Child Abuse in Natural Disasters and Conflicts: A Systematic Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 176-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamed Seddighi ◽  
Ibrahim Salmani ◽  
Mohhamad Hossein Javadi ◽  
Saeideh Seddighi
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Child Abuse ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Child Labor ◽  
Child Protection ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Violence Against Children ◽  
Increased Risk

Violence against children affects a significant portion of youth around the world. Emergencies and natural disasters escalate the risk due to weakened child protection systems and disruption of preventative mechanisms. In this systematic review, 692 related papers were searched in various databases in the initial search. After review, 11 papers were finally selected for full review. These papers were selected based on publication date, relevance to emergencies, their geographical area type of violence, age of subjects, and their gender. Most families affected by natural disasters, especially those in lower socioeconomic status, face greater social and economic pressures. The families that are more vulnerable to loss of food and shelter commit violence against children more frequently. On the other hand, while the rate of violence increases in emergencies, the reported rate of violence is less than the actual rate due to lack of required infrastructure and reporting mechanisms. The emergency housing increased risk of some types of child abuse. The history of exposure to violence, parental substance abuse, poverty, and child labor were predictors of increased violence against children in emergency situations. Sexual violence against girls after conflicts and physical violence against boys after emergencies are common forms of violence. Poverty as another predictor exposes children to more violence due to limited family economic resources and support. Given the identified predictors of violence, humanitarian organizations can come closer to providing appropriate plans to reduce the risk during and postdisaster.

scholarly journals Climate Change, Weather, Housing Precarity, and Homelessness: A Systematic Review of Reviews

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 5812
Author(s):  
Mariya Bezgrebelna ◽  
Kwame McKenzie ◽  
Samantha Wells ◽  
Arun Ravindran ◽  
Michael Kral ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Temperature Extremes ◽  
Weather Extremes ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Review Of Reviews ◽  
The Impact

This systematic review of reviews was conducted to examine housing precarity and homelessness in relation to climate change and weather extremes internationally. In a thematic analysis of 15 reviews (5 systematic and 10 non-systematic), the following themes emerged: risk factors for homelessness/housing precarity, temperature extremes, health concerns, structural factors, natural disasters, and housing. First, an increased risk of homelessness has been found for people who are vulnerably housed and populations in lower socio-economic positions due to energy insecurity and climate change-induced natural hazards. Second, homeless/vulnerably-housed populations are disproportionately exposed to climatic events (temperature extremes and natural disasters). Third, the physical and mental health of homeless/vulnerably-housed populations is projected to be impacted by weather extremes and climate change. Fourth, while green infrastructure may have positive effects for homeless/vulnerably-housed populations, housing remains a major concern in urban environments. Finally, structural changes must be implemented. Recommendations for addressing the impact of climate change on homelessness and housing precarity were generated, including interventions focusing on homelessness/housing precarity and reducing the effects of weather extremes, improved housing and urban planning, and further research on homelessness/housing precarity and climate change. To further enhance the impact of these initiatives, we suggest employing the Human Rights-Based Approach (HRBA).

The identification of multi-hazard situations in elementary school

2021 ◽  
pp. 136548022199669
Author(s):  
Evi Widowati ◽  
Wahyudi Istiono ◽  
Adi Heru Sutomo
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Stratified Random Sampling ◽  
Psychological Violence ◽  
Violence Against Children ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive

This study aimed to identify various hazard risks which are related to children in schools. This study used a quantitative descriptive design. The sampling technique used was four stage stratified random sampling, with 329 elementary schools as the sample. The results identified various dangerous situations which are related to children and schools ranging from infectious diseases, natural disasters, violence against children and the dangers due to the absence of adequate safety at school. Dangers from natural disasters which could be identified were earthquake, volcano, flood, hurricane landslide, and drought as well as potential biological hazards such as contagion and caterpillar outbreak. Additionally, the dangers related to violence against children were fighting, extortion, physical violence, psychological violence, sexual violence, bullying, and stealing. Related to safety aspects at schools, there were dangerous situations caused by the activities of the children themselves which caused injuries, or other technical causes, such as fire, falling buildings/falling trees, food poisoning, and infectious diseases.

scholarly journals Resources for Preventing and Responding to Violence Against Children in Islamabad Capital Territory Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-132
Author(s):  
Yasmeen Anwar ◽  
Fahad Abbasi ◽  
Abdullah Hafeez ◽  
Siham Sikander ◽  
Assad Hafeez
Keyword(s):  
Child Labor ◽  
Support Services ◽  
Child Protection ◽  
Life Skills ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
Caregiver Support ◽  
Violence Against Children ◽  
Available Resources

Violence against children (VAC) is a serious problem with many millions of children being affected globally with serious health, social, and economic consequences. WHO has published an evidence-based framework (INSPIRE: Seven strategies to end Violence against Children), suggesting that prevention and effective response to VAC can be achieved through strategies directed at changing and modulating certain determinants. INSPIRE identifies 1) implementation of laws, 2) changing norms & values, 3) safe environments, 4) parent and caregiver support, 5) income and economic strengthening, 6) response and support services, and 7) education & life skills as areas where efforts can yield maximum impact. Our objective was to review the literature on available resources in the capital of Pakistan (Islamabad Capital City) to establish current state of affairs in terms of prevention and response to VAC. Resources for prevention and response to VAC according to the INSPIRE framework are discussed. We have found that laws are mostly ambiguous, implementation is rare; norms promote early and arranged marriages for girls, allow corporal punishment and child labor, shun all dialogue around sex and sexuality, and overtly prefer male offspring; many children live and work on the street; no large-scale programmes for parent and caregiver support to improve prevention and response to VAC were found; some income support programmes exist but they are unlikely to be organized or integrated with other services; some response and support services were found from both the public and private sectors, yet their effectiveness has not been established; life skill programmes are announced but even among the expensive private schools, only a few teach life skills. Although estimated to be high, there is no official data available on VAC, therefore the quantum of the problem cannot be ascertained. All relevant sectors will have to collaborate to bring about meaningful progress in child protection, prevention of VAC, and wellbeing of children. Preventive interventions and trauma-informed care by the health-sector are urgent needs. Formation of a central body for children’s affairs can ensure exclusive budget allocation to address child-specific issues, co-operation and collaboration from all concerned, and community and stakeholder participation. A comprehensive information system, effective large-scale interventions, and context-specific research are required to improve the state of available resources.

scholarly journals CRIMINAL THREATS FOR PERPETRATORS OF OMISSION IN CHILD ABUSE IN INDONESIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Dwi Istiqomah ◽  
Nyoman Serikat Putra Jaya ◽  
Duwi Aryadi
Keyword(s):  
Child Abuse ◽  
Child Protection ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
The Public ◽  
Violence Against Children ◽  
The Future ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Child Violence

Child abuse is increasingly happening every day. Even cases of child abuse are mostly perpetrated by parents. Many people who know, but those who do know just tend to leave and seem unconcerned because of the notion that violence is not their problem. There is also an assumption that violence against children is one of the methods of education given by parents to children. So it is not right for other parties to interfere in the problem of educating children. The existence of these assumptions makes people become indifferent and allow violence. The problem is there is a criminal threat for those who allow child abuse. In this article, the normative legal approach is to use literature or literature studies and qualitative descriptive analysis of the problem. This research shows the ignorance of the public regarding the threat of crime because of acts of omitting violence against children which is known to make child violence increase and have a greater impact in the future. Regarding the omission of violence against children itself has been regulated in Article 78 of the Child Protection Act, whereby anyone who does not allow violence against children can be subject to criminal threats.

Systematic Review of Displacement and Health Impact From Natural Disasters in Southeast Asia

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subin Jang ◽  
Yuko Ekyalongo ◽  
Hyun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Physical Health ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Mental Health Outcomes ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
2004 Tsunami

ABSTRACT Disaster-induced displacement is associated with an increased risk of physical and mental health disorders. We aim to understand (1) the magnitude and pattern of natural disasters, affected-population, and deaths by analyzing the surveillance data by the Emergency Events Database and (2) health outcomes by a systematic review of previous studies (1975–2017), which reported physical or mental health outcomes and epidemiological measure of association among population displaced by natural disasters in Southeast Asia. A total of 674 disasters, mainly floods, storms, and earthquakes, occurred between 2004 and 2017. From the systematic review, among 6 studies met inclusion criteria, which focused on mental health (n = 5) and physical health (n = 1). All studies describing mental health resulted from the 2004 tsunami in Ache, Indonesia. We found over 7 times more publications for the disasters in Far East Asia. Selected studies revealed significantly worse mental health outcomes and poor physical health among displaced population compared with nondisplaced population. Despite the alarmingly large population displaced by natural disasters in Southeast Asia, very few studies investigate physical and mental health outcomes of such crisis. Following the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030, researcher and policy-makers have to present more resources toward preventing and mitigating health outcomes.

scholarly journals Violence against children and natural disasters: A systematic review and meta-analysis of quantitative evidence

PLoS ONE ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. e0217719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilan Cerna-Turoff ◽  
Hanna-Tina Fischer ◽  
Susannah Mayhew ◽  
Karen Devries
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
Violence Against Children

scholarly journals THE CHILD ABUSE IN BULGARIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 4-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya. G. Kolev ◽  
D. D. Radoinova
Keyword(s):  
Child Abuse ◽  
Forensic Medicine ◽  
Child Protection ◽  
Children At Risk ◽  
Child Rights ◽  
Violence Against Children ◽  
Prevention Of Violence ◽  
Specialized Institutions ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Obligation To Inform

The problem with violence among children and adolescents is very popular today. The reason is that the cases of aggressive verbal and physical acts on and among children have become very frequent. The better recognition of child rights, problems and needs will contribute to the elaboration of effective policies and practices for improvement of the state of children in Bulgaria. The legislation, procedures and authorities related to child protection in Bulgaria are described. Data collected from different sources concerning child abuse, are presented. The use of forensic medicine in prevention of child abuse is still not fully implemented in government politics. Actual priorities are common with other countries of the region. Many aspects of violence against children remain hidden for the specialized institutions and for the society, because in most cases these acts are not reported or registered. Reasons for this to happen are the lack of social sensitivity and engagement for prevention of violence against children, the ignorance of child’s right to protection and of everyone’s obligation to inform agencies for child protection about children at risk as well. This is not specific for Bulgaria only, but applies to all the European countries.

scholarly journals The Role of Tertiary Institutions in Increasing Understanding of The Protection of Child Abuse Laws in Communities in Sukabumi

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 35-41
Author(s):  
R.Eriska Ginalita Dwi Putri ◽  
Haidan Angga Kusumah ◽  
Asti Sri Mulyanti
Keyword(s):  
Child Abuse ◽  
Child Protection ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Tertiary Institutions ◽  
Community Environment ◽  
Violence Against Children ◽  
Sense Of Security ◽  
The Family ◽  
Victims Of Violence

Violence against children can always occur in situations and conditions at any time and thing this can be caused by conflicts that occur both within the family and community environment. In the family sphere, conflicts usually occur within the household committed by husbands and wives whose effects can lead to an outlet of violence against children that have a negative impact on physical, psychological, mental, which contrary to Law No. 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection. 1 Likewise, in the community environment, problems often arise violence against children as a result of wrong relationships and the environment of that society itself which is not good, which is done by irresponsible people, namely sexual violence against children. So it needs protection by the state and society, which aims to provide a sense of security to children as victims as well as crack down on the culprit. Higher education as an institution that can spread values the value of kindness and understanding of the enforcement of cases of child abuse and also from the college will produce human resources who have competence to handle cases of child abuse, as well as being able to provide input and improvement of laws and regulations and policies relating to legal protection for children who are victims of violence.

scholarly journals Protocol for a Systematic Review: Child Protection Training for Professionals to Improve Reporting of Child Abuse and Neglect

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Ben Mathews ◽  
Kerryann Walsh ◽  
Sandra Coe ◽  
Maureen C Kenny ◽  
Dimitrios Vagenas
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Child Abuse ◽  
Child Protection ◽  
Child Abuse And Neglect ◽  
Abuse And Neglect

scholarly journals Time of introducing solid food into infant’s diet and risk of Type I Diabetes: a systematic review

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
K Giannakou ◽  
I Bolanou ◽  
S Chrysostomou
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Type I Diabetes ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Islet Autoimmunity ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Type I ◽  
Early Exposure ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Background Type I Diabetes mellitus (DT1) is a multifactorial disease with various genetic and environmental factors involved in its pathophysiology. Several nutritional factors such as the timing of exposure to solid foods may increase the risk of DT1. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the association between the time of introducing solid food into infant's nutrition during the first year of life and the risk of developing DT1. Methods PubMed and Science Direct were searched from inception to October 2019 for observational studies that investigated the above association. No restrictions on language or publication date were applied. Specific inclusion and exclusion criteria were set for the selection of articles. Title and abstract screening were performed by two independent researchers and data were extracted from shortlisted articles. Results In total, 76 studies were screened, and 7 articles met the inclusion criteria. The analysis shows that early exposure (before or during 3 or 4 months) and subsequent exposure (during or after 6 or 7 months) was associated with an increased risk of developing DT1 and/or pancreatic islet autoimmunity, compared to an intermediate exposure period (4-6 months, 4-5 months or 3-6 months). Conclusions The evidence suggests that an interim exposure period of genetically predisposed infants to DT1 from 4 to 5 months of age may reduce the risk of developing DT1 in later life as compared to early or later exposure. However, due to the limitations of the studies, further investigation is required to inform DT1 prevention practices. Key messages There is some evidence indicating that early exposure and later exposure to solid food may increase the risk of developing DT1 in children with a genetic predisposition. Due to the methodological heterogeneity across the studies included, more reliable data from large prospective studies and randomized clinical trials are needed.

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