoption of CA-based CSA to that magnitude will not only move Africa's agriculture to a new level, where a significant proportion of agricultural land is managed with CA systems, but also supply competitively priced raw materials for transformative industrial and economic growth in Africa.

Agricultural Drought in Ethiopia

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Engida Mersha ◽  
Vijendra K. Boken
Keyword(s):  
Food Supply ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Agricultural Drought ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Access To Food ◽  
Supply Systems

In Ethiopia, 85% of the population is engaged in agriculture (CSA, 1999). Agriculture supplies a significant proportion of the raw materials for the agro-industries, and accounts for 52% of the gross product and 90% of the export earnings. A wide range of climatic, ecological, and socioeconomic diversities influence Ethiopian agriculture. The dependency of most of the population on rain-fed agriculture has made the country’s economy extremely vulnerable to the effects of weather and climate, which are highly variable both temporally and spatially. If rains fail in one season, the farmer is unable to satisfy his needs and pay his obligations (tax, credit, etc). Farmers remain in the bottom line of poverty and lead a risky life. Moreover, due to climatic change and other human-induced factors, areas affected by drought and desertification are expanding in Ethiopia (NMSA, 1996a; WMO, 1986). There are three major food supply systems in Ethiopia (IGADD, 1988; Teshome, 1996): crop, livestock, and market-dependent systems. Cropbased systems are practiced principally over the highlands of the country and comprise a very diverse range of production, depending on altitude, rainfall, soil type, and topography. Any surplus above the farmer’s need is largely dependent on, for example, good weather conditions, absence of pests and diseases, availability of adequate human and animal power. Failure of rains during any cropping season means shortage of food supply that affects farmers and others. The livestock system constitutes about 10% of the total population, which is largely based in arid and semiarid zones of the country. This system is well adapted to highly variable climatic conditions and mainly depends on animals for milk and meat and is usually supplemented by grains during nondrought years. Approximately 15% of the Ethiopian population is market dependent and is affected by the preceding two food supply systems. Its food supply (grain, pulses, and oil seeds) has been facing serious shortages due to recurring droughts. People’s purchasing power determines access to food in the market-dependent food supply system. In Ethiopia, an agricultural drought is assessed using the concept of the length of growing period (LGP).

Meat Product Innovative Formula of the Functional Use

Food Industry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-52
Author(s):  
Ivan Gorlov ◽  
Marina Slozhenkina ◽  
Gilyan Fedotova ◽  
Arkadiy Natyrov ◽  
Aleksei Slozhenkin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Meat Product ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
World Health ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
Visual Evaluation ◽  
Organoleptic Characteristics ◽  
Health Organization

Modern trends in functional and dietary nutrition define the need to search for and develop innovative recipes and technologies for manufacturing meat products. Existing technologies for the meat products production ensure compliance with the consumption standards ratios in accordance with the World Health Organization recommendations. The research object was the technology of manufacturing a meat product - rillette “Honey Nut” with the addition of amino acetic acid. The proposed innovative technology ensures the enrichment of traditional meat rillette with useful ingredients contained in honey extract of walnuts. The amount of nut-honey extract and amino acetic acid (glycine) introduced into the recipe is 0.2–0.3 and 0.03–0.04 kg per 100 kg of raw materials, respectively. The recipe for walnuts honey extract is as follows: walnuts in the stage of milky-waxy ripeness (5–7 mm) – 1 kg; mixed honey – 4 l. To prepare honey-nut extract, a man infused crushed walnuts in the stage of milky-waxy ripeness in liquid honey for 42 days. Visual evaluation of the honey nut rillette structure showed that it is a fairly viscous, homogeneous mass in the product. In the mass there are small particles (200–300 microns) of connective and muscle tissue; the boundaries between them are blurred and are not identified. A significant proportion of particles is less than the value of a single cell; they form fine-grained protein masses that give the rillette greater compactness and uniformity, which improves the organoleptic characteristics of the finished product. Generally, the amount of identifiable animal particles in the product is quite high. There are no nuclear cell formations. Comparison of rillettes main indicators proved that the “Honey nut” rillette has a higher carbohydrate content than its counterpart. The fat content indicators also exceed the TU analog due to the significant amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic).

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