Polyethylene terephthalate/basalt stab-resistant sandwich composites based on the Box–Behnken design: Parameter optimization and empirical regression model

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 2391-2407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting-Ting Li ◽  
Xiayun Zhang ◽  
Liwei Wu ◽  
Haokai Peng ◽  
Bing-Chiuan Shiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Model ◽  
Polyethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Woven Fabric ◽  
Sandwich Composites ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Box Behnken Design ◽  
Bursting Strength ◽  
Nonwoven Fabrics ◽  
Needle Punching ◽  
Stab Resistance

In this study, the thicknesswise fibers of the low-melting polyethylene terephthalate (LPET) nonwoven fabrics are needle punched and intertwined with the intra-laminar basalt fibers (BF) of basalt plain woven fabric in order to strengthen the stab-resistant property of LPET/BF sandwich composites as well as to fabricate armor that is composed of less lamination layers. Two LPET nonwoven fabrics and a BF plain woven fabric as an interlayer are laminated and combined using a needle-punch reinforcing method. The response surface analysis based on the Box–Behnken design is used to examine the influences of structure parameters of low-melting PET nonwoven fabrics including areal density (AD) and manufacture parameters including needle punching density (ND), and depth of needle punch (DP) on the spike stab resistance, knife stab resistance, bursting resistance, and tensile property. An empirical regression model of AD, ND, and DP is thereby established. The test results show that the bursting strength and quasi-static stab resistance of sandwich composites are highly dependent on AD and ND. Likewise, DP has a significant influence on the knife stab resistance and bursting strength, while the tensile strength is solely dependent on ND. According to the empirical regress model, the acquired optimal needle punching parameters of sandwich composites are an AD of 400 g/m2, ND of 143.77 needles/cm2, and DP of 6.41 mm. The 95% confidence interval yielded by the empirical regression model is in conformity with the test results. The empirical regression model of the stab resistance is proven to provide effective prediction of the number of lamination layers required by armor in the future.

Using unwrapped filament tows to strengthen sandwich composites: Puncture and bursting resistance

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (10) ◽  
pp. 1374-1388
Author(s):  
Jia-Hsun Li ◽  
Ching-Wen Lou ◽  
Jing-Chzi Hsieh ◽  
Jia-Horng Lin
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Nonwoven Fabric ◽  
Efficient Production ◽  
Sandwich Composites ◽  
Puncture Resistance ◽  
Nonwoven Fabrics ◽  
Multiple Parameters ◽  
Needle Punching ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
Single Pattern

The combination of appropriate materials and structural design can compensate for flaw of a single pattern, providing the products with better functionalities. In this study, the custom-made nonwoven fabric machine can unwrap the filament tows before needle punching stage. Sandwich composites are proposed, consisting of two nonwoven fabrics as surface layers and laminated loops of filaments as the core. The puncture resistance of the sandwich composites are examined in terms of weight of filament loops and needle-punching depth, examining their influences. The employment of filaments has a remarkable influence on the mechanical performance of the composites. GF4G has static puncture resistance, dynamic puncture resistance, and bursting strength that are 89%, 30%, 88% higher than those of GF1G; 332%, 127%, and 500% higher than those of 2G; and 671%, 400%, and 1260% higher than those of G. Using filaments to reinforce nonwoven fabrics only requires simple equipment and easy operation. Furthermore, based on the requirements of different final products, diverse filaments and multiple parameters can be combined, thereby providing the composites with efficient production, solid reinforcement, and broad applications.

Manufacturing Technique of Stab-Resistant Laminated Composite Nonwoven Fabrics

2011 ◽  
Vol 239-242 ◽  
pp. 3342-3345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ching Wen Lou ◽  
Chia Chang Lin ◽  
Chao Chiung Huang ◽  
Jin Mao Chen ◽  
Wen Hsuan Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laminated Composite ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Thermal Bonding ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Thermal Compression ◽  
Nonwoven Fabrics ◽  
Needle Punching ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Stab Resistance ◽  
Composite Nonwoven

In this study, the nonwoven composites were made of high strength nylon 6 staples and low-melting-point polyester staples using needle-punching and thermal-bonding. By tensile strength test and constant-rate stab resistance test, the optimum parameters of the composites were obtained for developing and designing the stab-resistant nonwoven composites. The optimum experimental conditions for the nonwoven composites were as follows: the temperature for thermal-bonding was 150 °C; and the wheel speed of thermal compression was 0.5 m/min.

scholarly journals Fabric Composites Reinforced with Thermally Bonded and Irregularly Aligned Filaments: Preparation and Puncture Resistant Performance

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuang ◽  
Bao ◽  
Lin ◽  
Lin ◽  
Lou
Keyword(s):  
Adhesive Layer ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Woven Fabric ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Puncture Resistance ◽  
Fabric Structure ◽  
Needle Punching ◽  
Fabric Composites ◽  
Composite Fabrics

This study proposes fabric composites with improved static and dynamic puncture via increasing a friction force to restrain the slide of filaments as well as the compression and abrasion between the fibers and the puncture probe. The the bi-layered shell layers of composite fabrics are composed of aramid staple fibers and nylon staple fibers and a layer of low-melting-point polyester (LPET). The nonwoven layer consisting of recycled aramid and nylon staple fibers provides a shear effect to dissipate part of the puncture energy. Reinforcing interlayers include a woven fabric and PET filaments that are circularly aggregated between the surface layers, providing isotropic filament reinforcement and strengthening the resistance against the tip of the puncture probe. The reinforcing filaments may slide after the employment of needle punching, and to compensate for this disadvantage, the LPET layers are used to thermal bond the composite fabrics and the total thickness is controlled at 2 mm. The thermally bonded fabric composites are evaluated in terms of puncture resistance, thereby examining the effects of fabric structure and thermal bonding. According to the test results, the optimal composite structure is the sample N/L/W/F/L/N, which was reinforced by the LPET adhesive layer and irregularly aligned filaments. The sample which used the LPET adhesive layer had a positive influence on static puncture resistance and dynamic puncture resistance, preventing the slide of filaments, but the poor interfacial combination only contributed to limited reinforcement.

Evaluation of Manufacturing Technology and Characterization of Composite Fabric for Stab Resistant Materials

2008 ◽  
Vol 55-57 ◽  
pp. 429-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chia Chang Lin ◽  
Ching Wen Lou ◽  
Wen Hao Hsing ◽  
W.H. Ma ◽  
Chin Mei Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Bonding Temperature ◽  
Polyamide 6 ◽  
Primary Component ◽  
Bonding Process ◽  
Woven Fabric ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Thermal Bonding ◽  
Needle Punching ◽  
Stab Resistance

d more to their own safety, lead all kinds of personal protection apparatus to rapidly develop. This study designed and manufactured the stabbing resistant fabrics to prevent the pricking damage of human body. In this study, woven Kevlar fabric is laid between two layers of polyamide 6 fibrous webs that contain low-melt polyester fibers. The fibrous webs and woven fabric are bonded via needle punching and thermal bonding to generate a nonwoven/woven composite fabric that can be used as a substrate for artificial leather. The polyamide 6 staple fiber is the primary component of the nonwoven structure. The low-melt polyester fiber was added via thermal bonding to reinforce the composite fabric structure. The stab resistance of the composite fabric was reinforced by the woven Kevlar fabric. Because the bonding process alters the mechanical properties of the composite fabric, effects of bonding process conditions, such as needle punching density and thermal bonding temperature, on the mechanical properties and stab resistance of the composite fabric were investigated. The stab resistance of the composite fabric was assessed by stab resistance tests using the ASTM F1432 standard. Experimental results demonstrate that the optimal parameters obtained from sample which needle punching density is 200 needles/cm2

An improved nonlinear model considering relative velocity for the friction behavior between untwisted glass-fiber tow and roller

2021 ◽  
pp. 004051752110308
Author(s):  
Yang Liu ◽  
Zhong Xiang ◽  
Xiangqin Zhou ◽  
Zhenyu Wu ◽  
Xudong Hu
Keyword(s):  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
Glass Fiber ◽  
Relative Velocity ◽  
Friction Model ◽  
Woven Fabric ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Application Process ◽  
Friction Behavior ◽  
Improved Model

Friction between the tow and tool surface normally happens during the tow production, fabric weaving, and application process and has an important influence on the quality of the woven fabric. Based on this fact, this paper studied the influence of tension and relative velocity on the three kinds of untwisted-glass-fiber tow-on-roller friction with a Capstan-based test setup. Furthermore, an improved nonlinear friction model taking both tension and velocity into account was proposed. According to statistical test results, firstly, the friction coefficient was found to be positively correlated with tension and relative velocity. Secondly, tension and velocity were complementary on the tow-on-roller friction behavior, with neither being superior to the other. Thirdly, an improved model was found to present well the nonlinear characteristics between friction coefficient and tension and velocity, and predicational results of the model were found to agree well with the observations from Capstan tests.

Preparation Techniques and Property Evaluations of Highly Air Permeable Needle-Punched Geotextiles

2015 ◽  
Vol 749 ◽  
pp. 278-281
Author(s):  
Jia Horng Lin ◽  
Jing Chzi Hsieh ◽  
Jin Mao Chen ◽  
Wen Hao Hsing ◽  
Hsueh Jen Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Service Life ◽  
Mechanical Strength ◽  
Pore Structure ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Needle Punching ◽  
Pet Fibers ◽  
Environmental Requirements ◽  
Preparation Techniques

Geotextiles are made of polymers, and their conjunction with different processes and materials can provide geotextiles with desirable characteristics and functions, such as filtration, separation, and drainage, and thereby meets the environmental requirements. Chemical resistant and mechanical strong polymers, including polyester (PET) and polypropylene (PP), are thus used to prolong the service life of the products made by such materials. This study proposes highly air permeable geotextiles that are made with different thicknesses and various needle punching speeds, and the influences of these two variables over the pore structure and mechanical properties are then examined. PET fibers, PP fibers, and recycled Kevlar fibers are blended, followed by being needle punched with differing spaces and speeds to form geotextiles with various thicknesses and porosities. The textiles are then evaluated for their mechanical strength and porosity. The test results show that a thickness of 4.5 cm and 1.5 cm demonstrate an influence on the tensile strength of the geotextiles, which is ascribed to the webs that are incompletely needle punched. However, the excessive needle punching speed corresponding to a thickness of 0.2 cm results in a decrease in tensile strength, but there is also an increase in the porosity of the geotextiles.

Experimental and theoretical study of sandwich composites with Z-pins under quasi-static compression loading

2021 ◽  
pp. 136943322110073
Author(s):  
Erdem Selver ◽  
Gaye Kaya ◽  
Hussein Dalfi
Keyword(s):  
Vinyl Ester ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Sandwich Composites ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Compressive Properties ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Static Compression ◽  
Quasi Static Compression ◽  
Good Agreement

This study aims to enhance the compressive properties of sandwich composites containing extruded polystyrene (XPS) foam core and glass or carbon face materials by using carbon/vinyl ester and glass/vinyl ester composite Z-pins. The composite pins were inserted into foam cores at two different densities (15 and 30 mm). Compression test results showed that compressive strength, modulus and loads of the sandwich composites significantly increased after using composite Z-pins. Sandwich composites with 15 mm pin densities exhibited higher compressive properties than that of 30 mm pin densities. The pin type played a critical role whilst carbon pin reinforced sandwich composites had higher compressive properties compared to glass pin reinforced sandwich composites. Finite element analysis (FE) using Abaqus software has been established in this study to verify the experimental results. Experimental and numerical results based on the capabilities of the sandwich composites to capture the mechanical behaviour and the damage failure modes were conducted and showed a good agreement between them.

scholarly journals DEGRADATION OF NONWOVEN FABRICS SUITABLE FOR WET WIPES BURIED IN SOIL

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 137-141
Author(s):  
V. Sülar ◽  
B. Keçeci
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Polyethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Nonwoven Fabric ◽  
Fibre Content ◽  
Regenerated Cellulose ◽  
Cellulosic Fibre ◽  
Degradation Behaviour ◽  
Visual Appearance ◽  
Nonwoven Fabrics ◽  
Fabric Structure

In this research, biodegradation behaviour of nonwoven fabrics suitable for wet wipes having different fibre types such as regenerated cellulose (viscose and Tencel), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and their blends were investigated. Each nonwoven fabric was buried in soil and test samples were controlled in regular periods. Visual appearance was reported and examined by photographs and microscopic views. According to the changes in visual appearance and weight loss, biodegradation was examined in a systematic way. It has been observed that regenerated cellulose nonwoven fabrics and the PET nonwoven fabrics show big difference under the same degradation conditions. PET fibre content delays biodegradation in the soil and degradation behaviour is similar the content of PET fibre in fabric structure. The higher PET, lower degradation, and the higher cellulosic fibre, the higher degradation was determined for nonwoven fabrics suitable for wet wipes.

scholarly journals Anisotropic Mechanical Response and Strain Localization of a Metallic Glassy-Fiber-Reinforced Polyethylene Terephthalate Fabric

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (19) ◽  
pp. 5619
Author(s):  
Jie Li ◽  
Bo Huang ◽  
Jun Shen ◽  
Jun Yi ◽  
Yandong Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polyethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Strain Localization ◽  
Fiber Bundle ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
Woven Fabric ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Fracture Mechanisms ◽  
Young’S Moduli

Optimizing the mechanical properties of composites through microstructural design has been a long-standing issue in materials science. In this study, we reinforced a typical polymer, i.e., polyethylene-terephthalate-woven fabric, with a type of Fe-based metallic glassy fiber (MGF) with an extremely large Young’s moduli. The MGF-reinforced fabrics, with three different fiber bundle orientations (0°, 45°, and 90°), were investigated by in situ electron-microscopy mechanical testing techniques in conjunction with a digital image correlation (DIC) technique. The fabrics exhibited a pronounced anisotropic mechanical response, and the associated characteristics were verified to depend on the fiber bundle orientation relative to the external load. Furthermore, localized strains near the intersections of the fiber bundles were found to be much higher than the global strain. It is confirmed that the restriction from warp to weft is the dominant factor influencing strain localization during deformation. Our results are enlightening for understanding the fracture mechanisms of composites.

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