scholarly journals Oxytocin and the Neurobiology of Prosocial Behavior

2020 ◽  
pp. 107385842096011
Author(s):  
Nina Marsh ◽  
Abigail A. Marsh ◽  
Mary R. Lee ◽  
René Hurlemann
Keyword(s):  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Behavioral Effects ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Social Brain ◽  
The Social ◽  
Neuropeptide Hormone ◽  
Art Research ◽  
Conceptual Overview

Humans are an unusually prosocial species, who engage in social behaviors that include altruism—whereby an individual engages in costly or risky acts to improve the welfare of another person—care, and cooperation. Current perspectives on the neurobiology of human prosociality suggest that it is deeply rooted in the neuroendocrine architecture of the social brain and emphasize the modulatory role of the neuropeptide hormone oxytocin. In this review, we provide a conceptual overview of the neurobiology of prosocial behavior with a focus on oxytocin’s modulatory role in human prosociality. Specifically, we aim to encourage a better understanding of the peptide’s susceptibility to diverse factors that produce heterogeneity in outcomes and the resulting methodological implications for measuring the behavioral effects of oxytocin in humans. After providing an overview of the state-of-the-art research on oxytocin’s exogenous use, we elaborate on the peptide’s modulatory role in the context of care-based altruism, cooperation, and conflict and discuss its potential for therapeutic interventions in psychiatric disorders characterized by social dysfunction.

Coinage and the Tributary Mode of Production

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Manzano Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Role ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
The Social ◽  
Simple Question ◽  
Mode Of Production

This chapter addresses a very simple question: is it possible to frame coinage in the Early Middle Ages? The answer will be certainly yes, but will also acknowledge that we lack considerable amounts of relevant data potentially available through state-of-the-art methodologies. One problem is, though, that many times we do not really know the relevant questions we can pose on coins; another is that we still have not figured out the social role of coinage in the aftermath of the Roman Empire. This chapter shows a number of things that could only be known thanks to the analysis of coins. And as its title suggests it will also include some reflections on greed and generosity.

scholarly journals Water-Worked Gravel Bed: State-of-the-Art Review

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellora Padhi ◽  
Subhasish Dey ◽  
Venkappayya R. Desai ◽  
Nadia Penna ◽  
Roberto Gaudio
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Streamwise Velocity ◽  
Secondary Currents ◽  
Gravel Bed ◽  
Natural Stream ◽  
Art Research ◽  
The Comparative Study ◽  
Water Work

In a natural gravel-bed stream, the bed that has an organized roughness structure created by the streamflow is called the water-worked gravel bed (WGB). Such a bed is entirely different from that created in a laboratory by depositing and spreading gravels in the experimental flume, called the screeded gravel bed (SGB). In this paper, a review on the state-of-the-art research on WGBs is presented, highlighting the role of water-work in determining the bed topographical structures and the turbulence characteristics in the flow. In doing so, various methods used to analyze the bed topographical structures are described. Besides, the effects of the water-work on the turbulent flow characteristics, such as streamwise velocity, Reynolds and form-induced stresses, conditional turbulent events and secondary currents in WGBs are discussed. Further, the results form WGBs and SGBs are compared critically. The comparative study infers that a WGB exhibits a higher roughness than an SGB. Consequently, the former has a higher magnitude of turbulence parameters than the latter. Finally, as a future scope of research, laboratory experiments should be conducted in WGBs rather than in SGBs to have an appropriate representation of the flow field close to a natural stream.

Social Olfaction: A Review of the Role of Olfaction in a Variety of Animal Behaviors

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Lou Cheal ◽  
Richard L. Sprott
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Behavioral Effects ◽  
Behavioral Data ◽  
Olfactory Acuity ◽  
Animal Behaviors ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Social Behavior Of Animals

Behavioral olfactory experiments were reviewed, relating the behavioral effects of pheromones to the psychophysical work in olfaction. Short descriptions of various experiments were used to show the importance of olfaction to the social behavior of animals by tracing the history of the experimental evidence and viewing the behavioral data pertaining to the discharge of pheromones and their effects and to look at the psychophysical evidence for olfactory acuity and the behavioral implications for the role of the physiological structures in olfaction.

The sociocybernetics of observation and reflexivity

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 495-510
Author(s):  
Bernard Scott
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Second Order ◽  
The Social ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Conceptual Overview

The aim of this article is to show how sociocybernetics can clarify and bring order to two key concepts in the social sciences: ‘observation’ and ‘reflexivity’. The article provides an introduction and conceptual overview of second order cybernetics, placing it in the larger context of cybernetics and systems sciences studies. Since its inception, in cybernetics the role of the observer has been paramount. It is the observer who distinguishes systems of interest. It is the observer who communicates her observations and theoretical interpretations to the wider community of other observers. Critically, as Heinz von Foerster emphasises, with second order cybernetics the observer, since she is herself an observing system, should ‘enter the domain of her own descriptions’. With her second order studies, she is explaining herself to herself. Reflexively, she is obliged to engage in self-observation. The article sets out some of the theoretical and methodological implications of these propositions.

The Oxford Handbook of Workplace Discrimination

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Problem ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Workplace Discrimination ◽  
Workplace Diversity ◽  
General Phenomenon ◽  
Religious Minorities ◽  
Work Settings ◽  
The Social ◽  
Unique Experience ◽  
Art Research

Increasing workplace diversity has given rise to growing intergroup challenges that persistently manifest in discrimination. An emerging science in psychology, sociology, and management has yielded useful evidence to be brought to bear on the important problem of discrimination, but most literature available focuses on social (rather than work) settings or legal (rather than interpersonal) issues, or focuses on the general phenomenon of diversity rather than the social problem of discrimination. The Oxford Handbook of Workplace Discrimination provides a broad and interdisciplinary review of state-of-the-art research on discrimination in the workplace. Contributing authors address the unique experience of people from diverse perspectives (such as religious minorities, gay and lesbian workers, and those with disabilities) and the ways in which discrimination can be manifested and its consequences, and offer explanations for discrimination and strategies for its reduction.

Together in Music

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Contemporary Music ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Music Making ◽  
The Social ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Level Of Understanding ◽  
Insight Into

Together in music develops insight into the musical ensemble as an intense form of teamwork, as finely coordinated joint action, and as an emotionally and socially rewarding experience that enables positive outcomes for wellbeing and development. By investigating processes related to group music-making at meso-, micro-, and macro-level, it offers a platform for synthesis across disciplinary and methodological approaches, and the definition of a new level of understanding that is holistic and considers interrelationships between levels of analysis. The book combines review chapters that summarize the state of the art with case studies that present research outcomes. While most chapters focus on Western classical or contemporary music, the themes that run through the book have broad relevance, which include the role of embodiment and emergence, relationships between the social and the musical, multi-dimensionality of experiences, and technologies to investigate and support collaboration and interaction in ensembles.

scholarly journals Comparative social policy in contemporary Latin America: Concepts, theories and a research agenda

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gibran Cruz-Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Welfare Regimes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Protection Systems ◽  
Art Research ◽  
Social Protection Systems

This is the introductory chapter of the book Welfare and Social Protection in Contemporary Latin America. The purpose of the book is threefold: (i) to present a historical and theoretical analysis of social protection systems and welfare regimes in contemporary Latin America; (ii) to discuss the politics of contemporary social protection and how national/global actors and institutions shape social policy in the region; and (iii) to examine several debates on social protection and welfare systems in contemporary Latin America. The chapter presents state-of-the-art research in the areas of social policy and welfare that is examined in each of the three parts of the book. What do we know about welfare regimes in Latin America? What do we know about the role of (f)actors shaping social protection development and inclusion? What do we know about recent debates regarding social protection and welfare in Latin America? Particular attention is paid to the contribution made by chapters in this edited volume to the social policy literature. The chapter finishes with a description of the content and results of each chapter in this edited volume.

scholarly journals Sarcopenia: Diagnosis and Management, State of the Art and Contribution of Ultrasound

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (23) ◽  
pp. 5552
Author(s):  
Silvia Giovannini ◽  
Fabrizio Brau ◽  
Raffaele Forino ◽  
Andrea Berti ◽  
Federica D’Ignazio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Muscle Weakness ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Muscle Loss ◽  
Multisystem Disease ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Treatable Condition

Age-related muscle loss is a phenomenon that has been extensively studied in recent decades. Sarcopenia is a multisystem disease, which predisposes to muscle weakness and frailty. At around 50 years of age, an individual begins to lose muscle strength, although this becomes more evident after 70. Sarcopenia is a condition typically found in older adults but can also affect younger people. Sarcopenia is a preventable and treatable condition. In past years, methods and tools to recognize the condition early have been researched. For the development of therapeutic interventions, agreement on diagnosis is fundamental. In recent years, a possible role of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of sarcopenia has been evaluated, compared with the best-known techniques.

scholarly journals Mission and the Bottom Line: Performance Incentives in a Multigoal Organization

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-45
Author(s):  
Xavier Giné ◽  
Ghazala Mansuri ◽  
Slesh A. Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Monetary Incentives ◽  
Bottom Line ◽  
Performance Incentives ◽  
Social Mission ◽  
The Social

We assess the role of monetary incentives in a mission-oriented organization by randomly assigning workers to one of two bonus schemes, incentivizing either the performance of a microcredit program (bottom line) or the empowerment of clients (mission). We find that the credit bonus improved credit-related outcomes but undermined the social mission, while the social bonus did not harm the bottom line. These results are consistent with a multitasking model with production spillovers or with prosocial behavior. We show that, when missionrelated rewards are unfeasible, organizations that care about both the mission and the bottom line prefer flat wages to incentives.

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