The Prevalence of Interpersonal Violence (IPV) Against Women and its Associated Variables: >An Exploratory Study in the Rongo Sub-County of Migori County, Kenya

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052093548
Author(s):  
Miller Morris ◽  
Vincent Okoth ◽  
Heather L. Prigmore ◽  
Daniele J. Ressler ◽  
Julius Mbeya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
Emotional Abuse ◽  
Severe Depression ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
National Bureau ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Factors Associated

Interpersonal violence (IPV) within intimate partner relationships and gender-based violence remain major public health problems worldwide; 44.8% of Kenyan women have reported experiencing IPV beginning after the age of 15 years (National Bureau of Statistics Nairobi, Kenya, 2015). Combatting IPV and its sequelae is integral to promoting gender equality, a key target of the Sustainable Development Goals. We quantify the lifetime prevalence of IPV among women in two rural Kenyan communities, as well as factors associated with IPV in this area, such as educational attainment and severe depression. We conducted a cross-sectional population-based survey of households in the North and East Kamagambo wards of Migori County, Kenya in May 2018. A questionnaire regarding IPV was given to female respondents. Group-wise comparisons and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to describe community prevalence and factors associated with IPV against women. A total of 873 women completed questions about IPV, representing a population estimate of 11,252 women in the study area. Lifetime IPV prevalence in the study area was 60.3%. Variables associated with IPV included involvement in a polygamous marriage (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.81; 95% confidence interval [CI]: [1.13, 2.88]; p = .013), attaining six or fewer years of education (aOR: 1.84; 95% CI: [1.27, 2.66]; p = .001), and IPV exposure in girlhood (aOR: 1.59; 95% CI: [1.12, 2.28]; p = .011). IPV was independently associated with experience of emotional abuse (OR: 11.22; 95% CI: [7.02, 17.95]; p < .001) and severe depression (OR: 3.51; 95% CI: [1.03, 11.97]; p = .045). Violence against women is a public health emergency in Migori County, Kenya. Low educational attainment, IPV exposure in girlhood, and polygamy were significantly associated with experience of IPV. Our results provide hyper-local data necessary for targeted interventions and generalizable data with sampling methods for use by other implementing organizations in sub-Saharan Africa.

scholarly journals PREDISPOSING-PERSONAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PASSENGERSAFETY AND SAFE RIDINGBEHAVIORS AMONG CYCLISTS (BODA BODA RIDERS) IN KAMPALA

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (07) ◽  
pp. 497-506
Author(s):  
Afolabi I.B ◽  
◽  
Mansir B.A ◽  
Abdullahi L.A ◽  
Aremu A.B ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Personal Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Reference Scale ◽  
Passenger Safety ◽  
The Mean

Background: Motorcycle taxis are common means of transportation in Uganda and sub-Saharan Africa which remains a major neglected public health issue that presently at any time constitutes risk for road traffic accident and injuries in low and middle income countries. This study describes the level of predisposing-personal factors associated with passenger safety and safe riding behaviors among cyclists (bodabodariders) in Kampala and the relationship between age, educational attainment and the risk of road accident. Methodology:The study design was a cross-sectional survey using a validated semi-standard questionnaire to collect data on predisposing-personal factors and safe riding behaviors measured on a 31 and 24-point reference scale respectively from 422 consenting riders in the metropolis. Data from the study was analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) and simple descriptive statistics such as means, standard deviations, and proportions were used to describe the data all in 95% confidence interval and Analysis of variance was employed to test differences in measures across age and level of education with a cut-off set at (p≤0.05) significance level. Results: The findings showed thatmajority of the respondents were between age of 25 and 29 (35.5%) where most of them (36.0%) had secondary educational attainment. The mean score for the level of predisposing-personal factors measured on a 31-point reference scale among respondents in our study was 23.9 (CI =23.60 ± 24.20) denoting a prevalence of 77.1%while the mean score for the safe riding behaviors as measured on 24-pointscale was 9.3 (CI =9.10 ± 9.60) which translates to prevalence of 38.8%. The study further revealed that older respondents and riders with non-formal education inconsistently reported lowest scorefor predisposing-personal factors (F=3.54, p=0.007 and F=14.49, p<0.0001), whereas older respondents and riders with tertiary educational attainment constantly displayed lowest scores for safe riding behaviours (F=14.86, p<0.0001 and F=7.15, p<0.0001). Conclusions: The level of predisposing-personal factors associated with road safety and safe riding in terms of knowledge about passenger safety, perception of risk on road accidents and health consequences as well as attitudes toward safety rules and safe riding among respondents in the study is relatively high but the level of their safe riding behaviors is low and quite unsatisfactory.Thus, this calls for education and training exercises by the regulatory agencies on the initiation of safe riding behaviorsamong riders for knowledge without practice is useless.

scholarly journals Factors associated with unsuppressed viremia in women living with HIV on lifelong ART in a multi-country cohort study: US-PEPFAR PROMOTE study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patience Atuhaire ◽  
Sherika Hanley ◽  
Nonhlanhla Yende-Zuma ◽  
Jim Aizire ◽  
Lynda Stranix-Chibanda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
African Women ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Women Living With Hiv ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Living With Hiv

AbstractBackgroundDespite recent efforts to scale-up lifelong combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in sub-Saharan Africa, high rates of unsuppressed viremia persist among cART users, and many countries in the region fall short of the UNAIDS 2020 target to have 90% virally suppressed. We sought to determine the factors associated with unsuppressed viremia (defined for the purpose of this study as >200 copies/ml) among African women on lifelong cART.MethodsThis analysis was based on baseline data of the PROMOTE longitudinal cohort study at 8 sites in Uganda, Malawi, Zimbabwe and South Africa. The study enrolled 1987 women living with HIV who initiated lifelong cART at least 1 year previously to assesses long-term safety and effectiveness of cART. Socio-demographic, clinical, and cART adherence data were collected. We used multivariable Poisson regression with robust variance to identify factors associated with unsuppressed viremia.ResultsAt enrolment, 1947/1987 (98%) women reported taking cART. Of these, HIV-1 remained detectable in 293/1934 (15%), while 216/1934 (11.2%) were considered unsuppressed (>200 copies/ml). The following factors were associated with an increased risk of unsuppressed viremia: not having household electricity (adjusted prevalence rate ratio (aPRR) 1.74, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.28-2.36, p<0.001); self-reported missed cART doses (aPRR 1.63, 95% CI 1.24-2.13, p<0.001); recent hospitalization (aPRR 2.48, 95% CI 1.28-4.80, p=0.007) and experiencing abnormal vaginal discharge in the last three months (aPRR 1.88; 95% CI 1.16-3.04, p=0.010). Longer time on cART (aPRR 0.75, 95% CI 0.64-0.88, p<0.001) and being older (aPRR 0.77, 95% CI 0.76-0.88, p<0.001) were associated with reduced risk of unsuppressed viremia.ConclusionSocioeconomic barriers such as poverty, not being married, young age, and self-reported missed doses remain key predictors of unsuppressed viremia. Targeted interventions are needed to improve cART adherence among women living with HIV with this risk factor profile.

scholarly journals Burden of Road Traffic Injuries in Tanzania: One-Year Prospective Study of Consecutive Patients in 13 Multilevel Health Facilities

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Hendry R. Sawe ◽  
Sveta Milusheva ◽  
Kevin Croke ◽  
Saahil Karpe ◽  
Meyhar Mohammed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Trauma Registry ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Health Facilities ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Road Traffic Injuries ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
One Year

Background. Road traffic injuries (RTIs) pose a severe public health crisis in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and specifically in Tanzania, where the mortality due to RTIs is nearly double the global rate. There is a paucity of RTI data in Tanzania to inform evidence-based interventions to reduce the incidence and improve care outcomes. A trauma registry was implemented at 13 health facilities of diverse administrative levels in Tanzania. In this study, we characterize the burden of RTIs seen at these health facilities. Methods. This was a one-year prospective descriptive study utilizing trauma registry data from 13 multilevel health facilities in Tanzania from 1 October 2019 to 30 September 2020. We provide descriptive statistics on patient demographics; location; share of injury; nature, type, and circumstances of RTI; injury severity; disposition; and outcomes. Results. Among 18,553 trauma patients seen in 13 health facilities, 7,416 (40%) had RTIs. The overall median age was 28 years (IQR 22–38 years), and 79.3% were male. Most road traffic crashes (RTC) occurred in urban settings (68.7%), involving motorcycles (68.3%). Motorcyclists (32.9%) were the most affected road users; only 37% of motorcyclists wore helmets at the time of the crash. The majority (88.2%) of patients arrived directly from the site, and 49.0% used motorized (two- or three-) wheelers to travel to the health facility. Patients were more likely to be admitted to the ward, taken to operating theatre, died at emergency unit (EU), or referred versus being discharged if they had intracranial injuries (27.8% vs. 3.7%; p < 0.0001 ), fracture of the lower leg (18.9% vs. 6.4%; p < 0.0001 ), or femur fracture (12.9% vs. 0.4%; p < 0.0001 ). Overall, 36.1% of patients were admitted, 10.6% transferred to other facilities, and mortality was 2%. Conclusions. RTCs are the main cause of trauma in this setting, affecting mostly working-age males. These RTCs result in severe injuries requiring hospital admission or referral for almost half of the victims. Motorcyclists are the most affected group, in alignment with prior studies. These findings demonstrate the burden of RTCs as a public health concern in Tanzania and the need for targeted interventions with a focus on motorcyclists.

scholarly journals Violence and Discrimination Among Ugandan Residents During the COVID-19 Lockdown

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Katana ◽  
Bob Omoda Amodan ◽  
Lilian Bulage ◽  
Alex R. Ario ◽  
Joseph Nelson Siewe Fodjo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
World Health ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
The Past

Abstract Background: In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a pandemic. Many countries in Sub Saharan Africa, Uganda inclusive, implemented lockdowns, curfew, banning of both private and public transport systems and mass gatherings to minimize spread. Media reports indicated that cases of violence and discrimination had increased in Uganda’s communities following the lockdown. We estimated the incidence and factors associated with experiencing violence and discrimination among Ugandans during the COVID-19 lockdown to inform control and prevention measures.Methods: In April 2020, we conducted a cross-sectional study under the International Citizen Project (ICP) to assess adherence to public health measures and their impact on the COVID-19 outbreak in Uganda. We abstracted and analyzed data on violence and discrimination from the ICP study. We performed descriptive statistics for all the participants’ characteristics and created a binary outcome variable called experiencing violence and/or discrimination. We performed logistic regression analysis to identify the factors associated with experiencing violence and discrimination.Results: Of the 1,726 ICP study participants, 1,051 (58.8%) were males, 841 (48.7%) were currently living with a spouse or partner, and 376 (21.8%) had physically attended work for more than 3 days in the past week. Overall, 145 (8.4%) experienced any form of violence and/or discrimination by any perpetrator, and 46 (31.7%) of the 145 reported that it was perpetrated by a law enforcement officer. Factors associated with experiencing violence or discrimination were: being male (AOR= 1.60 CI:1.10-2.33), having attended work physically for more than 3 days in the past week (AOR=1.52 CI:1.03-2.23), and inability to access social or essential health services since the epidemic started (AOR=3.10 CI:2.14-4.50).Conclusion: A substantial proportion of Ugandan residents experienced violence and/or discrimination during the COVID-19 lockdown, mostly perpetrated by law enforcement officers. Mitigation of violence and/or discrimination, as well as increased access to health and social services should be integrated into control measures in large-scale public health emergencies.

scholarly journals Retrospective analysis of the prevalence of and factors associated with condom use among young HIV-infected women in Cameroon

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 205031211562643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariecel Pilapil ◽  
Lee Morris ◽  
Kohta Saito ◽  
Francine Kouya ◽  
Vivian Maku ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Condom Use ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Interquartile Range ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Inconsistent Condom ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Inconsistent Condom Use

Objectives: Young women are more likely to be infected with HIV globally, in sub-Saharan Africa, and in Cameroon. Despite its clear clinical and public health benefits, condom use among HIV-infected women continues to be low. The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence of inconsistent condom use among HIV-infected women in Cameroon and the factors associated with it. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of HIV-infected young women aged 17–26 years from three semi-urban HIV clinics in the Northwest Region of Cameroon. This study was a subgroup analysis of a previously reported study on inconsistent condom use in HIV-infected and -uninfected youth. Inconsistent condom use was defined as reporting “sometimes” or “never” to questions regarding frequency of condom use. Logistic regression modeling was used to determine factors associated with inconsistent condom use. Results: A total of 84 participants were recruited and submitted completed questionnaires for analysis. Median age was 24 years (interquartile range = 22–25) and the median age at HIV diagnosis was 21 years (interquartile range = 20–23). Fifty percent of the participants reported no prior schooling or only primary school education. Overall, 61/84 (73%) reported inconsistent condom use. After adjusting for potential confounders, education to the secondary school level was protective against inconsistent condom use (odds ratio = 0.19; confidence interval: 0.04–0.95), and having ≥2 pregnancies was associated with inconsistent condom use (odds ratio = 7.52; confidence interval: 1.67–34.00). Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of inconsistent condom use among young HIV-infected women in Cameroon, which appears to be associated with lower levels of educational attainment and higher parity. Further larger studies assessing the factors associated with poor condom use in this population are warranted and may inform public health policy in resource-limited settings with high HIV prevalence.

scholarly journals Preventing Interpersonal Violence in Europe

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 350-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinesh Sethi ◽  
Dimitrinka Jordanova Peshevska
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Physical Abuse ◽  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
Emotional Abuse ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Health Threat ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Meta Analyses

AIM: To describe the burden of interpersonal violence, risk factors and discuss the need for evidence based action to reduce the public health threat of interpersonal violence.METHODS: Global Health Estimates data were used to describe the mortality and meta-analyses from previous reports were used to describe the prevalence of the different types of interpersonal violence and to discuss the options for evidence informed prevention programmes. RESULTS: In the 53 countries of the WHO European Region, violence kills about 160,000 people each year, and of these around 31,000 die from interpersonal violence, 123,000 from self-inflicted violence and 2,000 from war. Deaths are just the tip of the iceberg and for every death there are numerous admissions to hospital and emergency departments. Interpersonal violence is thought to be one of the most frequently experienced yet commonly overlooked forms of violence. Based upon data from meta-analyses of population surveys in Europe: the prevalence in children under 18 years of sexual abuse is 9.6% (13.4% in girls and 5.7% in boys); physical abuse is 22.9% and 29.1% for emotional abuse; the prevalence of intimate partner violence (physical and or sexual violence) is 19.3% in high-income countries and 25.6% in low- and middle-income countries, suggesting that about 49 million women aged 14-49 years have been abused. Surveys of older people over 60 years, suggest that the past year prevalence of physical abuse is 2.7%, sexual abuse 0.7%, emotional abuse 19.% and financial abuse 3.8%, suggesting the numbers experiencing elder maltreatment in Europe run into the tens of millionsCONCLUSION: Community surveys can play an important role to better understand the scale and risk factors of different types of interpersonal violence. Readers are called upon to support a coordinated public health response to prevent this societal and health threat.

The effect of “Forgiveness therapy” on depression and low self-esteem for a victim of abuse: A Case study

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeledan Tagreed Malik
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Abuse ◽  
Severe Depression ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Physically Abused ◽  
Projective Tests ◽  
Biological Parents ◽  
Forgiveness Therapy ◽  
Emotionally Abused ◽  
Study Techniques

It has been said before that “No one forgives with more grace and love than a child”. And also no one can compete the child with his outstanding memory which can’t forget deep injuries during childhood, especially when these multiple abuses come from his/her parents and other relatives. Being physically abused, emotionally abused, and neglected from her biological parents and sexually abused from one of her relatives, this 25 years old female, who is a student in the university, suffers from severe depression and very low level of self-esteem. The current research aims at decreasing the client’s depression and improving her self-esteem through case study techniques, assessing her needs, fears, deep feelings and behavior using a variety of methods, including projective tests, life history, interviews and direct observation of her behavior. The researcher will attempt to help this female using the techniques of the “Forgiveness Therapy” which is described by a number of clinicians and researchers as a promising approach to anger-reduction, depression healing and the restoration of general emotional and mental health. Key words: Forgiveness Therapy, depression, self-esteem, child abuse, physical abuse, emotional abuse, neglect, sexual abuse, childhood, case study, clinical psychology.

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