The Resurgence of the Tea Industry in China: ‘Beware the Tail of the Sleeping Dragon’

1989 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-37
Author(s):  
Dan M. Etherington And Keith Forster
Keyword(s):  
Green Tea ◽  
Black Tea ◽  
Total Production ◽  
The Past ◽  
Tea Industry ◽  
The World ◽  
The Face ◽  
Tea Production ◽  
Unique Green

Over the past 20 years, China's tea production has recorded a consistent and impressive growth, and China now has the second largest tea industry in the world. Although it follows India in total production, it completely dominates the ‘ green tea’ market. While China exports only 20 per cent of its green tea, it exports 90 per cent of its black tea production – production which has been expanding at more than 7 per cent per annum over the last 15 years. It becomes critical then, whether China continues to push black tea exports in the face of declining world prices or whether it seeks to develop further the exports of its own unique green teas.

scholarly journals Some Factors Affecting Tea Production in Pakistan

1964 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 404-461
Author(s):  
Philip S. Thomas ◽  
Irshad Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Tea Plant ◽  
Total Production ◽  
World Production ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The Past ◽  
Natural Factors ◽  
The World ◽  
Recent Position ◽  
Tea Production ◽  
Internal Consumption

The nature of the tea plant, Camellia sinensis, is such that certain natural factors heavily influence where it can be grown and how productive it will be. Among these factors, rainfall, temperature, and soil quality (particularly, drainage) seem to be the most important and have limited tea production essentially to South and Southeast Asia (although an increasing amount, 5 to 6 per cent of world production in recent years, is being grown in certain areas of Africa and Latin America) [4, p. 77; 3, p. 50]. The climate of East Pakistan is suitable for tea, and the hills of the Sylhet district in the northeast and the Chittagong dis¬trict in the southeast have provided the required soil and drainage conditions to make Pakistan the seventh largest tea-producing country in the world. About 3 per cent of the world's output is grown in East Pakistan, and of this, over 90 per cent is grown in the Sylhet distiict alone. The recent position of tea in Pakistan, at least in its broad outlines, is quite familiar even to the casual student of the Pakistan economy. Essentially static production, combined with rapidly increasing internal consumption, has resulted in a continual decline in exports during the past decade. These trends can be clearly seen in Figure 1. Exports of 34.13, 26.03, and 21.03 million pounds in 1951/52,1954/55, and 1956/57, respectively, yielded earnings of Rs. 42.07 million, Rs. 55.78 million, and Rs. 51.43 million (about 3 per cent of total export earnings), in these three years [13]. During the past year (1963/64), tea exports have been nil. Whereas over 60 per cent of total production was exported in 1951/52, essentially all tea produced was consumed domestically in 1963/64. In light of the foreign-exchange shortage and the great need to expand exports, the Pakistan tea "story" is an unhappy one, indeed.

scholarly journals Oolong Çayın Üretimi, Bileşimi ve Sağlık Üzerine Etkisi

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 154 ◽  
Author(s):  
İlkay Koca ◽  
Şeyda Bostancı
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Green Tea ◽  
Camellia Sinensis ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Black Tea ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Purine Alkaloids ◽  
Physiological Properties ◽  
The World ◽  
Tea Production

Tea, one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world, is produced from the leaves of the plant Camellia sinensis L.. Tea has important physiological properties and potential health benefits due to the presence of compounds such as polyphenols, amino acids, vitamins, carbohydrates, caffeine, and purine alkaloids. Tea is produced in three types as green tea (unfermented), oolong tea (partially fermented), and black tea (fully fermented). Black tea is consumed worldwide, whereas green and oolong teas are consumed mainly in Asia and North Africa. The total tea production in the world consists of about 78% black tea, 20% green tea and

scholarly journals EXPECTATION AND FEAR: PHILOSOPHICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL PRESAGES OF RUSSIAN TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanjana S. Zlotnikova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Artistic Creativity ◽  
Revolutionary Era ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Face ◽  
Coming Crisis ◽  
Existential Issues

The article raises the question of foreseeing moral and intellectual, aesthetic and political collisions that could occur after the expected changes at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries. The philosophical and anthropological paradigm of the pre-revolutionary era is defined through metaphors and concepts that attracted the attention of Russian philosophers, representatives of the sphere of artistic creativity: «expectation» (of changes, new people and phenomena) and «fear» (of changes, the unknown). For the analysis, we selected the judgments of prominent philosophers who discovered existential issues and related existential problems of the transition era for their contemporaries: V. Solovyov, V. Rozanov and N. Berdyaev. In V. Solovyov, the problem of waiting is related to the loneliness of a person in the face of global discord. Attention is drawn to the concept of «symptom of the end», to the concepts of crisis and disaster. Loneliness is experienced by the intellectual in anticipation of changes, possibly destructive, so the expectation as a context of loneliness turns into horror. V. Rozanov emphasized the tendency to distance himself from the world, Europe, contemporaries and classics in Russia. In Rozanov's philosophical and journalistic works, the future is not discussed at all because it is impossible to construct it; the past, which might have been the refuge of ideas about the harmony and dignity of life, causes the philosopher's attitude is sometimes even more negative than the present. On the example of the great creators – A. Chekhov, V. Meyerhold, V. Komissarzhevskaya and other contemporaries of N. Berdyaev, the psychoemotional tension from the coming crisis, the horror in anticipation of the coming future is shown. Berdyaev organically raises the question of the border between longing and other conditions (boredom, horror, a sense of emptiness), and the border is existential.

THE STATE AND TRENDS IN THE PRODUCTION OF MEAT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS IN THE WORLD AND RUSSIA

2021 ◽  
pp. 20-22
Author(s):  
A.I. EROKHIN ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Animals ◽  
The State ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Total Production ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World

The analysis of the dynamics of meat production of diff erent types of domestic animals in the world and in Russia over the past 20 years is given. It is noted that in the total production of meat of all types, the share of beef, pork and lamb is decreasing, and poultry meat is signifi cantly increasing.

Epilogue

2016 ◽  
pp. 119-122
Author(s):  
Christian W. McMillen
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Climate Change ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
The Past ◽  
Public Health Infrastructure ◽  
Health Infrastructure ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Face ◽  
New Challenges

There will be more pandemics. A pandemic might come from an old, familiar foe such as influenza or might emerge from a new source—a zoonosis that makes its way into humans, perhaps. The epilogue asks how the world will confront pandemics in the future. It is likely that patterns established long ago will re-emerge. But how will new challenges, like climate change, affect future pandemics and our ability to respond? Will lessons learned from the past help with plans for the future? One thing is clear: in the face of a serious pandemic much of the developing world’s public health infrastructure will be woefully overburdened. This must be addressed.

scholarly journals Determination of Green Tea Recovery Percentage and Its Relation to Different Weather Parameters

2020 ◽  
pp. 48-56
Author(s):  
Md. Riyadh Arefin ◽  
Md. Ismail Hossain ◽  
Md. Rayhan-Ur- Rahaman
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Green Tea ◽  
Manufacturing Process ◽  
Black Tea ◽  
Average Moisture Content ◽  
Recovery Percentage ◽  
Tea Production ◽  
Weather Parameters ◽  
Sunshine Hour

Aims: Green tea is one of the most popular drinks and millions of cups are consumed every day in entire world. In Bangladesh, people mainly prefer CTC (Crush-Tear-Curl) black tea but now-a-days health conscious people are being habituated to green tea due to its beneficial effect to health. Since our green tea production is very little compared to black tea production, our concept and knowledge about green tea is also very low. This experiment was conducted with two main objectives: to determine the green tea recovery percentage and to find its relation to different weather parameters. Study Design: This experiment was conducted by following Factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications. Place and Duration of Study: This experiment was conducted at Miniature Factory of Bangladesh Tea Research Institute (BTRI) Sreemangal, Moulvibazar-3210 from March 2017 to November 2017. Methodology: BTRI recommended green tea manufacturing process (Green Leaves→ Steaming→ Cooling→ Rolling→ Drying) was followed in this experiment to calculate the recovery percentage. Weight of green leaves after each stage and recovery percentage were calculated. Monthly weather data of four parameters: temperature (°C), rainfall (mm), relative humidity (%) and sunshine hour were also collected. Correlation Coefficient (r) was calculated by Pearson’s mathematical formulation to quantify the degree of relationship. Linear regression equation was also generated to predict recovery percentages against different weather parameters only when the relationship was significant. Results: In case of BTRI recommended green tea manufacturing process the average recovery percentage was 19.19% with an average moisture content of 3.72%. Among four weather parameters, temperature (°C) has negative insignificant (correlation coefficient, r=-0.43 and P=0.2523) relation on recovery percentage. But there was a strong significant (P=0.000146) negative effect (r=-0.942) of rainfall on recovery percentage. While a moderate non-significant (P=0.322807) negative relation (r=-0.37) of relative humidity and a considerable high positive non-significant (P=0.073687) relation (r=0.62) of sunshine hour on recovery percentage was found in this study. Conclusion: Green tea recovery percentage was 19.19% with an average moisture content of 3.72% which can be different with different weather conditions in every month. Among four weather parameters, mainly rainfall was responsible for the variation of recovery percentages in different months.

General Arbitration Treaties

1912 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 595-600
Author(s):  
Richard Olney
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
The United States ◽  
Joint Commission ◽  
Present Position ◽  
The Past ◽  
Official Position ◽  
The World ◽  
The Face

It is undoubtedly desirable, in the interest of the arbitration of international controversies, that at the next Hague Conference a form of treaty should be presented which, while covering all differences between states, shall steer clear of the difficulties which in the past have wrecked important treaties of that character. It is a matter in which the United States may be expected to lead, having by precept and example so often distinguished itself as a pioneer in movements tending to do away with war between nations. Facts must be looked in the face, however, and it is apparent that the present position of the United States with reference to this subject is not so advantageous as could be wished. No two countries of the world are so favorably situated for the purposes of an arbitration treaty between them inclusive of all differences as are Great Britain and the United States. Through racial, social, and commercial ties ever knitting them closely together, war between them has become almost unthinkable. Yet two trials for such a comprehensive treaty have failed and the official position of the United States to-day seems to be that there is a class of questions which is necessarily to be excluded from any general arbitration treaty. The class covers controversies described as affecting “the vital interests, the independence, or the honor” of the parties. In the English-American treaty of 1897 such controversies were disposed of by sending them to arbitration but so constituting the arbitral court that an award must have the assent of the representatives of the losing party or of a majority of them. In the treaty of 1911 it was sought to meet the difficulty by a joint commission of inquiry empowered to investigate and decide whether a question was or was not arbitrable and should or should not be arbitrated. But neither plan proved to be acceptable to the United States acting under the treaty-making power vested jointly in the President and Senate.

William Webb Ellis and the Origins of Rugby Football: The Life and Death of a Victorian Myth

1981 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Four Corners ◽  
The World ◽  
The Face ◽  
Foreign Competitors

In the sense that myth is a reordering of various random elements into an intelligible, useful pattern, a structuring of the past in terms of present priorities, nineteenth-century Englishmen were inveterate myth-makers. As liberal and scientific thought shook the foundations of belief, the Victorians erected gothic spires as monuments to a medieval order of supposedly simple, strong faith. While their industrial masses languished, they extolled the virtues of self-made men. Confronted with foreign competitors and rebellious colonials, they instinctively asserted the superiority of the Anglo-Saxon race. In classic myth-making style, the Victorians set about “reorganizing traditional components in the face of new circumstances or, correlatively, in reorganizing new, imported components in the light of tradition.”Myth not only serves self-validating ends; it also provides a cohesive rationale, a fulcrum propelling people towards great achievements. If the Victorians were confident and self-congratulatory, they had cause to be: their material, intellectual, and political accomplishments were many. Not the least of their successes was in the sphere of sports and games, a subject often ignored by historians. Especially in the development of ball games—Association and Rugby football, cricket, lawn tennis, and golf—the Victorians modernized old games, created new ones, and exported them all to the four corners of the earth. Stereotyped as overly-serious folk, they in fact “taught the world to play.”Since sport, more than most forms of human activity, lends itself to myth-making, it is not surprising to find a myth emerging among the late-Victorians having to do with the origins of Rugby football. Like baseball's Doubleday myth, the tale of William Webb Ellis inspiring the distinctive game of rugby is a period piece, reflecting more of the era which gave it birth than of the event to which it referred.

scholarly journals Who Speaks through the Mouths of Babes? Children and Religious Violence in France. Review of: Crouzet, D. (2020). Les enfants bourreaux au temps des guerres de Religion. Paris: Albin Michel. 336 p. Izvestiya Uralskogo federalnogo universiteta. Seriya 2: Gumanitarnye nauki, 23(1), 293–306.

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 293-306
Author(s):  
Pavel Yu. Uvarov ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Political Activity ◽  
Wars Of Religion ◽  
Mystery Plays ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
French Wars Of Religion ◽  
The World ◽  
The Face ◽  
French Nation ◽  
Inside Out

This essay contains reflections on a new book by renowned historian Denis Crouzet on children’s violence, and, more broadly, on the image of children during the French Wars of Religion. In the book under review, the novelty lies in the fact that the images of ‘innocent infants’ make part of a separate plot. Just as novel are Denis Crouzet’s reflections on the ‘sources of inspiration’ of the young French persecutors of heretics. The author indicates the anthropological correspondences inherent in the culture of both Italian and French cities, such as the carnivalesque inversion of the ‘world inside out’ and the social function of youth associations taking part in the ‘charivari’ rites. Denis Crouzet pays attention to sources that are novel to him, like children’s Christmas chants, mystery plays, and ‘miracles’. While impersonating the Innocents persecuted by Herod but also angels carrying retaliation to this villain, urban children learnt what and how to do in the face of a carnival challenge. The ways to leave the eschatological activism are of particular interest. After 1572, the gangs of executioners-children left the scene. Only the murder of the Guises on Christmas Day, 1588, threw crowds of children into the streets of Paris. Now they were described differently, however, — as a disciplined mass, occupied not with outrages but with prayers. The author speaks of ‘Catholic consciousness’, but that was already a different reformed Catholicism, departing further and further from the old ‘corporate Catholicism’. The religious political activity of children would become a thing of the past, however. The image of an innocent child would once more be in demand only after the Revolution, when, this time in a desacralised context, children became the embodiment of the French nation.

scholarly journals Vietnamese Tea Exporting and Forecasting to 2030

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 636-646
Author(s):  
To-The Nguyen ◽  
Nguyen-Anh Tuan ◽  
Le Phuong Thao
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Export Price ◽  
Upward Trend ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Tea Industry ◽  
The World ◽  
Hybrid Seeds ◽  
Tea Production ◽  
The Government

This study aimed to determine the factors influencing Vietnamese tea export quantities, namely, the internal factors of national tea production, productivity, and cultivated areas, and the external factors of export price and world tea export quantity (excluding Vietnam). We employed a time-series linear model to estimate the magnitude as well as the sign of the aforementioned factors on Vietnam’s tea export quantity and two Box-Cox transformations called a simple back-transformed forecast and a bias-adjustment to forecast the growth rate of the Vietnamese tea export quantity until 2030. The results suggested that except for the total domestic tea production, all the proposed factors significantly affected the Vietnamese tea export quantity. The tea export quantity of other nations around the world had a significantly negative impact on Vietnamese tea that led to Vietnam’s tea exports dropping by 34 tons on average since the other countries exported 1,000 tons of tea. The forecasted outcome suggested an upward trend of Vietnamese tea exports up to 2030. In order to sustainably develop Vietnam’s tea industry, we recommend that the government should take supportive actions such as investing in in-depth tea processing to improve Vietnam’s tea export quality, focusing on post-harvest activities, investing in organic or high-value tea rather than conventional tea, continuing to  accumulate land to support the growth of cultivated tea areas, and maintaining high productivity by using hybrid seeds.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document