Technological Advances in Peritoneal Dialysis Research Peritoneal Cell Culture: Fibroblasts

2006 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 292-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janusz Witowski ◽  
Achim Jörres
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Primary Cultures ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Anatomical Location ◽  
Functional Heterogeneity ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Structural Lattice ◽  
Made In

Fibroblasts have been traditionally viewed as providing little more than a structural lattice for other cell types. However, recent data indicate that fibroblasts play a key and early role in many pathophysiological processes, including inflammation, fibrosis, and neoplasia. Moreover, depending on the anatomical location, fibroblasts display significant functional heterogeneity. Therefore, it is important to study the subpopulation of fibroblasts derived exactly from the organ of interest rather than to extrapolate the observations made in other fibroblast subsets. Cell culture provides a powerful tool for studying the role of fibroblasts in various contexts. In this review, we describe procedures for establishing and identifying primary cultures of human peritoneal fibroblasts. We also briefly discuss the potential involvement of peritoneal fibroblasts in peritoneal pathology.

scholarly journals Secretome Profiling of Atlantic Salmon Head Kidney Leukocytes Highlights the Role of Phagocytes in the Immune Response to Soluble β-Glucan

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitar B. Iliev ◽  
Guro Strandskog ◽  
Mehrdad Sobhkhez ◽  
Jack A. Bruun ◽  
Jorunn B. Jørgensen
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Primary Cultures ◽  
Head Kidney ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Mononuclear Phagocytes ◽  
Immunostimulatory Activity ◽  
Complement Receptor 3 ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

β‐Glucans (BG) are glucose polymers which are produced in bacteria and fungi but not in vertebrate organisms. Being recognized by phagocytic leukocytes including macrophages and neutrophils through receptors such as dectin-1 and Complement receptor 3 (CR3), the BG are perceived by the innate immune system of vertebrates as foreign substances known as Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs). The yeast-derived BG has been recognized for its potent biological activity and it is used as an immunomodulator in human and veterinary medicine. The goal of the current study was to characterize the immunostimulatory activity of soluble yeast BG in primary cultures of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) in which phagocytic cell types including neutrophils and mononuclear phagocytes predominate. The effect of BG on the secretome of HKL cultures, including secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and soluble protein55s was characterized through western blotting and mass spectrometry. The results demonstrate that, along with upregulation of proinflammatory genes, BG induces secretion of ubiquitinated proteins (UbP), MHCII-containing EVs from professional antigen presenting cells as well as proteins derived from granules of polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMN). Among the most abundant proteins identified in BG-induced EVs were beta-2 integrin subunits, including CD18 and CD11 homologs, which highlights the role of salmon granulocytes and mononuclear phagocytes in the response to soluble BG. Overall, the current work advances the knowledge about the immunostimulatory activity of yeast BG on the salmon immune system by shedding light on the effect of this PAMP on the secretome of salmon leukocytes.

scholarly journals Treatment of Corneal Astigmatism at the Time of Cataract Surgery, What Can Be Promised

2015 ◽  
Vol 09 (02) ◽  
pp. 102
Author(s):  
George Beiko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cataract Surgery ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Corneal Astigmatism ◽  
Intraocular Lenses ◽  
Toric Iol ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Made In

The treatment of corneal astigmatism at the time of cataract surgery is commonplace. Corneal incisional surgery and toric intraocular lenses (IOLs) are routinely utilised; the role of each modality is understood and defined. Although technological advances have been made in the assessment of the cornea and in the execution of the treatment options, recent innovations in toric IOL designs may be more significant for the comprehensive ophthalmologist.

scholarly journals PERIOD phosphoclusters control temperature compensation of the Drosophila circadian clock

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Emery ◽  
Radhika Joshi ◽  
Yao Cai ◽  
Yomgliang Xia ◽  
Joanna Chiu
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Circadian Clock ◽  
Temperature Compensation ◽  
Thermal Compensation ◽  
Functional Heterogeneity ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Critical Feature ◽  
Control Temperature ◽  
Functional Homolog

Temperature compensation is a critical feature of circadian rhythms, but how it is achieved remains elusive. Here, we uncovered the important role played by the Drosophila PERIOD (PER) phosphodegron in temperature compensation. Using CRISPR-Cas9, we introduced a series of mutations that altered three Serines (S44, 45 and 47) belonging to the PER phosphodegron, the functional homolog of mammalian PER2’s S487 phosphodegron, which impacts temperature compensation. While all three Serine to Alanine substitutions lengthened period at all temperatures tested, temperature compensation was differentially affected. S44A and S45A substitutions caused decreased temperature compensation, while S47A resulted in overcompensation. These results thus reveal unexpected functional heterogeneity of phosphodegron residues in thermal compensation. Furthermore, mutations impairing phosphorylation of the per^s phosphocluster decreased thermal compensation, consistent with its inhibitory role on S47 phosphorylation. Interestingly,the S47A substitution caused increased accumulation of hyper-phosphorylated PER at warmer temperatures. This finding was corroborated by cell culture assays in which S47A caused excessive temperature compensation of phosphorylation-dependent PER degradation. Thus, we show a novel role of the PER phosphodegron in temperature compensation through temperature-dependent modulation of the abundance of hyper-phosphorylated PER. Our work also reveals interesting mechanistic convergences and differences between mammalian and Drosophila temperature compensation of the circadian clock.

The Role of Cell Culture in Improving Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis

1990 ◽  
Vol 18 (1_part_1) ◽  
pp. 259-265
Author(s):  
Zara Jabar ◽  
Mary Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Cell Culture ◽  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Mdck Cells ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Barrier Membrane ◽  
Electrical Effect

This paper describes the application of cell culture to the investigation of adverse effects associated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Detailed description is given of effects caused by reactive oxygen species, such as could be generated in infections, on confluent sheets of MDCK cells. The electrical effect was reduction in transmonolayer resistance. Various morphological abnormalities were concurrently observed. The method has applications in other barrier membrane studies.

scholarly journals Stem cells in cancer initiation and progression

2019 ◽  
Vol 219 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeevisha Bajaj ◽  
Emily Diaz ◽  
Tannishtha Reya
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Therapy Resistance ◽  
Cell Of Origin ◽  
Functional Heterogeneity ◽  
Therapeutic Value ◽  
Cancer Initiation ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Promote Disease Progression

While standard therapies can lead to an initial remission of aggressive cancers, they are often only a transient solution. The resistance and relapse that follows is driven by tumor heterogeneity and therapy-resistant populations that can reinitiate growth and promote disease progression. There is thus a significant need to understand the cell types and signaling pathways that not only contribute to cancer initiation, but also those that confer resistance and drive recurrence. Here, we discuss work showing that stem cells and progenitors may preferentially serve as a cell of origin for cancers, and that cancer stem cells can be key in driving the continued growth and  functional heterogeneity of established cancers. We also describe emerging evidence for the role of developmental signals in cancer initiation, propagation, and therapy resistance and discuss how targeting these pathways may be of therapeutic value.

scholarly journals Phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes-15 is expressed in mouse testis and protects spermatocytes from apoptosis

Reproduction ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 133 (4) ◽  
pp. 743-751 ◽  
Author(s):  
S C Mizrak ◽  
F Renault-Mihara ◽  
M Párraga ◽  
J Bogerd ◽  
H J G van de Kant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Meiotic Prophase ◽  
Primary Cultures ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Mouse Testis ◽  
C Terminus ◽  
Specific Step ◽  
Different Cell Types

Phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes (PEA-15) is a 15 kDa acidic serine-phosphorylated protein expressed in different cell types, especially in the CN. We initially detected the expression of PEA-15 in primary cultures of Sertoli cells. To assess the presence and localization of PEA-15 in the mouse testis, we studied the expression pattern of the PEA-15 protein by immunohistochemistry and mRNA byin situhybridization. Both the protein and the mRNA of PEA-15 were localized in the cytoplasm of Sertoli cells, all types of spermatogonia, and spermatocytes up till zygotene phase of the meiotic prophase. Subsequently, with ongoing development of the spermatocytes, the expression decreased and was very low in the cytoplasm of diplotene spermatocytes. To analyze the possible role of PEA-15 in the developing testis, null mutants for PEA-15 were examined. As the PEA-15 C terminus contains residues for ERK binding, we studied possible differences between the localization of the ERK2 protein in wild type (WT) andPEA-15−/−mice. In the WT testis, ERK2 was localized in the cytoplasm of Sertoli cells, B spermatogonia, preleptotene, leptotene, and zygotene spermatocytes, whereas in the KO testis, ERK2 was primarily localized in the nuclei of these cells and only little staining remained in the cytoplasm. Moreover, in PEA-15-deficient mice, significantly increased numbers of apoptotic spermatocytes were found, indicating an anti-apoptotic role of PEA-15 during the meiotic prophase. The increased numbers of apoptotic spermatocytes were not found at a specific step in the meiotic prophase.

scholarly journals Balance between S-nitrosylation and denitrosylation modulates myoblast proliferation independently of soluble guanylyl cyclase activation

2017 ◽  
Vol 313 (1) ◽  
pp. C11-C26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline M. S. Yamashita ◽  
Maryana T. C. Ancillotti ◽  
Luciana P. Rangel ◽  
Marcio Fontenele ◽  
Cicero Figueiredo-Freitas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Guanylyl Cyclase ◽  
Primary Cultures ◽  
Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Myoblast Fusion ◽  
No Synthase ◽  
Myoblast Proliferation ◽  
Cgmp Signaling ◽  
Different Cell Types

Nitric oxide (NO) contributes to myogenesis by regulating the transition between myoblast proliferation and fusion through cGMP signaling. NO can form S-nitrosothiols (RSNO), which control signaling pathways in many different cell types. However, neither the role of RSNO content nor its regulation by the denitrosylase activity of S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) during myogenesis is understood. Here, we used primary cultures of chick embryonic skeletal muscle cells to investigate whether changes in intracellular RSNO alter proliferation and fusion of myoblasts in the presence and absence of cGMP. Cultures were grown to fuse most of the myoblasts into myotubes, with and without S-nitrosocysteine (CysNO), 8-Br-cGMP, DETA-NO, or inhibitors for NO synthase (NOS), GSNOR, soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), or a combination of these, followed by analysis of GSNOR activity, protein expression, RSNO, cGMP, and cell morphology. Although the activity of GSNOR increased progressively over 72 h, inhibiting GSNOR (by GSNOR inhibitor – GSNORi – or by knocking down GSNOR with siRNA) produced an increase in RSNO and in the number of myoblasts and fibroblasts, accompanied by a decrease in myoblast fusion index. This was also detected with CysNO supplementation. Enhanced myoblast number was proportional to GSNOR inhibition. Effects of the GSNORi and GSNOR knockdown were blunted by NOS inhibition, suggesting their dependence on NO synthesis. Interestingly, GSNORi and GSNOR knockdown reversed the attenuated proliferation obtained with sGC inhibition in myoblasts, but not in fibroblasts. Hence myoblast proliferation is enhanced by increasing RSNO, and regulated by GSNOR activity, independently of cGMP production and signaling.

scholarly journals Mechanistic paradigms of cell death - revisited

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 903-917
Author(s):  
S.V.S. Rana ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Enzymatic Antioxidants ◽  
Cellular Targets ◽  
A Cell ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Made In

Present review is the description of a journey that originates from Virchows' cell theory and terminates with the role of molecular switches in cell death recently proposed by Orrenius. Landmark discoveries made, in between, to characterize regulated as well as accidental cell death have also been documented. It embraces the studies that were made in early nineties to understand cellular homeostasis in health and disease. Furthermore, the effects of foreign chemicals on different cell types witnessed in late nineties have been classified into necrosis, apoptosis, autophagy etc. Since it is important to know how a cell dies, studies made in our own and other laboratories on the role of reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis, redox imbalance, mitochondrial and ER stress in cell death have also been reviewed. Possibility of a cross talk amongst these mechanisms has also been examined. It discusses the impact of wonder molecules like CYP450, GSH, metallothionein and melatonin together with enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants on cell death. Understanding the cellular targets and molecular mechanisms activated by a variety of environmental xenobiotics is fundamental for human health risk assessment. It is expected that the contents of this article will answer the fundamental question- why and how cells die.

scholarly journals THE FATE OF MARKETING LOGISTICS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE 4.0. REVOLUTION

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (26) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonja Vujović ◽  
Srđan Milosavljević
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Science Fiction ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Production Models ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Smart Factories ◽  
Made In

The products of human inginuity of the Fourth Industrial Revolution provide the opportunity for those already fortunate enough to enjoy the advantages of previous Industrial Revolutions to shape, not only the design of new technologies, but also agile forms of management and extraordinary benefits that can fundamentally transform the way people live, work, communicate and relate to each other. More powerful technologies dramatically modify not only traditional production models, but also conventional ways of „delivery service” and distribution of the value. The implementation of the latest technological advances, primarily in the form of RFID technology, which is designed to provide continuous communication and „refresh” data in the entire supply chain in real-time, will result in raising the quality of logistics services to a higher level while simultaneously significantly rationalizing and controlling costs. There is a growing trend in increased use of robotic manipulators and RFID-based smart shelves and smart factories, and retail stores without sales staff which eliminate the need to read and pay for products at cash registers are on the horizon. The revolutionary changes in marketing logistics are conditioned by the emergence and increasing use of multidimensional, so-called 3D printing that has the potential to initiate a trend towards approaching consumption production, which would significantly modify the current role of marketing logistics in the entire supply-chain. New technologies have not changed the essential role of marketing logistics, but the establishment of consistency in the physical movement of goods has evolved over time to the level of science-fiction. Logically, we impose the question of the fate of marketing logistics in the conditions of the 4.0. Revolution, as well as a much more serious question of the future of Man in the event that the humanoid machines made „in the image of man”, insensitive to the destiny of mankind, „master” the World.

Effect of Calcium on the Growth and Differentiation of Cultured Rat Esophageal Epithelial Cells

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 132-133
Author(s):  
W.T. Gunning ◽  
M.R. Marino ◽  
M.S. Babcock ◽  
G.D. Stoner
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Replication Rate ◽  
Enzymatic Dissociation ◽  
Growth Assay ◽  
Epidermal Growth ◽  
Fetal Bovine ◽  
Esophageal Epithelial Cells ◽  
Cellular Replication

The role of calcium in modulating cellular replication and differentiation has been described for various cell types. In the present study, the effects of Ca++ on the growth and differentiation of cultured rat esophageal epithelial cells was investigated.Epithelial cells were isolated from esophagi taken from 8 week-old male CDF rats by the enzymatic dissociation method of Kaighn. The cells were cultured in PFMR-4 medium supplemented with 0.25 mg/ml dialyzed fetal bovine serum, 5 ng/ml epidermal growth factor, 10-6 M hydrocortisone 10-6 M phosphoethanolamine, 10-6 M ethanolamine, 5 pg/ml insulin, 5 ng/ml transferrin, 10 ng/ml cholera toxin and 50 ng/ml garamycin at 36.5°C in a humidified atmosphere of 3% CO2 in air. At weekly intervals, the cells were subcultured with a solution containing 1% polyvinylpyrrolidone, 0.01% EGTA, and 0.05% trypsin. After various passages, the replication rate of the cells in PFMR-4 medium containing from 10-6 M to 10-3 M Ca++ was determined using a clonal growth assay.

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