Tobacco and Smoking: Environmental Factors That Modify the Host Response (Immune System) and Have an Impact On Periodontal Health

1997 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 437-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne E. Barbour ◽  
Keisuke Nakashima ◽  
Ji-Bo Zhang ◽  
Srilatha Tangada ◽  
Chin-Lo Hahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Host Response ◽  
Mononuclear Phagocytes ◽  
Periodontal Pathogens ◽  
Periodontal Health ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Pocket Depth

This review summarizes the current data on the effects of smoking and tobacco on the immune system and its potential impact on periodontal health. Smokers are 2.5-6 times more likely to develop periodontal disease than non-smokers, and there is evidence for a direct correlation between the number of cigarettes smoked and the risk of developing disease. Tobacco users also tend to exhibit increased severity of periodontal disease. Direct correlations between tobacco use and increased attachment loss and pocket depth and reduced bone crest height have been reported. Although the correlation between tobacco use and periodontal disease is quite strong, the role of tobacco in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease is uncertain. Recent studies indicate that one potential mechanism is that tobacco use exacerbates periodontal disease because it alters the immune response to periodontal pathogens. Indeed, smokers exhibit increased numbers of peripheral blood mononuclear phagocytes which appear to be functionally compromised. Inadequate phagocyte activity could reduce the clearance of pathogens from the oral cavity and thereby facilitate the development of periodontal disease Tobacco-exposed B- and T-lymphocytes exhibit reduced proliferative capacities which could limit the production of protective immunoglobulins against oral pathogens. The risk factors for periodontal disease can be broadly classified as genetic, environmental, host-response factors, and host-related factors such as age. Tobacco, an environmental factor, undermines the host response and may facilitate the development and progression of periodontal disease. This review highlights the inter-relatedness of two of the risk factors associated with periodontal disease.

scholarly journals Identification of Subgingival Periodontal Pathogens and Association with the Severity of Periodontitis in Patients with Chronic Kidney Diseases: A Cross-Sectional Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fidan Bahtiar Ismail ◽  
Gener Ismail ◽  
Anca Silvia Dumitriu ◽  
Catalin Baston ◽  
Vlad Berbecar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Periodontal Pocket ◽  
Periodontal Pathogens ◽  
Medical File ◽  
Pocket Depth ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Independent Risk Factors

Background. The aim of our study was to assess the subgingival profile of 9 periodontal pathogens, by means of real-time PCR, in a group of predialysis chronic kidney disease patients with and without periodontal disease and to identify the risk factors associated with periodontal disease in these patients.Material and Methods. This is a single centre cross-sectional cohort study performed on 70 CKD patients. Patients received a full-mouth periodontal examination and the following parameters were assessed: periodontal pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing, and plaque index; subgingival biofilm samples were collected from the deepest periodontal pocket of each quadrant and were pooled in one transporting unit. Clinical data were drawn from the medical file of the patients.Results.T. denticola(P=0.001),T. forsythia(P<0.001), andP. micros(P=0.003) are significantly associated with periodontal disease in CKD subjects but in a multivariate model only age andT. forsythiaremain independent risk factors for periodontal disease in patients with CKD.Conclusions. In our cohort, age andT. forsythiaare independently associated with periodontitis in CKD patients. Within the limits of this study, CKD was not significantly associated with a particular subgingival periodontal pathogens profile in periodontitis patients.

scholarly journals Calibrated interdental brushing for the prevention of periodontal pathogens infection in young adults - a randomized controlled clinical trial

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis Bourgeois ◽  
Manuel Bravo ◽  
Juan-Carlos Llodra ◽  
Camille Inquimbert ◽  
Stéphane Viennot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trial ◽  
Periodontal Pathogens ◽  
Periodontal Health ◽  
Periodontal Bacteria ◽  
Strong Indicator ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Total Bacteria

Abstract Periodontal disease is clearly correlated with systemic disease. The presence of periodontal pathogens in interdental spaces in young, healthy adults is a strong indicator of the need to introduce daily interdental prophylaxis. Twenty-five subjects (aged 18–35 years), diagnosticated clinically as periodontally healthy, were enrolled in this study. One hundred interdental sites were included. Among these sites, 50 “test” sites were cleaned daily with calibrated interdental brushes (IDBs), whereas the other 50 sites were not cleaned and considered “controls”. The interdental biofilm at these interdental sites was collected at the beginning of the study (basal) and at 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, and 3 months. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methodology was used to quantify (i) 19 periodontal bacteria, including Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia, and (ii) total bacteria. In the test sites, the quantity of total bacteria decreased over time with the use of IDBs. The bacteria from the red and orange Socransky complexes, which are associated with periodontal disease, significantly decreased in the test sites but not in the control sites. Bacteria from the yellow, and purple Socransky complexes, which are associated with periodontal health, increased significantly in both groups whereas bacteria from the blue Socransky complex increased significantly only in the test sites. Furthermore, at basal, 66% of test sites and 68% of control sites bled during interdental brushing. These percentages decreased by 85% in 3 months for the test sites and by 27% in the control sites. In conclusion, the daily use of calibrated IDBs can reduce periodontal pathogens, reestablish symbiotic microbiota and, decrease interdental inflammation in interdental sites of healthy young adults.

scholarly journals Relationship between periodontal disease (PD) and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD): a review of topic

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-52
Author(s):  
Cristian Herrera ◽  
Jonathan Arcos
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽  
Periodontal Treatment ◽  
Periodontal Pathogens ◽  
Microbial Infection ◽  
Missing Teeth ◽  
Clinical Attachment Level ◽  
Attachment Level

Several clinical studies had investigated the possible relationship between periodontal disease (PD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Some studies prove an epidemiological association between PD and CVD, that from the biological viewpoint may be linked to both chronic inflammation triggered by microbes and persistent microbial infection by periodontal pathogens. In that sense, individuals presenting deep periodontal pockets without periodontal treatment, increased number of missing teeth and other periodontal markers like clinical attachment level and bleeding on probing, seem to be important risk factors markers for cardiovascular disease. Both, EP and cerebrovascular diseases are frequent, and those association is important in Public Health setting. EP and CVD share risk factors such as age, tobacco, stress, socioeconomic status and fat metabolism, so that the chances of introducing confusion into the studies is high. Few population studies have examined the effect of periodontal treatment on the risk of developing cardiovascular events (either primary or secondary prevention), however, it must be noted that the evidence in human studies suggest a possible beneficial effect of periodontal treatment of cardiovascular function index. In this paper, we review the literature that enables the general dentist and specialist an approach to this problem and better understanding of this phenomenon to patient benefit.

Salivary Matrix Metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) in Relation to Periodontal Health Status Among a Group of Hypertensive Patients

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 48-53
Author(s):  
Iman Z AlMudaris ◽  
Nadia A AlRawi
Keyword(s):  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Plaque Index ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Periodontal Health ◽  
Pocket Depth ◽  
Clinical Attachment Level ◽  
Probing Pocket Depth ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Attachment Level

Background: Hypertension is probably the most important public health problem around the world. People with periodontal disease may be at greater risk of hypertension. The inflammatory effects of periodontal disease help to promote endothelial dysfunction in arteries which may lead to changes in blood pressure. Salivary MMP-8 has been associated with both periodontal disease and prevalent hypertension. Aim of study: This study was conducted to measure salivary matrix metalloproteinase - 8, in relation to periodontal health condition among a group of patients with hypertension in comparison with control group. Materials and methods: Ninety subjects, aged 45-50 years old were included in this study, seeking treatment for chest pain in Ibn-AlBaytar center for cardiac surgical treatments in Baghdad, Iraq. The subjects were divided into study group (45 patient) who were diagnosed to be a hypertensive patient, and a control group (45 subject), with no hypertension. Plaque status was evaluated according to the Silness and Loe, probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level. Unstimulated saliva was collected from all subjects to analyses MMP-8. Result: A high mean value of plaque index, clinical attachment level and probing pocket depth for the study group than the control group with statistically no significant difference. In addition to that, a significant positive correlation between the plaque index and the clinical attachment level among both groups. Salivary MMP-8 level showed a higher level in the study group than in the control group, with statistically significant difference between groups, and a significant positive correlation was detected between salivary MMP-8 with plaque index, among study group, Conclusions: Higher percentage of periodontal diseases was found among patients with blood hypertension. In addition, high level of salivary MMP-8 is potentially associated with periodontal status of the study group.

Tobacco Use and Its Effects on the Periodontium and Periodontal Therapy

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 97-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vandana K. Laxman ◽  
Sridhar Annaji
Keyword(s):  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Periodontal Therapy ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Periodontal Health ◽  
Health Maintenance ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Aim The purpose of this article is to present a review of the potential biological mechanisms underlying the effects of tobacco smoking on periodontal health and periodontal therapy. Background Periodontitis is the result of complex interrelationships between infectious agents and host factors. Environmental, acquired, and genetic risk factors modify the expression of disease and may, therefore, affect the onset or progression of periodontitis. Review Results The study of the relationship between periodontal disease and smoking has received increased attention during the last few years. Tobacco smoking has wide spread systemic effects, many of which may provide mechanisms for the increased susceptibility to periodontitis and the poorer response to treatment. Conclusion Tobacco smoking is a significant risk factor for periodontal disease. Clinical Significance The role smoking plays in periodontal disease should be considered by clinicians and patients during active periodontal therapy and the oral health maintenance phases of care. Citation Laxman VK, Annaji S. Tobacco Use and Its Effects on the Periodontium and Periodontal Therapy. J Contemp Dent Pract 2008 November; (9)7:097-107.

scholarly journals CRP and IL-1B Gene Polymorphisms and CRP in Blood in Periodontal Disease

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
EI Auerkari ◽  
AW Suhartono ◽  
NZ Djamal ◽  
F Verisqa ◽  
DA Suryandari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Male Population ◽  
Periodontal Health ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Serum Crp

Recent studies have suggested an association between periodontal disease (PD) and the systemic polygenic diseases such as cardiovascular disease (CVD). These are thought to be associated because of interrelated environmental, epigenetic, and genetic risk factors. The involved candidate genes include the IL-1B gene, encoding the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β, and the CRP gene encoding the C-reactive protein (CRP), also a known marker of inflammation. However, as the details are not well known on the genetic variation influencing the risk factors, this work aimed to evaluate the distribution of selected polymorphisms of IL-1B and CRP genes, and serum CRP level, in comparison with the PD status. For this purpose, periodontal health was assessed, serum CRP levels measured and polymorphism status of IL-1B and CRP genes determined from samples of peripheral blood taken from 101 consenting Indonesian adult males. The results show that severe PD was significantly associated with age and smoking, as expected, but not with the polymorphisms of IL-1B or CRP (1444). However, a significantly lower fraction of subjects with normal periodontal health than subjects with PD showed the heterozygous type polymorphism of CRP (717). There was no significant difference in the fraction of cases with elevated serum CRP level between subjects with normal health and those with PD, and further study with a larger sample is recommended. The observed association between polymorphism of CRP (717) and periodontal health is suggested as a complementary indicator of the risk to PD for the Indonesian male population.

Doença periodontal e risco de complicações da Covid-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (47) ◽  
pp. 126-131
Author(s):  
Hussein Nasser Fares ◽  
Halim Nagem Filho ◽  
Nasser Hussein Fares ◽  
Giordana Gregório Fritsch ◽  
Rafael Julivan Gomes da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Dental Care ◽  
Inflammatory Process ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Surgical Instruments ◽  
Periodontal Health ◽  
Severe Inflammation ◽  
Frequent Use

The Covid-19 complexity is caused by severe inflammation and some signs are common with periodontitis. The attributes of periodontitis are pathophysiological in response to cytokines, which are chemotactic and recruit inflammatory cells. This article aims to investigate a probable link between periodontal disease that increases severity of Covid-19 and to consider the risk factors that influence the outcome of Covid-19 infections and the importance of periodontal health in prevention. Dental surgeons are high-risk professionals, especially periodontists, due to the frequent use of ultrasound and other aerosol-generating surgical instruments. In fact, in addition to the nasal passages, the mouth is a privileged place of contamination. Urgent or emergent dental care is often invasive and requires aerosolization. It is plausible that periodontitis aggravates an inflammatory process resulting from the infection, problems often linked to the most serious cases of Covid-19.

scholarly journals A New Inflammatory Cytokine on the Block: Re-thinking Periodontal Disease and the Th1/Th2 Paradigm in the Context of Th17 Cells and IL-17

2008 ◽  
Vol 87 (9) ◽  
pp. 817-828 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.L. Gaffen ◽  
G. Hajishengallis
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Th17 Cells ◽  
Host Response ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokine ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Periodontal Pathogens ◽  
Biologic Drugs

For almost two decades, the Th1/Th2 paradigm has offered a productive conceptual framework for investigating the pathogenesis of periodontitis. However, as with many other inflammatory diseases, the observed role of T-cell-mediated immunity in periodontitis did not readily fit this model. A new subset of CD4+ T-cells was recently discovered that explains many of the discrepancies in the classic Th1/Th2 model, and has been termed “Th17” based on its secretion of the novel pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-17. The identification of Th17 cells as a novel effector T-cell population compels re-examination of periodontitis in the context of the new subset and its signature cytokines. This review aims to offer a clarifying insight into periodontal pathogenesis under the extended Th1/Th2/Th17 paradigm, and is predicated on the principle that periodontal disease activity is determined by a complex interplay between the immune system and periodontal pathogens. The re-examination of existing periodontal literature and further studies in the light of these new discoveries may help explain how the inflammatory response results in damage to the periodontium while generally failing to control the pathogens. This knowledge is essential for the development of immunomodulatory intervention strategies for fine-tuning the host response to maximize the protective and minimize the destructive aspects of the periodontal host response. Moreover, with the advent of anti-cytokine biologic drugs that target the Th1 and Th17 pathways in autoimmunity, the potential consequences to periodontal disease susceptibility in humans need to be understood.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Knowledge and Awareness of Dental Patients in Saudi Arabia on Periodontal Health and Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 459-464
Author(s):  
Eman Allam ◽  
Nouf Alshibani ◽  
Yara Alshibani ◽  
Reem Alkattan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Oral Hygiene ◽  
Periodontal Diseases ◽  
Knowledge Gaps ◽  
Periodontal Health ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Dental Patients ◽  
Hygiene Measures

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the periodontal health knowledge and awareness among a cohort of dental patients in Saudi Arabia. Methods: One thousand adult patients attending King Khaled University Hospital and the Dental Hospital, King Saud University, in Riyadh, KSA, were recruited to the study. The subjects completed a questionnaire that aimed to evaluate their level of awareness on etiology, risk factors, and preventive measures related to periodontal disease. Results: The study sample showed adequate awareness and general knowledge on signs and symptoms of periodontal diseases as well as risk factors for their development. Data also suggested great knowledge of oral hygiene measures for maintaining good oral hygiene. However, a low level of awareness was reported for the exact etiology of periodontal disease, as indicated by the fact that about 65% of respondents did not know or declined the fact that plaque causes periodontal disease. The participants also demonstrated a low level of awareness of the association between periodontal diseases and systemic conditions, such as coronary heart diseases and premature birth. Conclusion: The results of this study showed extensive variations and knowledge gaps between different aspects related to periodontal disease. In order for comprehensive oral health educational programs to be effective and to achieve their goals, they should be designed to fulfill these knowledge gaps and tailored to target the areas of least awareness, such as etiology and systemic conditions association.

scholarly journals Dental Plaque Microbial Resistomes of Periodontal Health and Disease and Their Changes after Scaling and Root Planing Therapy

mSphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yutong Kang ◽  
Bianjin Sun ◽  
Yiju Chen ◽  
Yongliang Lou ◽  
Meiqin Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Success Rate ◽  
Dental Plaque ◽  
Angle Of Attack ◽  
Scaling And Root Planing ◽  
Periodontal Pathogens ◽  
Periodontal Health ◽  
Resistance To Antibiotics ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Health And Disease

The emergence and development of resistance to antibiotics in periodontal pathogens have affected the success rate of treatment for periodontitis. The development of new antibacterial strategies is urgently needed to help control and treat periodontal disease, and dental plaque microbiome studies offer a promising new angle of attack.

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