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2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Daniel Kaiser ◽  
Radoslaw M. Cichy

Abstract During natural vision, our brains are constantly exposed to complex, but regularly structured environments. Real-world scenes are defined by typical part–whole relationships, where the meaning of the whole scene emerges from configurations of localized information present in individual parts of the scene. Such typical part–whole relationships suggest that information from individual scene parts is not processed independently, but that there are mutual influences between the parts and the whole during scene analysis. Here, we review recent research that used a straightforward, but effective approach to study such mutual influences: By dissecting scenes into multiple arbitrary pieces, these studies provide new insights into how the processing of whole scenes is shaped by their constituent parts and, conversely, how the processing of individual parts is determined by their role within the whole scene. We highlight three facets of this research: First, we discuss studies demonstrating that the spatial configuration of multiple scene parts has a profound impact on the neural processing of the whole scene. Second, we review work showing that cortical responses to individual scene parts are shaped by the context in which these parts typically appear within the environment. Third, we discuss studies demonstrating that missing scene parts are interpolated from the surrounding scene context. Bridging these findings, we argue that efficient scene processing relies on an active use of the scene's part–whole structure, where the visual brain matches scene inputs with internal models of what the world should look like.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Kaiser ◽  
Radoslaw M. Cichy

During natural vision, our brains are constantly exposed to complex, but regularly structured environments. Real-world scenes are defined by typical part-whole relationships, where the meaning of the whole scene emerges from configurations of localized information present in individual parts of the scene. Such typical part-whole relationships suggest that information from individual scene parts is not processed independently, but that there are mutual influences between the parts and the whole during scene analysis. Here, we review recent research that used a straightforward, but effective approach to study such mutual influences: by dissecting scenes into multiple arbitrary pieces, these studies provide new insights into how the processing of whole scenes is shaped by their consistent parts and, conversely, how the processing of individual parts is determined by their role within the whole scene. We highlight three facets of this research: First, we discuss studies demonstrating that the spatial configuration of multiple scene parts has a profound impact on the neural processing of the whole scene. Second, we review work showing that cortical responses to individual scene parts are shaped by the context in which these parts typically appear within the environment. Third, we discuss studies demonstrating that missing scene parts are interpolated from the surrounding scene context. Bridging these findings, we argue that efficient scene processing relies on an active use of the scene’s part-whole structure, where the visual brain matches scene inputs with internal models of what the world should look like.


Author(s):  
Tetjana Gnitetska ◽  
Galyna Gnitetska ◽  
Dmitriy Motulyov

The developed algorithm of indirect parametrization of 3d model of a typical part by means of parametrization of its longitudinal section is presented in the work. Controlling the shape of 3d objects by parameterizing their 2d cross-sections allows, using AutoCAD CAD, to create variants of electronic models of parts, the same type in geometry and different in size characteristics. This saves resources that are spent on design work. The proposed algorithm for creating parameterized 3d models in the CAD environment AutoCAD can be used in engineering practice. Currently, methodological developments have been introduced into the educational process at the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute named after Igor Sikorsky when teaching the course "Engineering and Computer Graphics".


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-16
Author(s):  
Gergely Cs. Mikulai ◽  
László T. Kóczy

In our fast-growing world, we need to create increasingly efficient systems to ensure further growth and sustainability. This also applies to transportation, where a key limitation is the bottle-necks of road network capacity. To eliminate, or at least, to moderate these bottlenecks, they must first be localised. In this case study, a model is proposed to objectively identify the weak points of the road infrastructure in the Western Hungarian region, a typical part of the Hungarian road net-work, based on automated data input. This way, there is no need to visually analyse the road net-work on site, but it is possible to evaluate the available information and suggest efficient measures from the distance. The model is suitable for general application, meaning it can serve other regions or countries as well, and enables macro-level decision-makers to take steps to eliminate those weak points. A fuzzy signature rule base is applied by the authors, which systematically maps and models the various attributes of the road network. The model currently contains more than 20 independent variables as inputs, but they can be easily expanded or replaced if further inputs need to be included.


2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Wei Liu ◽  
Xingyu Chen ◽  
Jiangjun Ran ◽  
Lin Liu ◽  
Qiang Wang ◽  
...  

Variations of lake area and shoreline can indicate hydrological and climatic changes effectively. Accordingly, how to automatically and simultaneously extract lake area and shoreline from remote sensing images attracts our attention. In this paper, we formulate lake area and shoreline extraction as a multitask learning problem. Different from existing models that take the deep and complex network architecture as the backbone to extract feature maps, we present LaeNet—a novel end-to-end lightweight multitask fully CNN with no-downsampling to automatically extract lake area and shoreline from remote sensing images. Landsat-8 images over Selenco and the vicinity in the Tibetan Plateau are utilized to train and evaluate our model. Experimental results over the testing image patches achieve an Accuracy of 0.9962, Precision of 0.9912, Recall of 0.9982, F1-score of 0.9941, and mIoU of 0.9879, which align with the mainstream semantic segmentation models (UNet, DeepLabV3+, etc.) or even better. Especially, the running time of each epoch and the size of our model are only 6 s and 0.047 megabytes, which achieve a significant reduction compared to the other models. Finally, we conducted fieldwork to collect the in-situ shoreline position for one typical part of lake Selenco, in order to further evaluate the performance of our model. The validation indicates high accuracy in our results (DRMSE: 30.84 m, DMAE: 22.49 m, DSTD: 21.11 m), only about one pixel deviation for Landsat-8 images. LaeNet can be expanded potentially to the tasks of area segmentation and edge extraction in other application fields.


2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (12) ◽  
pp. 3236-3256
Author(s):  
FRÉDÉRIC BAYART ◽  
ZOLTÁN BUCZOLICH ◽  
YANICK HEURTEAUX

We investigate the growth rate of the Birkhoff sums $S_{n,\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}f(x)=\sum _{k=0}^{n-1}f(x+k\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC})$, where $f$ is a continuous function with zero mean defined on the unit circle $\mathbb{T}$ and $(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC},x)$ is a ‘typical’ element of $\mathbb{T}^{2}$. The answer depends on the meaning given to the word ‘typical’. Part of the work will be done in a more general context.


Author(s):  
Heidi Nicolaisen ◽  
Hanne Cecilie Kavli ◽  
Ragnhild Steen Jensen

The introduction chapter outline the conceptual framework for the volume and describe the current patterns of part-time work. Part-time work has been a much visited research topic and the typical part-time worker still is a woman with children. Although gender and work-life balance continue to be at the heart of this topic, part-time work is increasingly connected to the political and academic debates about labour market outsiders. The ambition of this volume is to provide an up-to-date account of what kind of labour market phenomenon part-time work is to different categories of workers across Europe, the USA, Australia and South Korea and to explore how part-time is linked to precarious work and labour market dualisation. We discuss how the politics, regulations and institutions at different levels (supranational, national and workplace) have the capacity to influence part-time work. Based on the contributions to this book we present a typology of part-time work which moves beyond the traditional insider/outsider divide and provides a more diverse vocabulary for later analysis of part-time work.


2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 2231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peiying Bian ◽  
Xiaodong Shao ◽  
Jingli Du

Selective laser melting (SLM) constitutes an additive manufacturing (AM) method. Many issues such as thermal strain and macro-thermal deformation, which are caused by the thermal stress of different process parameters, are not clear. In this paper, an efficient and fast manufacturing simulation method was researched based on a moving heat source model and an elastoplastic theory of welding simulation, which was studied based on the thermodynamic coupling algorithm with a software-developed application for the SLM process. Subsequently, typical case results of thin and hollow plate part formation and the corresponding performances were simulated in detail. The results demonstrated that the effective thermal stress increased as the layer height increased from the surface layer to the substrate, while the thermal strain followed an approximate change rule. In addition, the stress was released from the underlying substrate when the support was removed. Moreover, the largest single axis plane stress was changed from tension to compression from the edge to the center, finally reaching equilibrium. In particular, maximum macro thermal deformation occurred at the printed support structure to the samples, displaying similar results in other locations such as the corners. Finally, the effectiveness of the simulation could be verified from the realistic printed part, which could provide proof for the quality prediction of the part that is actually forming.


Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuznetsov ◽  
Tavitov ◽  
Urzhumtsev ◽  
Mikhalin ◽  
Solonin

The ability to form closed cavities inside the part printed is an important feature of Fused Filament Fabrication technology. A typical part consists of a dense shell bearing the primary load, filled with low-density plastic scaffold (infill). Such a constitution of the part provides in most cases appropriate strength and low weight. However, if the printed part shape includes horizontal (orthogonal to printer’s Z axis) flat surfaces other than its top and bottom surface, then the shell of the part becomes interrupted, which may lead to drastic drop in the ability of the part to withstand loads. In the current study, a representative sample of a part with interrupted shell and testing apparatus is developed. Influence of shell and base thicknesses, as well as influence of the infill density on the part strength, are studied. Different approaches to the sample shape modification were applied and tested. The part shape optimization made with respect to peculiarities of Fused Filament Fabrication technology resulted in increment of the force, required to fracture the part from 483 to 1096 N and in decreased part mass from 36.9 to 30.2 g.


Author(s):  
Michelle F. Wright

Children and adolescents are actively engaged in a digital world in which blogs, social networking sites, watching videos, and instant messaging are a typical part of their daily lives. Their immersion in the digital world has occurred for as long as they remember, with many not knowing a world without our modern technological advances. Although the digital age has brought us many conveniences in our daily lives, there is a darker side to children's and adolescents' involvement with these technologies, such as cyberbullying. This chapter draws on research from around the world, utilizing a variety of research designs, to describe the nature, extent, causes, and consequences associated with children's and adolescents' involvement in cyberbullying. Concluding the chapter is a solutions and recommendations section in which it is argued that cyberbullying is a global concern, affecting all aspects of society, requiring a whole-community approach.


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