Effects of Pollution on Swallowing: How Little We Know

1992 ◽  
Vol 106 (6) ◽  
pp. 706-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey B. Palmer ◽  
Kenneth H. C. Silver
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Environmental Agents ◽  
Food Particles ◽  
Essential Function ◽  
Airway Defense ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Swallowing is an essential function of the upper alimentary tract. It is highly complex, requiring precise coordination of numerous nerves and muscles of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, and esophagus. Swallowing is integrated with other physiologic functions, Including mastication and respiration. Impairments of swallowing may result from many different structural or physiologic disorders. Little is currently known about the direct effects of pollution on swallowing. Structures critical to swallowing, however, are vulnerable to damage by environmental hazards such as exposure to ionizing radiation or intake of toxins by ingestion or inhalation. The relationship of swallowing to environmental lung disease is an area of particular Interest because Impaired swallowing may result in aspiration of food particles into the lung, and because pollutants may hamper airway defense mechanisms. In this article, we discuss the possible impact of selected environmental agents on swallowing and suggest future directions for research.

The development of the lamb with particular reference to the alimentary tract

1964 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. V. Large
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Root Transformation ◽  
Feeding Regimes ◽  
Gut Fill ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

1. Thirty Suffolk × Half bred lambs were slaughtered at the following ages: two twin lambs at birth and two singles and two twins at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 16 weeks of age.2. The following weights were recorded: live-weight immediately before slaughter; and carcass, head, skin, feet, alimentary tract, heart, liver, kidneys, lungs and trachea, and blood immediately afterwards.3. The alimentary tract was emptied and weighed in four separate parts; reticulo-rumen, omasum-abomasum, small intestine, large intestine.4. The volumes of the reticulo-rumen and the omasum-abomasum were measured by immersing in water and filling the organs with water to 2 cm. pressure.5. The in vitro digestive efficiency of rumen liquor from lambs of 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks of age was assessed.6. Empty body weight was considered to be valuable in comparing animals of different ages or from different feeding regimes or at different times of the year because variations in gut ‘fill’ were eliminated.7. There were no differences between singles and twins in the relationship of the fresh weights of the parts of the body to empty body weight, except that development of the liver and the blood was rather slower for singles.8. Little evidence was found of a difference in rate of development of the alimentary tract between singles an d twins, although the log an d square root transformation suggested a possible difference in reticulo-rumen size in favour of twins, significant at the 5% level.

The Roles of Age, Gender, and Ethnicity in Cyberbullying

2016 ◽  
pp. 97-113
Author(s):  
Michelle F. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Social Networking ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Social Networking Sites ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Instant Messenger ◽  
Typical Part ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Electronic Technologies

Children and adolescents have become active users of electronic technologies, with many of them blogging, watching videos, and chatting via instant messenger and social networking sites. Many of these activities have become a typical part of their lives. Electronic technologies have brought many conveniences to the lives of children and adolescents. Along with the opportunities associated with these technologies, children and adolescents are also susceptible to risks, including cyberbullying. Therefore, many researchers have become concerned with identifying which factors might predict children's and adolescents' involvement in these behaviors. Some predictors that researchers have focused on include age, gender, and ethnicity, but the findings were mixed. This chapter draws on research to review studies on the relationship of age, gender, and ethnicity to children's and adolescents' cyberbullying involvement and concludes with solutions and recommendations as well as future directions for research focused on these predictors and cyberbullying.

Knowledge-intensive entrepreneurship: a systematic review and future directions

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-67
Author(s):  
Caio Sousa ◽  
Luciana Soares Silva
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Knowledge Intensive ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Knowledge Intensive Entrepreneurship ◽  
Focal Issue

Purpose This study aims to propose a framework based on the main theoretical and empirical contributions present in the literature and articulate the main paths for future studies in knowledge-intensive entrepreneurship (KIE). Design/methodology/approach Using the systematic review method from a survey of 85 articles, related to the KIE focal issue, originated from the Web of Science, it was possible to exhaustively analyze the studies and to divide the theme into key categories. Findings The present research has raised the relationship of five categories to KIE conceptualizations; the data suggest that although the literature indicates a distancing from KIE research, there are multidisciplinary themes and approaches interlinked in the studies. Originality/value The systematic approach in the main theoretical and empirical contributions in KIE enabled us to relate five categories (entrepreneurs, innovation, internationalization, location and triple alliance), and finally, to understand the gaps suggested by the researchers.

CERC as a Theoretical Framework for Research and Practice

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. 26S-34S ◽  
Author(s):  
Shari Veil ◽  
Barbara Reynolds ◽  
Timothy L. Sellnow ◽  
Matthew W. Seeger
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Communication ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Public Health Professionals ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Health communicators at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have developed an integrated model titled Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication (CERC) as a tool to educate and equip public health professionals for the expanding communication responsibilities of public health in emergency situations. This essay focuses on CERC as a general theoretical framework for explaining how health communication functions within the contexts of risk and crisis. Specifically, the authors provide an overview of CERC and examine the relationship of risk communication to crisis communication, the role of communication in emergency response, and the theoretical underpinnings of CERC. The article offers an initial set of propositions based on the CERC framework and concludes with a discussion of future directions.

Suggestions for Improving the Investigation of Gesture in Aphasia

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Brielle C. Stark ◽  
Sharice Clough ◽  
Melissa Duff
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Multimodal Communication ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Design Considerations ◽  
Shared Set ◽  
Solid Foundation ◽  
Methodological Considerations ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose When we speak, we gesture, and indeed, persons with aphasia gesture more frequently. The reason(s) for this is still being investigated, spurring an increase in the number of studies of gesture in persons with aphasia. As the number of studies increases, so too does the need for a shared set of best practices for gesture research in aphasia. After briefly reviewing the importance and use of gesture in persons with aphasia, this viewpoint puts forth methodological and design considerations when evaluating gesture in persons with aphasia. Method & Results We explore several different design and methodological considerations for gesture research specific to persons with aphasia, such as video angle specifications, data collection techniques, and analysis considerations. The goal of these suggestions is to develop transparent and reproducible methods for evaluating gesture in aphasia to build a solid foundation for continued work in this area. Conclusions We have proposed that it is critical to evaluate multimodal communication in a methodologically robust way to facilitate increased knowledge about the relationship of gesture to spoken language, cognition, and to other aspects of living with aphasia and recovery from aphasia. We conclude by postulating future directions for gesture research in aphasia.

Association between Levenson's Dimensions of Locus of Control and Measures of Coping and Defense Mechanisms

1983 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 323-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross R. Vickers ◽  
Terry L. Conway ◽  
Michael A. Haight
Keyword(s):  
Locus Of Control ◽  
Internal Control ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Marine Corps ◽  
External Control ◽  
Defense Style ◽  
Personality Styles ◽  
And Coping ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Theoretically, locus of control may be related to coping and defense style. Because little is known about specific relationships, scores on Levenson's Chance, Powerful Others, and Internal control scales were correlated with 20 coping and defense measures for a sample of 2648 Marine Corps recruits. The findings suggested that the relationship of locus of control with coping and defense could be described in terms of two integrated personality styles. The external style combines external control orientations with low coping skills and externalizing defenses, e.g., displacement. The internal style combines internal control with minimizing, reversing defenses, and more extensive coping. These styles received some support from prior research and may help explain the association between better over-all adjustment and internality. These tentative style formulations can provide a basis for more detailed investigations of control and coping and defense.

scholarly journals Model of burnout, depression, and work performance among nurses in China: a questionnaire survey.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Li ◽  
Yongcheng Yao ◽  
Xiaoping Lou ◽  
Nan Qin ◽  
Wu Yao
Keyword(s):  
Job Performance ◽  
Work Performance ◽  
Educational Status ◽  
Job Characteristics ◽  
Personality Types ◽  
Job Burnout ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Job Title ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background: To investigate the relationship of job burnout, depression, with job performance among nurses and to construct a job performance model.Methods: Questionnaires were administered to 792 nurses working in 5 hospitals in Zhengzhou, Henan province, China from July to August in 2015.Results: Of the 792 nurses, statistically significant differences were found in the age, educational status, years working, department, job title, and personality types with respect to burnout, depression, and job performance ( P <0.05). The job burnout scores were positively correlated with the depression scores and negatively correlated with the job performance ( P <0.001). Nurses in the 25-29 years age group had the highest burnout scores ( P <0.01). The burnout scores were higher among those who worked 6-15 years than those who worked more than 15 years ( P <0.01). The job performance scores were higher in the ≥16-year than <6-year working group ( P <0.05). The burnout scores were lower among intermediate-level than junior-level nurses ( P <0.05), but the job performance scores were higher than those of junior-level nurses ( P <0.01). Path analysis results showed that among the examined job characteristics, the direct effects of age, years working, and job title were greatest.Conclusion: This study suggests that the main risk factors among job characteristics were age, years working, and job title. Burnout may lead to depression and a decline in job performance.

Improving the evidence base around co-speech gesture in aphasia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brielle C Stark ◽  
Sharice Clough ◽  
Melissa Duff
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Multimodal Communication ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Shared Set ◽  
Methodological Considerations ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Future Work ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Communication Resource

Purpose: When we speak, we gesture, and indeed, persons living with aphasia gesture more frequently. The reason(s) for this is still being investigated, spurring an increase in the number of studies of gesture usage by persons living with aphasia. As the number of studies increase, so too does the need for a shared set of standards and best practices for gesture research in aphasia. Here, we offer some considerations regarding best practices for future work involving gesture in persons living with aphasia. Methods &amp; Results: First, we briefly review the importance and use of gesture in persons living with aphasia. Then, we explore several different design and methodological considerations for gesture research specific to persons living with aphasia, aiming to develop a transparent and reproducible evaluation of this important multimodal communication resource. Conclusions: We have proposed that it is critical to evaluate multimodal communication in a methodologically robust way in order to facilitate increased knowledge about the relationship of gesture to spoken language, cognition, and to other aspects of living with aphasia and recovery from aphasia. We conclude by postulating future directions for gesture research in aphasia.

Current Drivers of Interdisciplinarity

2017 ◽  
pp. 14-28
Author(s):  
Julie Thompson Klein
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Web ◽  
Interdisciplinary Research ◽  
Organizational Structures ◽  
Educational Organizations ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Professional Societies ◽  
Funding Agencies ◽  
The Status ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Calls for interdisciplinarity abound across science and technology, social sciences, humanities, and arts. They also populate reports from professional societies, educational organizations, and funding agencies. Definitions of “what” interdisciplinarity is are entangled with justifications of “why” particular practices are important in a semantic web of purposes, contexts, organizational structures, and theoretical constructs. Citations to earlier literature appear throughout the chapter, but it is the first publication to present insights from the latest authoritative accounts in the 2017 edition of The Oxford Handbook of Interdisciplinarity. The chapter begins by describing four major drivers identified in a 2005 report on Facilitating Interdisciplinary Research and the current ascendancy of transdisciplinarity. It then examines controversies and problematics in three major faultlines of debate: the relationship of disciplinarity and interdisciplinarity, the status of interdisciplinary fields, and tensions between instrumentality and critique. The conclusion reflects on future directions and recommendations, noting patterns of increase alongside continuing challenges.

scholarly journals How does grazing relate to body mass index, self-compassion, mindfulness and mindful eating in a student population?

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 205510291876270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michail Mantzios ◽  
Helen Egan ◽  
Henna Bahia ◽  
Misba Hussain ◽  
Rebecca Keyte
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Work ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Mindful Eating ◽  
Eating Behaviours ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Self Compassion ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Current Weight

Contemporary research investigating obesity has focused on grazing (i.e. an uncontrolled and repetitive consumption of small amounts of food). Meanwhile, constructs such as mindfulness, mindful eating and self-compassion have received much attention in assisting individuals with eating behaviours and weight regulation. The association between those constructs and grazing, however, has not been explored. In a cross-sectional study, university students ( n = 261) were recruited to explore the relationship of mindfulness, mindful eating and self-compassion with current weight and grazing. Results indicated that all constructs were negatively related to grazing, but only mindful eating related negatively to current weight. In addition, mindful eating mediated the relationship between grazing and current weight. Possible explanations and future directions are discussed further with an emphasis on the need for more empirical work.

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