Dispensing with the theory (and philosophy) of affordances

2020 ◽  
pp. 095935432098053
Author(s):  
Sergio Mota
Keyword(s):  
True Nature ◽  
Internal Relation ◽  
Theory Of Meaning ◽  
The Way

This article will contest the claim made by many ecological psychologists that affordances are invariantly the objects of perception. First of all, the lack of agreement concerning what affordances actually are, what their true nature is, is considerable. Second, the metaphysico-ontological debate has obscured the important misunderstanding consisting in conceiving of affordances as ecological objects or entities of any kind. Third, an appropriate analysis of the notion of affordance will show that this concept is not primarily devoted to perception, and believing that it is has unnecessarily impoverished what we (can) see in our environment. From a Wittgensteinian and an ethnomethodological approach, to make sense of the relation between ourselves and our environments we should use only those concepts available to us, and the internal relation between our everyday concepts and the way we invoke them in practice will be shown. No theory of meaning is needed here.

Engels on women, the family, class and gender

2021 ◽  
pp. 194277862110000
Author(s):  
Sheila Margaret McGregor
Keyword(s):  
Historical Materialism ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
True Nature ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Women's Oppression ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
Socialist Movement ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Way

This article looks at Engels’s writings to show that his ideas about the role of labour in the evolution of human beings in a dialectical relationship between human beings and nature is a crucial starting point for understanding human society and is correct in its essentials. It is important for understanding that we developed as a species on the basis of social cooperation. The way human beings produce and reproduce themselves, the method of historical materialism, provides the basis for understanding how class and women’s oppression arose and how that can explain LGBTQ oppression. Although Engels’s analysis was once widely accepted by the socialist movement, it has mainly been ignored or opposed by academic researchers and others, including geographers, and more recently by Marxist feminists. However, anthropological research from the 1960s and 1970s as well as more recent anthropological and archaeological research provide overwhelming evidence for the validity of Engels’s argument that there were egalitarian, pre-class societies without women’s oppression. However, much remains to be explained about the transition to class societies. Engels’s analysis of the impact of industrial capitalism on gender roles shows how society shapes our behaviour. Engels’s method needs to be constantly reasserted against those who would argue that we are a competitive, aggressive species who require rules to suppress our true nature, and that social development is driven by ideas, not by changes in the way we produce and reproduce ourselves.

2. On the Preparation of Adamantine Carbon or Diamond

1882 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 20-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Sydney Marsden
Keyword(s):  
Crystalline Form ◽  
True Nature ◽  
Pure Carbon ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Way

The preparation of adamantine carbon or diamond has exercised the genius of philosophers from the very earliest times; but it was not until the middle of the last century (1772) that Lavoisier established the diamond's true nature—notwithstanding the simplicity of the experiments required to demonstrate the fact—and showed it to consist of pure carbon in a crystallised state. Since that time very many attempts have been made to prepare it artificially, but until the recent and now famous experiments of Mr J. B. Hannay there has not been the slightest approach towards the solution of this problem. Great obstacles stood in the way of success, the chief being the complete insolubility of carbon in all known liquids, coupled with its non-volatility and infusibility; while the subject was rendered even more difficult and obscure, by ignorance of the conditions under which the diamond is produced in nature, its peculiar crystalline form, together with extreme rarity, indicating a probable very slow formation, and rare natural existence of the conditions necessary for its formation.

scholarly journals Davidson’s Wittgenstein

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Hossein Khani
Keyword(s):  
Formal Theory ◽  
Theory Of Meaning ◽  
Basic Ideas ◽  
The Way

Although the later Wittgenstein appears as one of the most influential figures in Davidson’s later works on meaning, it is not, for the most part, clear how Davidson interprets and employs Wittgenstein’s ideas. In this paper, I will argue that Davidson’s later works on meaning can be seen as mainly a manifestation of his attempt to accommodate the later Wittgenstein’s basic ideas about meaning and understanding, especially the requirement of drawing the seems right/is right distinction and the way this requirement must be met. These ideas, however, are interpreted by Davidson in his own way. I will then argue that Davidson even attempts to respect Wittgenstein’s quietism, provided that we understand this view in the way Davidson does. Having argued for that, I will finally investigate whether, for Davidson at least, his more theoretical and supposedly explanatory projects, such as that of constructing a formal theory of meaning and his use of the notion of triangulation, are in conflict with this Wittgensteinian quietist view.

Brouwer versus Hilbert: 1907–1928

1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Posy Carl
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Philosophy Of Mathematics ◽  
Formal Logic ◽  
Foundations Of Mathematics ◽  
Theory Of Meaning ◽  
Classical Mathematics ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
The Way

The ArgumentL. E. J. Brouwer and David Hubert, two titans of twentieth-century mathematics, clashed dramatically in the 1920s. Though they were both Kantian constructivists, their notorious Grundlagenstreit centered on sharp differences about the foundations of mathematics: Brouwer was prepared to revise the content and methods of mathematics (his “Intuitionism” did just that radically), while Hilbert's Program was designed to preserve and constructively secure all of classical mathematics.Hilbert's interests and polemics at the time led to at least three misconstruals of intuitionism, misconstruals which last to our own time: Current literature often portrays popular views of intuitionism as the product of Brouwer's idiosyncratic subjectivism; modern logicians view intuitionism as simply applying a non-standard formal logic to mathematics; and contemporary philosophers see that logic as based upon a pure assertabilist theory of meaning. These pictures stem from the way Hilbert structured the controversy.Even though Brouwer's own work and behavior occasionally reinforce these pictures, they are nevertheless inaccurate accounts of his approach to mathematics. However, the framework provided by the Brouwer-Hilbert debate itself does not supply an adequate correction of these inaccuracies. For, even if we eliminate these mistakes within that framework, Brouwer's position would still appear fragmented and internally inconsistent. I propose a Kantian framework — not from Kant's philosophy of mathematics but from his general metaphysics — which does show the coherence and consistency of Brouwer's views. I also suggest that expanding the context of the controversy in this way will illuminate Hilbert's views as well and will even shed light upon Kant's philosophy.

scholarly journals SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF FRAUDULENT ADS IN FACEBOOK

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-168
Author(s):  
Burhanudin Rais ◽  
Pratomo Widodo
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Social Meaning ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Theory Of Meaning ◽  
Conceptual Meaning ◽  
The Way

This study aims to analyse the semantic features in fraudulent ads in Facebook. This study is conducted by using two kinds of advertisement which are found in Facebook. The researchers are analyzing the word, sentence, or phrase that suspected as the way to convince the customers by following theory of meaning from Leech (1981). The data that the researchers got showed that the first type of advertisement is emphasized more to the affective and social meaning where the seller leads the customers’ opinion that the seller is a good or trusted person. Moreover, the seller uses prase that include to conceptual meaning to explain the condition or specification of the cellphone in detail.In the second type of advertisement, the element emphasized by the seller is thematic mining by referring to the emphasis of the word used in the advertisement.More over, theresult for identification of fraudulent ads in this study is still dominated by the usual way, such as by looking at the price offered. However, the results of this study can also be used as a consideration in identifying fraudulent ads. 

scholarly journals Aldo Rossi

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (61) ◽  
pp. 25-38
Author(s):  
Alexandra Dias Fortes
Keyword(s):  
Ludwig Wittgenstein ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Architectural Form ◽  
Internal Relation ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Georg Trakl ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Way

Aldo Rossi offers a captivating account of the relationship between human life and material forms. Rossi says that he came to “the great questions”, and to his discovery of Ludwig Wittgenstein and Georg Trakl through Adolf Loos (Rossi 1982: 46). I will outline some connections between Loos, Trakl, and Wittgenstein that might help us to grasp the way in which Rossi’s assertive attitude concerning architecture gradually leans towards “forgetting architecture”. (The goal is not to try and justify how they might have influenced Rossi; rather the aim is to try to understand Rossi’s work with those connections as a backdrop; to outline a constellation of affinities.) The running thread being the internal relation between the object and the subject, i.e., “construction and the artist’s own life” (Lombardo 2003: 97). I will conclude by considering architectural form on the page, that is to say, in Rossi’s plans, “a graphic variation of the handwritten manuscript”, and drawings, “where a line is no longer a line, but writing” (Rossi 1981: 6), and finally by considering what he says about his architecture, namely, that it stands “mute and cold,” though it will still “creak” (Rossi 1981: 44), and give rise to “new meanings”.

scholarly journals The Concept Of Hindu Cosmology In The Tattwa Jnana Text

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
I Gusti Made Widya Sena
Keyword(s):  
Basic Concept ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
True Nature ◽  
Basic Framework ◽  
The People ◽  
Comprehensive Manner ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Universe ◽  
The Way

<p>The truth in daily life is certainly a wholeness in implementing the tattwa, ethics and acara of Hinduism as tri basic framework of Hinduism in Bali. This is because until now the implementation of the teaching trilogy is still running and standing alone in an incomplete and comprehensive manner. Sometimes it is found in the field of implementation of acaras and ethics are not equipped with tattwa philosophy in it. So that the knowledge of the people will be more rooted and rely on the basic concept indeed. This of course will increasingly corner the minds of the people about the doctrine that is not fundamental.</p><p>One of the truths of tattwa written in the Vedic Scriptures is the concept of cosmology or the creation of the universe. Cosmology is one of the important knowledge in Hinduism, because cosmology not only provides knowledge about the creation of the universe, furthermore cosmology can explain the true nature of human beings, which so far is still very difficult to obtain. In Bali, this cosmological teaching is implied in local theology. Local theology that lived and developed in Bali until now is imbued with the teachings of the Vedic scriptures. Especially Siwaistic texts that always put forward the teachings of knowledge about the reality of God, the way to reach Him and the creation of the universe, both great bhuana agung and bhuana alit.</p>

Lewis and Quine on Private Meanings and Subjectivism

1971 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-44
Author(s):  
Hugh T. Wilder
Keyword(s):  
World Order ◽  
Scientific Theories ◽  
Primary Motivation ◽  
Theory Of Meaning ◽  
The World ◽  
Naturalistic Theory ◽  
Propositional Theory ◽  
The Way

In the early chapters of Mind and the World Order, Lewis develops a theory of meaning which has interesting points of similarity with that mentalistic or propositional theory of meaning which has been rejected by Quine, in Word and Object and elsewhere. There are also interesting similarities, however, between Lewis’ theory and Quine's own naturalistic theory. In this paper, I shall concentrate on one such similarity: namely, the analogy, noticed by Quine, between the predicament formulated in his own thesis of the indeterminacy of translation, and the “predicament of private worlds” in which Lewis’ theory of meaning is involved.These analogous predicaments have a bearing on the problems of the commensurability of scientific theories and of objectivity in science in general; in fact, my primary motivation in attempting to explicate the analogy between Quine's theory of meaning and Lewis’ theory is to clear the way for an assessment of Quine's position on the problem of the objectivity of theories in science.

scholarly journals Duhkha Dalam Chandogya Upanisad Dan Cara Mengatasinya

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 179
Author(s):  
Made Joniarta
Keyword(s):  
The Self ◽  
True Nature ◽  
Physical Body ◽  
The Senses ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Chāndogya Upaniṣad ◽  
The Way

The main purpose of this work is to conduct an investigation deep into the truth that reaches the step when someone becomes wise and mature to decide from all karma. The Chāndogya Upaniṣad text has been chosen to be studied in this study because this literature clearly explains the duḥkha conception. The concept of duḥkha in the Chāndogya Upaniṣad is a state of the soul that is materially bound to the physical body. When the soul is bound to the senses materially, it causes billions of desires to come out. All boundaries of these desires will throw the soul into the depths of grief (duḥkha). The way to let go of the duḥkha based on the Chāndogya Upaniṣad by understanding the atman which covers the universe, will experience unlimited happiness. Truly unlimited God is He transcends all that is. Thus Chandogya Upanisad encourages everyone to know and appreciate the true nature of the self, to be released from Dukha. <br /><br />

scholarly journals Disillusionment of Althusserism and Rebellious Individualism

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 87-92
Author(s):  
Marziyeh Farivar ◽  
Mahboobeh Mirzadeh Nodeh
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Social Relation ◽  
Individual Member ◽  
Dramatic Works ◽  
True Nature ◽  
Ideological Discourse ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Way

This paper is a comparative study of two dramatic works of Henrik Ibsen’s “An Enemy of the people”, written in 1882, and Akbar Radi’s “The Savior in the Damp Morning” written in1986. It is an attempt at elaborating Althusser’s clarification of the term ‘Ideology’ as the disillusionment when the individualistic features are considered. This refers to the opposition which exists between how the ideological discourse functions and what an individual member of a society intents to establish. Rebelliousness is one of the significantly controversial characteristics of individualism which is regarded as its chaotic expression which can disrupt and rebuild the current ideology. In both Althusserism and Individualism, the subject holds the ideology that has been implicitly or explicitly defined due to the fact that the subject is exposed to as well as involved with it. Since the subject is the performer of certain acts and the conveyor of certain thoughts, the social relation which is constructed is determined according to the overall production or benefit for all those who are involved within the community. The ideology of social relation discredits the attempts of subjects at revealing self-governing and self-determining ideas which lead to disillusionment. This comparative study is, by and large, displaying the way two dramatists, who belong to completely distinct cultures and societies, presented the ideologies of their time and the true nature of invisible power discourses.

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