scholarly journals Tongue Movements in Feeding and Speech

2003 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 413-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen M. Hiiemae ◽  
Jeffrey B. Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Sound Production ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Kinetic Chain ◽  
Temporal Relationships ◽  
Functional Models ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Tongue Movements ◽  
Tongue Surface ◽  
Intrinsic Muscles

The position of the tongue relative to the upper and lower jaws is regulated in part by the position of the hyoid bone, which, with the anterior and posterior suprahyoid muscles, controls the angulation and length of the floor of the mouth on which the tongue body ‘rides’. The instantaneous shape of the tongue is controlled by the ‘extrinsic muscles’ acting in concert with the ‘intrinsic’ muscles. Recent anatomical research in non-human mammals has shown that the intrinsic muscles can best be regarded as a ‘laminated segmental system’ with tightly packed layers of the ‘transverse’, ‘longitudinal’, and ‘vertical’ muscle fibers. Each segment receives separate innervation from branches of the hypoglosssal nerve. These new anatomical findings are contributing to the development of functional models of the tongue, many based on increasingly refined finite element modeling techniques. They also begin to explain the observed behavior of the jaw-hyoid-tongue complex, or the hyomandibular ‘kinetic chain’, in feeding and consecutive speech. Similarly, major efforts, involving many imaging techniques (cinefluorography, ultrasound, electro-palatography, NMRI, and others), have examined the spatial and temporal relationships of the tongue surface in sound production. The feeding literature shows localized tongue-surface change as the process progresses. The speech literature shows extensive change in tongue shape between classes of vowels and consonants. Although there is a fundamental dichotomy between the referential framework and the methodological approach to studies of the orofacial complex in feeding and speech, it is clear that many of the shapes adopted by the tongue in speaking are seen in feeding. It is suggested that the range of shapes used in feeding is the matrix for both behaviors.

Electron spectroscopic imaging of the centrosome in cells of the Indian muntjac

1988 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-11
Author(s):  
J.B. Rattner ◽  
D.P. Bazett-Jones
Keyword(s):  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Spectroscopic Imaging ◽  
Electron Spectroscopic Imaging ◽  
Intact Cells ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Indian Muntjac ◽  
Phosphorylated Proteins ◽  
Linking Elements ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Precise Distribution

Specific antibody labelling indicates that phosphoproteins are present at microtubule-organizing centres, including the centrosome. We have employed electron spectroscopic imaging techniques that permit high-resolution elemental analysis of thin sections of intact cells to investigate the precise distribution of phosphorus and therefore phosphoproteins at the centrosome of Indian muntjac cells. We report that these proteins are localized to both the pericentriolar matrix and the centriole. The matrix contains an abundance of phosphorus and is associated with microtubule elements. Within the mature centriole, major structures including the nine triplet blades and linking elements that connect adjacent blades are composed of phosphorylated proteins. In addition, phosphoproteins are abundant at the ends of the centriole, at the interface between the centriole lumen and the pericentriolar environment. From these observations we suggest that phosphoproteins may play both a structural and a functional role within the centrosome region.

scholarly journals Evaluation of capabilities of the nanoindentation test in the determination of flow stress characteristics of the matrix material in porous sinters

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukasz Madej ◽  
Adam Legwand ◽  
Mohan Setty ◽  
Mateusz Mojzeszko ◽  
Konrad Perzyński ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Stress ◽  
Scale Effects ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Matrix Material ◽  
Indentation Load ◽  
Nanoindentation Test ◽  
Load Range ◽  
Nanoindentation Measurement ◽  
The Matrix

AbstractHerein, we evaluate the nanoindentation test capabilities in the determination of flow stress characteristics of the matrix material in porous sinters. The Distaloy AB sample with 15% porosity after the sintering operation is selected as a case study for the investigation. 2D and 3D imaging techniques are employed first to highlight difficulties in identifying reliable nano hardness measurement zones for further properties evaluation. Then, nanoindentation test results are acquired with Berkovich tip pressed under various loads at different locations in the sample. Systematic indentations in the quartz sample are used as a cleaning procedure to minimize the effect of the possible build-up around the indenter tip. The representative indentation load range is selected based on the extracted material characteristics. With that, the stress–strain response of the sinter matrix material is identified. The reliability of the determined flow stress curve is confirmed with the use of conical nanoindentation measurement results and finite element simulations. Obtained results show that it is possible to calculate reliable flow stress characteristics of the matrix in the porous samples, with the assumption that experiments under various loading conditions and from various locations in the matrix are performed. It is also pointed out that various indentation loads should be used to eliminate the influence of the pile-up or scale effects that affect the overall material response.

scholarly journals Recovering spectral images from compressive measurements using designed coded apertures and Matrix Completion Theory

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Gelvez ◽  
Hoover Rueda ◽  
Henry Arguello
Keyword(s):  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Matrix Completion ◽  
Spectral Imaging ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Low Rank ◽  
Coded Aperture ◽  
Reconstruction Algorithms ◽  
Spectral Image ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Spectral Imager

<p>Spectral imaging aims to capture and process a 3-dimensional spectral image with a large amount of spectral information for each spatial location. Compressive spectral imaging techniques (CSI) increases the sensing speed and reduces the amount of collected data compared to traditional spectral imaging methods. The coded aperture snapshot spectral imager (CASSI) is an optical architecture to sense a spectral image in a single 2D coded projection by applying CSI. Typically, the 3D scene is recovered by solving an L1-based optimization problem that assumes the scene is sparse in some known orthonormal basis. In contrast, the matrix completion technique (MC) allows to recover the scene without such prior knowledge. The MC reconstruction algorithms rely on a low-rank structure of the scene. Moreover, the CASSI system uses coded aperture patterns that determine the quality of the estimated scene. Therefore, this paper proposes the design of an optimal coded aperture set for the MC methodology. The designed set is attained by maximizing the distance between the translucent elements in the coded aperture. Visualization of the recovered spectral signals and simulations over different databases show average improvement when the designed coded set is used between 1-3 dBs compared to the complementary coded aperture set, and between 3-9 dBs compared to the conventional random coded aperture set.</p>

scholarly journals Methodological approaches to determining the integrated state and margin of economic security with regard to its provision

2020 ◽  
pp. 59-69
Author(s):  
Ievgeniia Mishchuk
Keyword(s):  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Security Assessment ◽  
Matrix Approach ◽  
Control Factors ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Methodological Approaches

Purpose of the research. The article aims to develop methodological approaches to determining the integrated state and margin of economic security with regard to its provision. Methodology. The following general scientific theoretical methods are used in the study: generalization, explanation, grouping – to analyse economists’ and practitioners’ views on the object under study and draw conclusions upon analysis of primary sources; analysis and synthesis – to justify a new differentiated-integrated approach to economic security assessment; the matrix approach – to integrate the level of economic security and its temporal state and determine the margin of economic security. Results. The article presents methodological approaches developed to determine the integrated state of economic security of an enterprise. It is proposed to understand the integrated state of economic security as its value at a specific date of assessment determined considering the achieved level and temporal state of economic security at a given moment. The article presents a matrix approach to determining the current economic security and proposes an additional indicator of expediency of security provision measures based on the time criterion. The proposed methodological approach to determining the margin of economic security of the enterprise with regard to its provision is based on qualitative and quantitative approaches to its assessment. The approach involves comparison of the value of the level of economic security provision with the integrated state of security resulted from corresponding measures. Practical meaning. The use of the indicator of the margin of economic security with regard to its provision in practical activities of enterprises enables their management to consider beyond-control factors and on this basis make decisions on strengthening (acceleration) or, on the contrary, weakening and economy of implemented measures and programmes aimed to enhance economic security. Prospects for further research. Further research by the author is devoted to development of a methodology for determining the integrated state of medium-term and strategic economic security and, accordingly, identifying the margin of economic security that may occur when these types of economic security are provided.

scholarly journals Methodological bases of estimating the efficiency of economic security management of the enterprises in the global environment

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iryna D'yakonova ◽  
Alina Nikitina ◽  
Victor Sukhonos ◽  
Fedir Zhuravka
Keyword(s):  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Security Management ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Global Environment ◽  
Strategic Direction ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Internal Balance ◽  
Functional Components ◽  
Enterprise Activity ◽  
Total Impact

The article analyzes concepts to determining the essence of the economic security management at an enterprise. The main features of identifying the effectiveness of economic security management at the enterprise are stipulated. The theoretical and methodological approach to determining the effectiveness of economic security management of the enterprise is proposed, which allows to identify the threats and predict their consequences, to provide internal balance in the enterprise activity and the compliance of its mission and strategic direction of the activity with its key interests. Moreover, it is proposed to use the matrix of comparing the level of the enterprise economic security (EES) and the total impact on the EES level in one of the scenarios (pessimistic, optimistic, and most probable), which allows to assess the effectiveness of the economic security management of the enterprises and provide recommendations to increase the latter, minimizing destructive effects of dominant threats in the context of certain functional components of the economic security.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Food Fineness by the Bionic Tongue Distributed Mechanical Testing Device

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 4250
Author(s):  
Jingjing Liu ◽  
Ying Cui ◽  
Yizhou Chen ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Yuanyuan Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Testing ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Areal Density ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Testing Device ◽  
Tongue Movements ◽  
Tongue Surface ◽  
Mechanical Information ◽  
Set Up

In this study, to obtain a texture perception that is closer to the human sense, we designed eight bionic tongue indenters based on the law of the physiology of mandibular movements and tongue movements features, set up a bionic tongue distributed mechanical testing device, performed in vitro simulations to obtain the distributed mechanical information over the tongue surface, and preliminarily constructed a food fineness perception evaluation model. By capturing a large number of tongue movements during chewing, we analyzed and simulated four representative tongue movement states including the tiled state, sunken state, raised state, and overturned state of the tongue. By analyzing curvature parameters and the Gauss curvature of the tongue surface, we selected the regional circle of interest. With that, eight bionic tongue indenters with different curvatures over the tongue surface were designed. Together with an arrayed film pressure sensor, we set up a bionic tongue distributed mechanical testing device, which was used to do contact pressure experiments on three kinds of cookies—WZ Cookie, ZL Cookie and JSL Cookie—with different fineness texture characteristics. Based on the distributed mechanical information perceived by the surface of the bionic tongue indenter, we established a food fineness perception evaluation model by defining three indicators, including gradient, stress change rate and areal density. The correlation between the sensory assessment and model result was analyzed. The results showed that the average values of correlation coefficients among the three kinds of food with the eight bionic tongue indenters reached 0.887, 0.865, and 0.870, respectively, that is, a significant correlation was achieved. The results illustrate that the food fineness perception evaluation model is effective, and the bionic tongue distributed mechanical testing device has a good practical significance for obtaining food texture mouthfeel information.

Achieving the spatial development goals using the human-driven approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 160-178
Author(s):  
Elena V. Kurushina
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Spatial Development ◽  
Matrix Analysis ◽  
Development Factor ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Structural Indicators

Efficient implementation of the Spatial Development Strategy is necessary to solve the accumulated problems, and this requires defining a new methodological approach. Relying on the review of modern anthropocentric development theories, the author suggests the types of management models in terms of several elements. They include the goal setting with the focus on the human development, the goal adjustment among the stakeholders, the application of human capital characteristics as the key development factor, and the formation of management mechanisms based on the differential approach. This study explains the decision making to achieve strategic goals of the spatial development with the methodical complex within the human-oriented (human-driven) approach, comprising the method of assessing the human-oriented development, regression models of the human capital growth due to migration and reproduction processes, and the method of the regional typologization in terms of objective and subjective characteristics of the territory attractiveness for population. The method tested in this work focuses on achieving one of the most important goals of the spatial development of the 1st level on the example of the subjects of the Ural Federal District (UFD). During the test, this method allowed assessing not only the level of the human-oriented development, but also the degree of its balance in terms of the standard deviation of the structural indicators of the development components, including the economic, socio-natural and inclusive components. The results obtained allowed defining the positions of regions in the matrix “human-oriented development level — balance of components”. Combination of the matrix analysis of subjects of the UFD with the results of the typologization of these regions showed the dependence of the degree of the migrants’ reaction on the changes in the quality of life and the human-oriented development. The performed study provides the evidence towards the need to increase the level and improve the balance of components of the human-oriented development of regions from the viewpoint of the management efficiency of the human capital accommodation. This is essential for creating new centres of economic growth and ensuring the demographic security of Russia.

Forecasting of industrial coke quality at JSC EVRAZ NTMK based on data of passive industrial experiment. Report 1. Forecasting of CSR and CRI of industrial coke

2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (11) ◽  
pp. 1124-1135
Author(s):  
Yu. A. Zolotukhin ◽  
N. A. Berkutov ◽  
V. V. Kuprygin ◽  
S. N. Kupriyanova
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Coke Quality ◽  
Influence Factor ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Coke Production ◽  
Industrial Experiment ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Coke Batteries ◽  
Dry Quenching

A forecast of coke quality takes a special place in the coke production, since it enables to increase efficiency of management of batching process of various by composition and properties coals and production of coke of stably high and required quality with minimal costs. Description of a methodological approach to processing of passive industrial experiment data of blends coking at Coke production department of JSC EVRAZ NTMK presented by application selective (general) matrix. The matrix accounts various multilevel values of influence factor CSR and CRI of coke - a complex index of coking ability of blends K.п.к.Vo. It was shown that the proposed approach provides wide variations of response function (CSR/CRI) at symmetrical enough matrix, excluding predominance of any particular area of values of indices K.п.к.Vo and CSR/CRI. By applying the passive industrial experiment, based on processing of actual report data of industrial blends coking at the coke batteries No. 5-6 (wet quenching) and No. 9-10 (dry quenching) by selective matrix, mathematical models of forecast of quality of industrial coke by wet and dry quenching (CSR/CRI) were elaborated depending on coal charges properties (K.п.к.Vo) at the existing modes of their preparation and coking at the coke batteries No. 5-6 and 9-10. Verification of accuracy of the mathematical models of coke quality forecast at wet and dry quenching (CSR/CRI) processing a large actual material of industrial coking (62 coking operations in the coke batteries No. 5-6 and 58 coking operations in the coke batteries No. 9-10 showed accuracy good enough for practical application of forecasting indices CSR and CRI of industrial coke of wet and dry quenching.

Cartilage replacement in dogs

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (03) ◽  
pp. 216-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Muschter ◽  
A. Richter ◽  
H. Ahrens ◽  
G. Gosheger ◽  
M. Fehr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Suspension ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Artificial Bone ◽  
Cell Staining ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Surface Covering ◽  
Scanning Electron

SummaryThe objective of this study was to examine the behaviour of canine chondrocytes following colonisation of a β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP, Cerasorb®, Curasan) matrix. In total, five of these cylinders were inoculated with 1.5 ml of cell suspension and subsequently incubated for about one week. In the second part of the experiment, another five Cerasorb® cylinders were each studded with two cartilage chips of variable size and then incubated for about one week. The series of experiments were analyzed using cell staining and imaging techniques that included scanning electron microscopy. Cell migration onto the matrix was proven for both colonization methods. It was observed that colonising the cylinders by pipetting cell suspension on them produced far better results, with respect to both growth rate and spreading of the cells, than did colonisation by studding with cartilage chips. A homogenous, surface-covering colonisation with predominantly living cells was demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy in the chondrocyte morphology. In comparison to cell-culture controls, there was a clearly better colonisation, with cells attached to both the material's primary grains and its micropores. The ceramic studied is well accepted by canine chondrocytes, and appears to be fundamentally well-suited as a matrix for bio-artificial bone-cartilage replacement. Additional qualitative analyses and a series of experiments aiming to accelerate cell proliferation are planned for subsequent studies.

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