Review: Oxidative stress and excitotoxicity: a therapeutic issue in multiple sclerosis?

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.E. Gonsette
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Free Radicals ◽  
Therapeutic Approach ◽  
Chronic Phase ◽  
Axonal Loss ◽  
Radical Species ◽  
Inflammatory Reactions ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Inflammatory Processes

There is increasing evidence that multiple sclerosis (MS) is not only characterized by immune mediated inflammatory reactions but also by neurodegenerative processes. In neurodegenerative diseases, neuronal and axonal loss is mediated by oxidative stress and excitotoxicity which constitute a final common toxic pathway. Importantly, peroxynitrite is the key mediator of those two intertwined pathomechanisms. In MS, peroxynitrite is consistently associated with active lesions and produces highly toxic nitrating and oxidizing radical species that alter lipid, protein, DNA and mitochondrial structures and functions. During the remitting phase, peroxynitrite participates to neuron and oligodendrocyte damage in association with inflammatory processes. During the chronic phase, peroxynitrite contributes to self-perpetuating mechanisms responsible for disease progression. Neutralization of oxidative stress and excitotoxicity, and in particular of peroxynitrite derived free radicals, might represent a therapeutic approach to provide neuroprotection in MS. Multiple Sclerosis 2008; 14: 22—34. http://msj.sagepub.com

scholarly journals New Insights into the Role of Oxidative Stress Mechanisms in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bożena Adamczyk ◽  
Monika Adamczyk-Sowa
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Chronic Phase ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Methods Of Treatment

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a multifactorial disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by an inflammatory process and demyelination. The etiology of the disease is still not fully understood. Therefore, finding new etiological factors is of such crucial importance. It is suspected that the development of MS may be affected by oxidative stress (OS). In the acute phase OS initiates inflammatory processes and in the chronic phase it sustains neurodegeneration. Redox processes in MS are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, dysregulation of axonal bioenergetics, iron accumulation in the brain, impaired oxidant/antioxidant balance, and OS memory. The present paper is a review of the current literature about the role of OS in MS and it focuses on all major aspects. The article explains the mechanisms of OS, reports unique biomarkers with regard to their clinical significance, and presents a poorly understood relationship between OS and neurodegeneration. It also provides novel methods of treatment, including the use of antioxidants and the role of antioxidants in neuroprotection. Furthermore, adding new drugs in the treatment of relapse may be useful. The article considers the significance of OS in the current treatment of MS patients.

Implication of Oxidative Stress, Aging, and Inflammatory Processes in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Growth Factors as Therapeutic Approach

2018 ◽  
pp. 165-176
Author(s):  
Macarena Lorena Herrera ◽  
Eugenia Falomir-Lockhart ◽  
Franco Juan Cruz Dolcetti ◽  
Nathalie Arnal ◽  
María José Bellini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Therapeutic Approach ◽  
Inflammatory Processes

scholarly journals A Review of Various Antioxidant Compounds and their Potential Utility as Complementary Therapy in Multiple Sclerosis

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elzbieta Dorota Miller ◽  
Angela Dziedzic ◽  
Joanna Saluk-Bijak ◽  
Michal Bijak
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Symptomatic Treatment ◽  
Complementary Therapy ◽  
Antioxidant Compounds ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Stress Mediators

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex disease of the central nervous system (CNS). The etiology of this multifactorial disease has not been clearly defined. Conventional medical treatment of MS has progressed, but is still based on symptomatic treatment. One of the key factors in the pathogenesis of MS is oxidative stress, enhancing inflammation and neurodegeneration. In MS, both reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are formed in the CNS mainly by activated macrophages and microglia structures, which can lead to demyelination and axon disruption. The course of MS is associated with the secretion of many inflammatory and oxidative stress mediators, including cytokines (IL-1b, IL-6, IL-17, TNF-α, INF-γ) and chemokines (MIP-1a, MCP-1, IP10). The early stage of MS (RRMS) lasts about 10 years, and is dominated by inflammatory processes, whereas the chronic stage is associated with neurodegenerative axon and neuron loss. Since oxidative damage has been known to be involved in inflammatory and autoimmune-mediated processes, antioxidant therapy could contribute to the reduction or even prevention of the progression of MS. Further research is needed in order to establish new aims for novel treatment and provide possible benefits to MS patients. The present review examines the roles of oxidative stress and non-pharmacological anti-oxidative therapies in MS.

scholarly journals Free Radicals and Antioxidants in Ankylosing Spondylitis

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (12) ◽  
pp. 3634-3637
Author(s):  
Aurel Nechita ◽  
Ciprian Dinu ◽  
Alexandru Bogdan Ciubara ◽  
Gheorghe Raftu ◽  
Codrina Ancuta
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Free Radicals ◽  
Ankylosing Spondylitis ◽  
The Body ◽  
System Response ◽  
Pathogenic Potential ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Cell Processes ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Cell Variance

Free radicals are widely recognized as overloaded atoms, molecules or compounds that become unstable when lacking an electron;they steal an electron from various macromolecules (e.g. DNA, RNA, proteins) to chemically stabilize, while preferred targets remains polyunsaturated fatty acids in their membranes. When electron theft produces a chain reaction, normal cell processes turn into a real chaos that ultimately degrades the normal functioning of the cell. Variance of free radicals existing or formed in nature as a result of many processes (ultraviolet radiation, gamma, action specific particles, etc.) makes extremely difficult their classification. A partof the oxygen molecules (O2) that have entered the body through breathing is divided and oxygen atoms become reactive (free radicals) damaging the cell wall by oxidation. Oxidative stress, a term widely used to characterise inflammatory disorders caused by destructive oxygen molecules called free radicals, may exacerbate inflammation and impair immune system response due to free radicals. Oxidative stress is defined as the imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants, in favour of oxidants, with destructive and pathogenic potential. Depending on intensity, oxidative stress can occur inside or outside the cell. Intracellular stress can lead to cell necrosis or a more or less marked disruption of the cell, and may be catastrophic in the case of a non-reproducible cell; the extracellular oxidative stress is cytotoxic. Although considered in the pathobiology of several inflammatory immune-mediated rheumatic conditions, the exact role of oxidative stress in ankylosing spondylitis is still debatable.

scholarly journals Distinctive sphingolipid patterns in chronic multiple sclerosis lesions

2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (11) ◽  
pp. 1464-1479
Author(s):  
Maria Podbielska ◽  
Zdzislaw M. Szulc ◽  
Toshio Ariga ◽  
Anna Pokryszko-Dragan ◽  
Wojciech Fortuna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Tandem Mass ◽  
Axonal Loss ◽  
Normal Appearing White Matter ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Inactive Phase

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a CNS disease characterized by immune-mediated demyelination and progressive axonal loss. MS-related CNS damage and its clinical course have two main phases: active and inactive/progressive. Reliable biomarkers are being sought to allow identification of MS pathomechanisms and prediction of its course. The purpose of this study was to identify sphingolipid (SL) species as candidate biomarkers of inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes underlying MS pathology. We performed sphingolipidomic analysis by HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry to determine the lipid profiles in post mortem specimens from the normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) of the normal CNS (nCNS) from subjects with chronic MS (active and inactive lesions) as well as from patients with other neurological diseases. Distinctive SL modification patterns occurred in specimens from MS patients with chronic inactive plaques with respect to NAWM from the nCNS and active MS (Ac-MS) lesions. Chronic inactive MS (In-MS) lesions were characterized by decreased levels of dihydroceramide (dhCer), ceramide (Cer), and SM subspecies, whereas levels of hexosylceramide and Cer 1-phosphate (C1P) subspecies were significantly increased in comparison to NAWM of the nCNS as well as Ac-MS plaques. In contrast, Ac-MS lesions were characterized by a significant increase of major dhCer subspecies in comparison to NAWM of the nCNS. These results suggest the existence of different SL metabolic pathways in the active versus inactive phase within progressive stages of MS. Moreover, they suggest that C1P could be a new biomarker of the In-MS progressive phase, and its detection may help to develop future prognostic and therapeutic strategies for the disease.

scholarly journals Vitamin E in Human Health and Oxidative Stress Related Diseases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Israel Ehizuelen Ebhohimen ◽  
Taiwo Stephen Okanlawon ◽  
Augustine Ododo Osagie ◽  
Owen Norma Izevbigie
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Free Radicals ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Oxidative Process ◽  
Radical Species ◽  
Radical Chain ◽  
Chain Reactions ◽  
Hydrophobic Nature ◽  
Antioxidant Mechanisms ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Oxidative stress characterized by an imbalance in the production and degradation of radical species has been implicated in the onset and progression of several diseases. The efficacy of antioxidants acting via the inhibition of radical chain reactions, scavenging of free radicals, direct donation of electrons to radical species and chelation of metal ions have been reported to attenuate the oxidative process. Vitamin E is an effective antioxidant and its hydrophobic nature and membrane permeability offer some benefits to application and bioavailability. This chapter highlights the following; structural differences in the vitamin family, biosynthesis in plants and the native biological role, antioxidant mechanisms of vitamin E, an overview of the prophylactic action of vitamin E as well as the effect on the oxidative process in some diseases.

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN FRAKSI N-HEKSAN DAUN AFRIKA (Vernonia amygdalina Del.) DENGAN METODE DPPH

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-257
Author(s):  
Nurul Fatimah ◽  
◽  
Reksi Sundu
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Free Radicals ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Hexane Fraction ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Vernonia Amygdalina ◽  
Tropical Africa ◽  
Ic50 Value

Free radicals and reactive species are widely believed to contribute to the development of several diseases by causing oxidative stress and eventually oxidative. Vernonia amygdalina (Astereacea) is a small shrub or tree between 1 and 5m high growing throughout tropical Africa. Plants are generally known as bitter leaves is well cultivated and is a general market for merchandise in several countries. The purpose of this study was to determine the antioxidant activity of hexane fraction from ethanol extract od Frican leaves (Vernonia amygdalina Del.). The method used in this study was the DPPH (1,1-Diphenil-2-Picrylhydrazyl) method. The result of phytochemical screening showed that ethanolic extract of African leaves contained a composition of secondary metabolites of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids/triterpenoids and saponins. The antioxidant activity of the extract of n-hexane fraction was classified as very weak with an IC50 value of 317.98 ppm.

Ion Channel Modulation as a Therapeutic Approach in Multiple Sclerosis

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (38) ◽  
pp. 4366-4378 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Arnold ◽  
W. Huynh ◽  
M.C. Kiernan ◽  
A.V. Krishnan
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Ion Channel ◽  
Therapeutic Approach ◽  
Channel Modulation ◽  
Ion Channel Modulation

Evaluation of Salivary Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress Markers in Male Smokers

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 496-501
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Ahmadi-Motamayel ◽  
Parisa Falsafi ◽  
Hamidreza Abolsamadi ◽  
Mohammad T. Goodarzi ◽  
Jalal Poorolajal
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Free Radicals ◽  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Total Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Total Antioxidant ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Background: Cigarette smoke free radicals can cause cellular damage and different diseases. All the body fluids have antioxidants which protect against free radicals. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate salivary total antioxidant capacity and peroxidase, uric acid and malondialdehyde levels in smokers and a nonsmoking control group. Methods: Unstimulated saliva was collected from 510 males. A total of 259 subjects were current smokers and 251 were non-smokers. The levels of salivary total antioxidant capacity, uric acid, peroxidase and malondialdehyde were measured using standard procedures. Data were analyzed with t test and ANOVA. Results: The smokers were younger and dental hygiene index was higher than healthy nonsmoking controls. The mean total antioxidant capacity in smokers and nonsmokers was 0.13±0.07 and 0.21±011, respectively (P=0.001). Smokers had significantly lower peroxidase and uric acid levels than healthy controls. In addition, the mean malondialdehyde levels in the smokers and nonsmokers were 4.55 ±2.61 and 2.79 ±2.21, respectively (P=0.001). Conclusion: Cigarette smoke produces free radical and oxidative stress, causing many side effects. Salivary antioxidant levels decreased and malondialdehyde levels increased in smokers, indicating the high oxidative stress among smokers compared to nonsmokers. Cigarette smoke had deleterious effects on main salivary antioxidants levels.

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