A review of the toxic effects and mechanisms of action of fumonisin B1

2008 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 799-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Stockmann-Juvala ◽  
K Savolainen
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Ceramide Synthase ◽  
Fusarium Mycotoxins ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Toxic Potential

Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin produced by the fungus Fusarium verticillioides, which commonly infects corn and other agricultural products. Fusarium species can also be found in moisture-damaged buildings, and, therefore, exposure of humans to Fusarium mycotoxins including FB1 may take place. FB1 bears a clear structural similarity to the cellular sphingolipids, and this similarity has been shown to disturb the metabolism of sphingolipids by inhibiting the enzyme ceramide synthase leading to accumulation of sphinganine in cells and tissues. FB1 is neurotoxic, hepatotoxic, and nephrotoxic in animals, and it has been classified as a possible carcinogen to humans. The cellular mechanisms behind FB1-induced toxicity include the induction of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and cytotoxicity, as well as alterations in cytokine expression. The effects of FB1 on different parameters vary markedly depending on what types of cells are studied or what species they originate from. These aspects are important to consider when evaluating the toxic potential of FB1.

scholarly journals PENGARUH SUHU DAN KELEMBABAN TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN Fusarium verticillioides BIO 957 DAN PRODUKSI FUMONISIN B1 (The Effect of Temperature and Humidity on the Growth of Fusarium verticillioides Bio 957 and Fumonisin B1 Productions)

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (02) ◽  
pp. 156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwi Rahayu ◽  
Winiati Pudji Rahayu ◽  
Hanifah Nuryani Jenie ◽  
Dian Herawati ◽  
Wisnu Broto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Predominant Species ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Main Factors

was the predominant  species in producing fumonisin on agricultural products. Fumonisisn B1 (FB1) is the most abundant fumonisin in nature and the most toxic than other fumonisin. The main factors affecting the growth of   and production of fumonisin are temperature and humidity. This research aimed to assess the effect of changes in temperature and humidity on the growth of  and FB1 production on maize and soybeans medium. Maize and soybeans that have inoculated with suspension Bio 957 were incubated at 20, 30 and 40 °C with 70, 80 and 90% of humidity for 14 days. Observations of growth made by weighing the cells mass and analysis of FB1 production performed by HPLC. The results showed that the highest growth of   Bio 957 in maize and soybeans was occurred at temperature 30 °C and 90% of humidity, the cell mass weights were 904,5 and 885,5 mg per 20 g of maize and soybeans respectively. The highest concentration of FB1 in maize and soybeans were 374 and 67 pbb respectively, observed at temperature 30 °C for maize and 20 °Cfor soybeans, both at same humidity (90%). The results showed that   Bio 957 was able to grow well and produced the highest concentrations of FB1 in maize and soybeans at a temperature of 20 and 30 °C with 90% ofhumidity. At a temperature of 40 °C with 70, 80 and 90% of humidity, the growth of was not observed, therefore FB1 formation was avoided.Keywords: Fumonisin B1,  Bio 957, humidity, temperatureABSTRAKadalah spesies  yang dominan dalam memproduksi fumonisin pada produk-produk pertanian. Fumonisin B1 (FB1) merupakan fumonisin yang paling banyak ditemukan di alam dan paling toksik dibandingkan jenis fumonisin lainnya. Faktor ekstrinsik utama yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan  dan produksi FB1 adalah suhu dan kelembaban. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh suhu dan kelembabanterhadap pertumbuhan  Bio 957 dan produksi FB1 pada media jagung dan kedelai. Jagung dan kedelai yang telah diiinokulasi dengan suspensi   Bio 957 diinkubasi pada suhu 20, 30 dan 40 °C dengan kelembaban 70, 80 dan 90% selama 14 hari. Pengamatan pertumbuhan dilakukan dengan penimbangan massa sel dan analisis konsentrasi FB1 dilakukan dengan HPLC. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan  Bio 957 pada jagung dan kedelai paling tinggi terjadi pada suhu 30 °C dan kelembaban 90%, berat massa selnya yaitu 904,5 dan 885,5 mg per 20 g masing-masing jagung dan kedelai. Konsentrasi FB1 paling tinggi pada jagungdan kedelai masing-masing yaitu 374 dan 67 ppb, pengamatan pada suhu 30 °C pada jagung dan 20 °C pada kedelai, keduanya pada kelembaban yang sama (90%). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa  Bio 957 mampu tumbuh dengan baik dan menghasilkan konsentrasi FB1 paling tinggi pada jagung dan kedelai pada suhu 20 dan 30 °C dengan kelembaban 90%. Pada suhu 40 °C dengan kelembaban 70, 80 dan 90%,  Bio 957 tidak menunjukkan adanya pertumbuhan, sehingga pembentukan FB1 dapat dihindari.Kata kunci: Fumonisin B1, Bio 957, kelembaban, suhu

scholarly journals Immunohistochemical Expression of P16 Protein and TGF β1 in Mice Liver Exposed to Fumonisin B1

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 0401
Author(s):  
Sinai Mohammed et al.
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Saline Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
P16 Protein ◽  
Mice Liver ◽  
Tgf Β1

Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin produced in some grains (mainly corn) by Fusarium species. Due to a structural similarity between FB1 and sphinganine, sphingolipids metabolism is inhibited. Such inhibition plays a critical role in cell to cell singling and structure of lipoprotein; therefore FB1 has been suggested to have a relationship with human and animal cancer. This research is planned to study the effect of FB1 on male mice at two doses (20 and 30 µg/ ml) on the expression of TGF-β1 and p16 in liver cells. Three groups of Swiss albino male mice; each group was orally administrated with FB1 toxin as the following: normal saline (control group); 20 and 30 µg/ ml. All groups were sacrificed after two weeks of oral management. Liver samples were collected and prepared for immunohistochemistry technique (IHC) using anti-TGF-β1 and anti-p16 antibodies. The results showed that exposure to FB1 caused significant elevation of TGF-β1 in both doses (76.74 ± 2.387% and 80.62 ± 7.277%, respectively) in comparison with the control group (46.79 ± 2.404%). The level of p16 protein was decreased at 20 µg/ml (76.63 ± 2.349%) and then increased at 30 µg/ml (81.25 ± 6.263%) but the expression was lower than that of control (90.00 ± 0.805%). In conclusion, FB1 has a significant effect on TGF-β1 and p16 protein expression at both doses (20 and 30 µg/ml), and therefore, its role in cancer development is suggested.

scholarly journals Fusarium Species and Mycotoxins Contaminating Veterinary Diets for Dogs and Cats

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Witaszak ◽  
Łukasz Stępień ◽  
Jan Bocianowski ◽  
Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Additional Risk ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Eu

Veterinary diets are intended for diseased animals and may contain cereal grains, mainly maize and/or wheat. These, in turn, are often infected with pathogens of the Fusarium genus, which are able to produce numerous harmful mycotoxins. Forty-two samples of veterinary diets for dogs and cats were analyzed for the presence of Fusarium species and mycotoxins. Species were identified using molecular methods and the ergosterol and mycotoxins (fumonisin B1, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol and zearalenone) were quantified using HPLC methods. Two Fusarium species were identified: Fusarium proliferatum and Fusarium verticillioides. The highest concentrations of fumonisin B1, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol and zearalenone were 74.83, 2318.05, 190.90, and 45.84 ng/g, respectively. Only 9.5% of the samples were free from Fusarium mycotoxins. The acceptable limits of mycotoxin content in animal feed, specified by the EU regulations, were not exceeded in any of the samples tested. The mean mycotoxin content in veterinary diets for cats was lower than for dogs. Thus, it is recommended that veterinary diets are examined, since the mycotoxin contamination pose additional risk to animal health. The knowledge on Fusarium occurrence in veterinary diets is scarce and as far as we are aware this is the first report concerning the occurrence of Fusarium spp. and their important secondary metabolites—mycotoxins—in different types of veterinary diets for companion animals in Poland.

Occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins and toxigenic Fusarium species in freshly harvested rice in Jiangsu, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Dong ◽  
Y.J. Xing ◽  
Y.W. Lee ◽  
M.P. Mokoena ◽  
A.O. Olaniran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Relative Proportion ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Jiangsu Province ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Fusarium Fujikuroi ◽  
Fusarium Mycotoxins ◽  
Rice Samples

In 2017, 236 rice samples were collected from 42 counties in Jiangsu province, China, and analysed for Fusarium mycotoxins. Mycotoxin analyses showed that deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON), nivalenol (NIV), fusarenone X (FUS-X), zearalenone (ZEA), fumonisins (including FB1, FB2, and FB3), and beauvericin (BEA) were present in unhusked rice samples. Regional differences in mycotoxin contamination of unhusked rice were attributed to differences in precipitation during rice anthesis and agricultural practices among the three study regions. Importantly, the mean concentrations of DON, NIV, ZEA, and fumonisins in white rice were significantly lower than those in unhusked rice, and the relative proportion of the toxins in rice by-products exceeded 84%. Fusarium isolates were then obtained from the unhusked rice samples; Fusarium asiaticum was the most common, followed by Fusarium fujikuroi, Fusarium proliferatum, Fusarium verticillioides, and Fusarium commune. Genotype and chemical analyses of mycotoxins showed that most F. asiaticum isolates (71%) were 3-ADON chemotypes; the remainder were NIV producers. All of the F. proliferatum and F. verticillioides isolates, and most of the F. fujikuroi isolates produce fumonisins, and most of the three species coproduced BEA. The present study is the first to evaluate Fusarium mycotoxins and toxigenic Fusarium species from rice freshly harvested in Jiangsu province, China. The results of this study improve our understanding the population dynamics of Fusarium species in rice and the development of effective control measures.

Acute lngestions of Thyroid Hormones

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-317
Author(s):  
Lawrence M. Lehrner ◽  
Michael R. Weir
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Activated Charcoal ◽  
Exchange Transfusion ◽  
Enterohepatic Circulation ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Toxic Potential

Although thyroid medications are commonly prescribed, there are only nine case reports describing the consequences of acute excessive ingestion of thyroid hormones. Two additional cases are presented and the prior nine cases are reviewed. The potential for toxicity is discussed in relationship to the cellular mechanisms of action of thyroid hormones. Although the potential for toxicity is low, the following therapy is recommended to decrease further the toxic potential: (1) lavage and activated charcoal to decrease absorption, (2) cholestyramine to decrease enterohepatic circulation (3) prednisone and/or propylthiouracil to decrease conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine, and (4) propranolol to block metabolic effects. If symptoms of toxicity develop, then attempts to remove thyroid hormones should be undertaken using exchange transfusion.

Natural Occurrence of Fusarium Species, Fumonisin Production by Toxigenic Strains, and Concentrations of Fumonisins B1 and B2 in Conventional and Organic Maize Grown in Spain

2007 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
AGUSTÍN ARIÑO ◽  
TERESA JUAN ◽  
GLORIA ESTOPAÑAN ◽  
JOSÉ F. GONZÁLEZ-CABO
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Organic Farming System ◽  
Fumonisins B1 And B2

Sixty samples of corn from both conventional and organic farms were tested for internal fungal contamination. Molds were identified to genus, and those belonging to the genus Fusarium were identified to species. Twenty isolates of Fusarium verticillioides were tested with a high-performance liquid chromatography–naphthalene dicarboxaldehyde–fluorescence method for their ability to produce fumonisins B1 and B2. The internal fungal infection in organic maize (63.20%) was significantly higher than that in conventional maize (40.27%) (P < 0.05). However, the distribution of fungal genera indicated a significantly higher prevalence of Fusarium in conventional (34.93%) than in organic (18.15%) maize, making Fusarium the predominant fungus in conventional maize. This difference in mold distribution between organic and conventional maize was attributed to the difference in cultivation system. The dominant Fusarium species in both conventional and organic samples was F. verticillioides. There were no significant differences in the ability of 20 selected isolates of F. verticillioides to produce fumonisins on conventional or organic corn. Up to 13.3% of the conventional corn samples contained fumonisins B1 and B2 at mean concentrations of 43 and 22 ng/g, respectively. Organic corn samples had somewhat lower levels of contamination: 35 ng/g fumonisin B1 and 19 ng/g fumonisin B2 (P > 0.05). The organic farming system, with well-balanced crop rotation, tillage, and compost fertilization, produced corn that was less likely to be contaminated with Fusarium species, although no significant difference in fumonisin concentrations was found between the two types of contaminated corn.

Fumonisin-Producing Strains of Fusarium: A Review of Their Ecophysiology

2004 ◽  
Vol 67 (8) ◽  
pp. 1792-1805 ◽  
Author(s):  
SONIA MARÍN ◽  
NARESH MAGAN ◽  
ANTONIO J. RAMOS ◽  
VICENTE SANCHIS
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Fusarium Proliferatum ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Factors ◽  
And Storage

This review focuses on the fumonisin-producing Fusarium species and the ecophysiology of these species. The effects of environmental biotic and abiotic factors on germination, growth, and fumonisin B1 production by Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum have been investigated under laboratory, field, and storage conditions. An understanding of the factors involved in production of fumonisins is the first step in preventing accumulation of these toxins.

scholarly journals Developmental Toxicity of Mycotoxin Fumonisin B1 in Animal Embryogenesis: An Overview

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chompunut Lumsangkul ◽  
Hsin-I Chiang ◽  
Neng-Wen Lo ◽  
Yang-Kwang Fan ◽  
Jyh-Cherng Ju
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Developmental Toxicity ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Primary Component ◽  
Ceramide Synthase ◽  
High Similarity ◽  
Developmental Abnormalities

A teratogenic agent or teratogen can disturb the development of an embryo or a fetus. Fumonisin B1 (FB1), produced by Fusarium verticillioides and F. proliferatum, is among the most commonly seen mycotoxins and contaminants from stale maize and other farm products. It may cause physical or functional defects in embryos or fetuses, if the pregnant animal is exposed to mycotoxin FB1. Due to its high similarity in chemical structure with lipid sphinganine (Sa) and sphingosine (So), the primary component of sphingolipids, FB1 plays a role in competitively inhibiting Sa and So, which are key enzymes in de novo ceramide synthase in the sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway. Therefore, it causes growth retardation and developmental abnormalities to the embryos of hamsters, rats, mice, and chickens. Moreover, maternal FB1 toxicity can be passed onto the embryo or fetus, leading to mortality. FB1 also disrupts folate metabolism via the high-affinity folate transporter that can then result in folate insufficiency. The deficiencies are closely linked to incidences of neural tube defects (NTDs) in mice or humans. The purpose of this review is to understand the toxicity and mechanisms of mycotoxin FB1 on the development of embryos or fetuses.

scholarly journals Contamination of Pet Food with Mycobiota and Fusarium Mycotoxins—Focus on Dogs and Cats

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Witaszak ◽  
Agnieszka Waśkiewicz ◽  
Jan Bocianowski ◽  
Łukasz Stępień
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Pet Food ◽  
Fusarium Mycotoxins ◽  
Dominant Type ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dry Food

A wide range of pet food types are available on the market; the dominant type is dry food formulated in croquets. One of the most common ingredients of dry food are cereals—vectors of harmful mycotoxins posing the risk to pet health. In this study, 38 cat and dog dry food samples available on the Polish market were investigated. Morphological and molecular methods were applied to identify fungal genera present in pet food. Quantification of ergosterol and Fusarium mycotoxins: Fumonisin B1, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, and zearalenone were performed using high performance liquid chromatography. Obtained results indicated five genera of mycotoxigenic fungi: Alternaria sp., Aspergillus sp., Cladosporium sp., Penicillium sp., and Fusarium sp., including Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum. Ergosterol and mycotoxins of interest were detected in both cat and dog food samples in the amounts ranging from 0.31 to 4.05 µg/g for ergosterol and 0.3–30.3, 1.2–618.4, 29.6–299.0, and 12.3–53.0 ng/g for zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, and fumonisin B1, respectively. The conclusion is the presence of mycotoxins in levels much lower than recommended by EU regulations does not eliminate the risk and caution is advised concerning that long-term daily intake of even small doses of mycotoxins can slowly damage pet’s health.

scholarly journals Sphingolipid Effects on the Plasma Membrane Produced by Addition of Fumonisin B1 to Maize Embryos

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nora A. Gutiérrez-Nájera ◽  
Mariana Saucedo-García ◽  
Liliana Noyola-Martínez ◽  
Christian Vázquez-Vázquez ◽  
Silvia Palacios-Bahena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Membrane Properties ◽  
Ceramide Synthase ◽  
Animal Cells ◽  
Plasma Membrane Fluidity ◽  
Maize Embryos

Fumonisin B1 is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium verticillioides that modifies the membrane properties from animal cells and inhibits complex sphingolipids synthesis through the inhibition of ceramide synthase. The aim of this work was to determine the effect of Fumonisin B1 on the plant plasma membrane when the mycotoxin was added to germinating maize embryos. Fumonisin B1 addition to the embryos diminished plasma membrane fluidity, increased electrolyte leakage, caused a 7-fold increase of sphinganine and a small decrease in glucosylceramide in the plasma membrane, without affecting phytosphingosine levels or fatty acid composition. A 20%–30% inhibition of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity was observed when embryos were germinated in the presence of the mycotoxin. Such inhibition was only associated to the decrease in glucosylceramide and the addition of exogenous ceramide to the embryos relieved the inhibition of Fumonisin B1. These results indicate that exposure of the maize embryos for 24 h to Fumonisin B1 allowed the mycotoxin to target ceramide synthase at the endoplasmic reticulum, eliciting an imbalance of endogenous sphingolipids. The latter disrupted membrane properties and inhibited the plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity. Altogether, these results illustrate the mode of action of the pathogen and a plant defense strategy.

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