Impact of Focused Deterrence on Lived Experiences With Gangs and Gun Violence: Extending Effects Beyond Officially Recorded Crime

2021 ◽  
pp. 088740342110638
Author(s):  
T. R Kochel ◽  
Seyvan Nouri ◽  
S. Yaser Samadi
Keyword(s):  
Lived Experiences ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Gun Violence ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Community Impact ◽  
Calls For Service ◽  
Focused Deterrence ◽  
Area Survey ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Time Series Analyses

The study evaluates a geographically based focused deterrence (FD) intervention, extending knowledge about FD impact beyond crime data to also examine residents’ lived experiences with gangs and gun violence via a two-wave household survey. We employ a quasi-experimental design and utilize time-series analyses, coefficient difference tests, and mixed-effects ordinal logistic regression. The results show a significant reduction in shots fired incidents in the target area relative to comparison areas. Shots fired calls for service trended downward citywide, but the magnitude was doubled in the target area. Survey data showed substantive declines in the target area on all six gang and gun violence outcomes, significantly exceeding changes experienced in comparison areas. We conclude that focusing geographically as well as on repeat offenders is an effective FD approach, and evaluating community surveys provides an improved understanding of the community impact.

scholarly journals The Effect of COVID-19 on Domestic Violence and Assaults

2021 ◽  
pp. 073401682110611
Author(s):  
Mustafa Demir ◽  
Suyeon Park
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Police Department ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Calls For Service ◽  
Time Series Analyses ◽  
Significant Change

The purpose of this research was to examine the effect of COVID-19 on four outcomes including calls for service for domestic violence, calls for service for assaults, arrests for domestic violence, and arrests for assaults in Burlington, Vermont. The data for each outcome collected over the time periods January 2012 through May 2021 were obtained from the Burlington Police Department website and then a monthly time-series data set were created. The analyses including an independent samples t-test, a Poisson regression test, and a monthly interrupted time-series analyses (ITSA) were employed to test the effects of COVID-19 on the previously mentioned outcomes. The results of the ITSA showed that in the first month following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, domestic violence calls statistically significantly increased, but no statistically significant change was observed in domestic violence arrests, while assault calls and assault arrests statistically significantly decreased. In addition, during COVID-19, there was a statistically significant decreasing trend in domestic violence calls and domestic violence arrests, while there was no statistically significant change in the trends of assault calls and assault arrests. The results suggest that COVID-19 had an immediate as well as a persistent effect on the numbers of domestic violence and assaults. The results and limitations of this study were also discussed.

Guns and Crime

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony A. Braga
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Research Evidence ◽  
Gun Violence ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Hot Spots Policing ◽  
Focused Deterrence ◽  
Growing Body

Thousands of Americans are killed by gunfire each year, and hundreds of thousands more are injured or threatened with guns in robberies and assaults. The burden of gun violence in urban areas is high and concentrated among a small number of criminally active people and occurs in a small number of places within cities. This chapter reviews varied criminal justice interventions to deny criminal access to firearms and reduce criminal possession, carrying, and use of firearms. The research suggests that criminals acquire guns from a variety of sources including illegal diversions from legitimate firearms commerce. While more evaluation evidence is needed, supply-side interventions are promising in reducing criminal access to firearms. The evaluation evidence on the effects of sentencing enhancements on gun crime is mixed. A growing body of research evidence shows that hot spots policing programs and focused deterrence strategies to control repeat gun offenders can reduce gun violence.

Police-Led Crackdowns and Cleanups: An Evaluation of a Crime Control Initiative in Richmond, Virginia

2001 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Crime Control ◽  
Police Department ◽  
Additional Research ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Calls For Service ◽  
City Agencies ◽  
Reported Crime ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Control Initiative

In April 1999, the Richmond, Virginia, Police Department, in conjunction with other city agencies, began a crackdown and cleanup initiative in seven city neighborhoods. This article reports on an evaluation of this “Blitz to Bloom” initiative that was conducted in the first of the seven neighborhoods. Pre-and postcrackdown data on reported crime and calls for service were analyzed using difference of means tests. A 92% reduction in reported crime occurred in the target area during the month-long crackdown period. Significant reductions in reported crime persisted in some parts of the neighborhood surrounding the area up to 6 months after the crackdown ended. No displacement was observed into the surrounding neighborhood. Although reductions in crime were being recorded, calls for service increased in the neighborhood after the crackdown. Additional research is called for that examines the impact of police maintenance efforts on the continuation of crackdown-induced reductions in reported crime.

scholarly journals Social Media and the Variable Impact of Violence Reduction Interventions: Re-Examining Focused Deterrence in Philadelphia

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 147
Author(s):  
Jordan M. Hyatt ◽  
James A. Densley ◽  
Caterina G. Roman
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Gun Violence ◽  
Violence Reduction ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Media Usage ◽  
Focused Deterrence ◽  
Matched Comparison ◽  
Variable Impact

Focused deterrence is a gang violence reduction strategy that relies on a unique mix of strong enforcement messages from law enforcement and judicial officials coupled with the promise of additional services. At the heart of the intervention is a coordinated effort to communicate the costs and consequences of gun violence to identified gang members during face-to-face meetings and additional community messaging. In Philadelphia, focused deterrence was implemented between 2013 and 2016, and although an impact evaluation showed a significant decrease in shootings in targeted areas relative to matched comparison neighborhoods, the effect on targeted gangs was not universal, with some exhibiting no change or an increase in gun-related activity. Here, we employ data on group-level social media usage and content to examine the correlations with gun violence. We find that several factors, including the nature of social media activity by the gang (e.g., extent of activity and who is engaging), are associated with increases in the average rate of gang-attributable shootings during the evaluation period, while content-specific variables (e.g., direct threats towards rivals and law enforcement) were not associated with increases in shootings. Implications for violence reduction policy, including the implementation of focused deterrence, are discussed.

scholarly journals Measuring the Protective Effect of Health Insurance Coverage on Out-of-Pocket Expenditures During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Peruvian Population

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akram Hernández-Vásquez ◽  
Carlos Rojas-Roque ◽  
Antonio Barrenechea-Pulache ◽  
Guido Bendezu-Quispe
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Health Insurance Coverage ◽  
Interrupted Time Series Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
National Household Survey

Background: Health insurance coverage is expected to protect individuals from out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditures, potentially preventing them from falling into poverty. However, to date, the effect of health insurance on OOP spending during the COVID-19 pandemic has not been fully explored. This study aimed to estimate differences in the proportion and the amount of OOP expenditures among Peruvians during the pre- and post-mandatory lockdown response to COVID-19 in 2020 according to the health insurance coverage status. Methods: This study utilized repeated cross-sectional data from the National Household Survey on Living and Poverty Conditions from the first quarter of 2017 until the fourth quarter of 2020. The outcomes were i) the proportion of individuals who incurred OOP expenditures and ii) the monetary value of OOP expenditures. An interrupted time series analysis (ITS) and a quasi-experimental difference-in-difference (DID) analysis were performed to examine the outcomes among the control (individuals without health insurance) and treatment groups (individuals with health insurance) after the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: ITS analysis showed that the proportion of individuals reporting OOP expenditures after implementation of mandatory lockdown due to COVID-19 in Peru decreased in both groups, but no difference in the slope trend was found (p=0.916). The average quarterly amount of OOP spending increased in both groups, but no difference in the slope trend was found (p=0.073). Lastly, the DID analysis showed that the mandatory lockdown was associated with a higher amount of OOP, but there was no evidence to indicate that the higher amount was different between the control and treatment groups. Conclusion: The mandatory lockdown in response to the COVID-19 was associated with a higher amount of OOP expenditures and a lower likelihood of incurring OOP expenditures. However, our findings suggest that health insurance coverage does not lower OOP expenditures or reduce the likelihood of incurring OOP expenditures.

Impact Evaluation of a Parolee-Based Focused Deterrence Program on Community-Level Violence

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 1408-1430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyleigh Clark-Moorman ◽  
Jason Rydberg ◽  
Edmund F. McGarrell
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Intervention Program ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Synthetic Control ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Structural Time Series ◽  
Firearm Violence ◽  
Focused Deterrence ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
The Impact

We estimate the impact of a parolee-based focused deterrence (“pulling levers”) intervention on community-level firearm and non-firearm violence in Rockford, Illinois, via a retrospective, quasi-experimental design. Focusing on incidents of firearm violence in Rockford over a period of 60 months (38 months pre-intervention, 22 months post-intervention), program impact is assessed using Bayesian Structural Time Series (BSTS) models, constructing a synthetic control-based counterfactual time series from National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) data from 59 non-treated cities of similar size. Relative to the synthetic control counterfactual, the intervention was associated with significant reductions in both firearm and non-firearm violence, particularly robberies, ranging from 6% to 30%. Consistent with research at other sites, these findings support the notion that focused deterrence strategies centered on high-risk parolees may result in reductions in firearm violence at the community level. The BSTS approach is a useful application for producing counterfactuals in retrospective quasi-experimental impact evaluations.

Street Gangs, Gun Violence, and Focused Deterrence: Comparing Place-based and Group-based Evaluation Methods to Estimate Direct and Spillover Deterrent Effects

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 524-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony A. Braga ◽  
Greg Zimmerman ◽  
Lisa Barao ◽  
Chelsea Farrell ◽  
Rod K. Brunson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation Methods ◽  
Gun Violence ◽  
Street Gangs ◽  
Focused Deterrence

scholarly journals SPINNING EXERCISE INTENSITAS SEDANG MENURUNKAN GEJALA DISMENORE PRIMER MAHASISWI DIII KEBIDANAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
Hani Oktafiani ◽  
Hadi Susiarno ◽  
Vita Murniarti
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Pain Symptoms ◽  
And Control

Some young women including female students in Indonesia are still not free from complaints of dysmenorrhea syndrome. One of the effects of dysmenorrhea is a decrease in learning concentration and daily productivity. Activity that can be pursued is to change lifestyles to be more active in physical exercise, one of which is exercise training. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of moderate-intensity spinning exercise on reducing the symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea pain in female college students. This quantitative research uses a quasi-experimental design pre-test post-test design. Studies subjects numbered 32 where the control and intervention groups each consisted of 16 respondents. The intervention that will be given to the intervention group is a moderate intensity spinning exercise for 3 weeks with the FITT principle. The research data were analyzed by Mann Whitney and Wilcoxon statistical tests. The results of the analysis showed a decrease in dysmenorrhea pain symptoms before the intervention there was no significant difference (p> 0.05), whereas after the administration of the intervention showed there were significant differences in the intervention and control groups with a value of p = 0.001. The influence of moderate-intensity spinning exercise can reduce the symptoms of dysmenorrhea pain by 66%. Educational institutions can implement policies on the use of spinning tools in the environment of students and educate these tools to adolescents in the target area given their effective use to reduce menstrual pain.

scholarly journals Urban safety, community healing & gun violence reduction: the advance peace model

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Corburn ◽  
Devone Boggan ◽  
Khaalid Muttaqi
Keyword(s):  
Social Services ◽  
Urban Policy ◽  
Gun Violence ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
Formerly Incarcerated ◽  
Violence Reduction ◽  
Focused Deterrence ◽  
The World ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Urban Safety

AbstractCities around the world continue to grapple with safety, security and the role for law enforcement in reducing gun crime. Recent calls for alternatives to militarized policing in cities and addressing racism in urban crime policies and practices gives new urgency to explore community-led strategies. Advance Peace is a program that aims to reduce urban gun violence using formerly incarcerated community members as street outreach mentors and violence interrupters. Yet, few urban policy makers know of Advance Peace and how it is distinct from other community-based urban gun violence interruption programs, often called focused deterrence. In this paper, we describe the innovative approach used by Advance Peace, what distinguishes it from other municipal gun violence reduction strategies, and examine the elements of its unique, public health informed program called the Peacemaker Fellowship®. The Peacemaker Fellowship enrolls the small number of the most violent and hard to reach members of a community at the center of gun violence in an intensive 18-month program of trauma-informed, healing-centered, anti-racist mentorship, education, social services, and life opportunities. We suggest that cities around the world seeking transformations in their approach to public safety, including addressing structural racism and centering community expertise, explore the unique features of the Advance Peace approach.

scholarly journals The impact of an additional year of education on myopia: an interrupted time series in the UK Biobank.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Woolf ◽  
Riaz Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Instrumental Variables ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Time Series Analyses ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Segmented Regression Model

Abstract Introduction: In the past decade, the minimal school leaving age has been raised twice. Previous studies have found evidence for a link between this type of policy and myopia. We aim to use the 1972 raising of school leaving age to estimate the effect of the raising of school leaving age in 2013 and 2015. Methods: We use a segmented regression model to conduct an instrumental time series analyses of the effect of years of education on myopia using the 1972 raising of school leaving age. To recover the effect of a one-year change, we use the effect of the change on years of education and reflective error in an instrumental variables analysis. Results: We found evidence for a 0.60 (SE = 0.10) increase in years of education and, after adjusting for probability of having missing data and sex, a -0.14d (SE = 0.03) for refractive error. Instrumental variables analyse implies a -0.24 d/year (SE = 0.05) change in refractive error for each additional year in education. Conclusion: Our results triangulate the findings of pervious quasi-experimental methods on the effect of years of education on myopia and imply that each raising of school leaving age in the 2010s should be expected to a lead to -0.07 d/yr change in refractive error in the UK population.

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