scholarly journals EXPRESS: Stroke in India: a systematic review of the incidence, prevalence and case fatality

2021 ◽  
pp. 174749302110278
Author(s):  
Stephanie Patricia Jones ◽  
Kamran Baqai ◽  
Andrew Clegg ◽  
Rachel Georgiou ◽  
Cath Harris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality ◽  
Population Data ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Population Based ◽  
The State ◽  
World Health ◽  
Bibliographic Databases ◽  
Community Based ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Longitudinal Data Collection

Background: The burden of stroke is increasing in India; stroke is now the fourth leading cause of death and the fifth leading cause of disability. Previous research suggests that the incidence of stroke in India ranges between 105 and 152/100,000 people per year. However, there is a paucity of available data and a lack of uniform methods across published studies. Aim: To identify high-quality prospective studies reporting the epidemiology of stroke in India. Summary of review: A search strategy was modified from the Cochrane Stroke Strategy and adapted for a range of bibliographic databases from January 1997 to August 2020. From 7,717 identified records, nine studies were selected for inclusion; three population-based registries, a further three population-based registries also using community-based ascertainment and three community-based door-to-door surveys. Studies represented the four cities of Mumbai, Trivandrum, Ludhiana, Kolkata, the state of Punjab and 12 villages of Baruipur in the state of West Bengal. The total population denominator was 22,479,509 and 11,654 (mean 1,294 SD 1,710) people were identified with incident stroke. Crude incidence of stroke ranged from 108 to 172/100,000 people per year, crude prevalence from 26 to 757/100,000 people per year and one-month case fatality rates from 18% to 42%. Conclusions: Further high-quality evidence is needed across India to guide stroke policy and inform the development and organisation of stroke services. Future researchers should consider the World Health Organisation STEPwise approach to Surveillance (STEPS) framework, including longitudinal data collection, the inclusion of census population data and a combination of hospital-registry and comprehensive community ascertainment strategies to ensure complete stroke identification.

scholarly journals Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in Angolan Adults: A Descriptive Analysis from CardioBengo, a Community-Based Survey

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
João M. Pedro ◽  
Miguel Brito ◽  
Henrique Barros
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Risk Prediction ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Risk Factor Surveillance ◽  
Using Data

From a community-based survey conducted in Angola, 468 individuals aged 40 to 64 years and not using drug therapy were evaluated according to the World Health Organisation STEPwise Approach to Chronic Disease Risk Factor Surveillance. Using data from tobacco use, blood pressure, blood glucose, and total cholesterol levels, we estimated the 10-year risk of a fatal or nonfatal major cardiovascular event and computed the proportion of untreated participants eligible for pharmacological treatment according to clinical values alone and total cardiovascular risk. The large majority of participants were classified as having a low (<10%) 10-year cardiovascular risk (87.6%), with only 4.5% having a high (≥ 20%) cardiovascular risk. If we consider the single criteria for hypertension, 48.7% of the population should be considered for treatment. This value decreases to 22.0% if we apply the risk prediction chart. The use of hypoglycaemic drugs does not present any differences (19.0% in both situations). The use of lipid-lowering drugs (3.8%) is only recommended by the risk prediction chart. This study reveals the need of integrated approaches for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders in this population. Risk prediction charts can be used as a way to promote a better use of limited resources.

State Actor Dynamics in Brunei’s Healthcare Policies

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syazana Fauzi
Keyword(s):  
Medical Ethics ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
The State ◽  
World Health ◽  
Top Down ◽  
The World ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
State Actor ◽  
State Actors

This study seeks to ascertain the state actor dynamics in Brunei’s healthcare policies from the perspectives of an Islamic system of governance, by first identifying the state actors, or institutions, involved in influencing, formulating and implementing Brunei’s healthcare policies. The ‘IGC Matrix’ is employed to establish the Islamic health ‘sets of expectations’ (SoEs), particularly in terms of prevention and treatment, and medical ethics, primarily derived from the Qur’ān and Prophet Muhammadﷺ’s Sunnah, in order to construct for this study a framework of reference. The SoEs are then compared against Brunei’s healthcare policies and activities to determine how much of the Islamic health SoEs are met. This study reveals that Brunei’s healthcare policies are largely motivated by non-Islamic inspirations, specifically by the World Health Organisation (WHO), but with numerous overlaps with Islamic demands. In other words, Brunei’s healthcare policies may be stemmed from a non-Islamic influence, but it does not necessarily mean that they are un-Islamic. And most, if not all, of Brunei’s healthcare policies demonstrate a top-down approach, where the state actors play a crucial role in shaping Brunei’s dynamical SoEs.

scholarly journals Outpatient Antibiotic Prescribing in Massachusetts, 2011–2015

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
R Monina Klevens ◽  
Evan Caten ◽  
Scott W Olesen ◽  
Alfred DeMaria ◽  
Scott Troppy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Population Based ◽  
The State ◽  
World Health ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
Census Tracts ◽  
Outpatient Prescription ◽  
Ongoing Surveillance

Abstract Background The objectives of this study were to develop methods to measure population-based outpatient antibiotic prescribing in Massachusetts and to describe the findings as a first step toward institution of ongoing surveillance. Methods We analyzed outpatient prescription claims from the Massachusetts All-Payers Claims Database from 2011 to 2015. We grouped claims for antibiotics according to the World Health Organization’s Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System using the National Library of Medicine’s RXNorm database. We grouped prescribers into 17 specialties. Antibiotic use rates were calculated, and simple frequencies were used to describe patterns. Results The overall annual rate of outpatient antibiotic use for individuals aged 0–64 years was 696 prescriptions per 1000 people. During 2015, 68% of people in Massachusetts had no antibiotic prescription, and 17% had only 1 prescription. There was dramatic variability in antibiotic use rates by census tract within the state (rates of penicillin use ranged from 31 to 265 prescriptions per 1000 people, macrolides from 28 to 333, cephalosporins from 8 to 89, quinolones from 13 to 118). Antibiotic use rates were generally lower in urban census tracts. From 2011 to 2015, there was a 17% decline in antibiotic prescribing, with the greatest decline for macrolides (28%). Conclusions There was variability in antibiotic prescribing within Massachusetts by age, sex, and antibiotic class. Variation in antibiotic use across census tracts within the state was similar to the variation in use across US states. Continued measurement and detailed local population rates of antibiotic use in Massachusetts will provide feedback for local prescribers.

scholarly journals Household Survey of Trachoma Among Children Living in Pernambuco, Brazil

Pathogens ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 263
Author(s):  
Brito ◽  
Barbosa ◽  
Coelho de Andrade ◽  
Sá de Oliveira ◽  
Montarroyos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Population Based ◽  
The State ◽  
World Health ◽  
Social Risk ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
Health Organization

This study analyzed the association between individual and household factors and the incidence of trachoma among a population aged between 1 and 9 years in the state of Pernambuco. This was a population-based household study conducted using a population-based sample of residents from 96 census sectors of the 1778 sectors considered to be at social risk in the state. The estimated odds ratio of the univariate analysis presented a confidence interval of 95%. Weights and clusters were adjusted through the Generalized Linear and Latent Mixed Model (GLLAM) method. Trachoma cases were the dependent variable in the multivariate analysis. The independent variables were selected through the stepwise forward method, with an input criterion of 20% (p < 0.20) and an output criterion of 10% (p < 0.10). The prevalence was 6.65%. Trachoma was associated with a female sex, age of 5–9 years, either the absence of use or infrequent use of soap to wash the hands and face, the presence of nasal secretion, a lack of piped water from a public supply system, a greater number of rooms used for sleeping, a greater number of people living in the same household, and a family income of up to one minimum monthly wage. The prevalence of follicular trachoma in Pernambuco was higher than what is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO).

scholarly journals COVID-19 Mortality and Case-Fatality Rates in Sergipe State, Northeast Brazil, From April to June 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo R. Martins-Filho ◽  
Adriano A. S. Araújo ◽  
Marco A. O. Góes ◽  
Mércia S. F. de Souza ◽  
Lucindo J. Quintans-Júnior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Lag ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Population Characteristics ◽  
Northeast Brazil ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Case Series Study

Information on how coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mortality is related to population characteristics in low- and middle-income countries is still limited. We described the deaths from COVID-19 in Sergipe state, Northeast Brazil, from April 2 to June 27, 2020. For this purpose, we conducted a study composed of (i) a case series study of all deaths due to COVID-19 and (ii) a population-based study to verify the behavior of the mortality and case-fatality rates (CFR) related to COVID-19. Data from 605 deaths due to COVID-19 were used to describe the characteristics of individuals with the disease, as well as the differences in gender, age, and comorbidities. Additionally, population data were extracted to estimate the mortality and CFR by population stratum. We also performed an adjusted CFR analysis including a time lag of 14 days between the onset of symptoms and reporting deaths. Of the 605 patients included in this study, 321 (53.1%) were males and the median age was 67.0 years. Most patients (n = 447, 73.9%) who died from COVID-19 had at least one pre-existing clinical condition. The mortality rate was 29.3 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants and the crude CRF was 2.6% (95% CI 2.4–2.8). CFR was higher in males (3.1%, 95% CI 2.8–3.4; p &lt; 0.001) and people aged ≥60 years (14.2%, 95% CI 13.0–15.6; p = 0.042). About 25% of patients died during the first 24-h post-hospital admission. The adjusted CFR for a 14-day time lag was ~2-fold higher than the crude CFR over the study period.

Human and Civil Rights and Freedoms in a State of Natural Disaster and Epidemic Emergency

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-142
Author(s):  
Robert Socha ◽  
António Tavares
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Natural Disaster ◽  
Civil Liberties ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
The State ◽  
World Health ◽  
State Of Emergency ◽  
States Of Emergency ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Republic

On 11th March 2020, the World Health Organisation (WHO) declared a state of pandemic. In turn, on 21 March 2020, the Minister of Health, by way of a regulation, declared a state of epidemic in the territory of the Republic of Poland. At the same time, the decision resulted in the introduction of many restrictions concerning, inter alia, freedom of movement, assembly and trade. At the same time, discussions started on the constitutionality of the introduced restrictions on civil liberties. Having the above in mind, the aim of this article is to present the correlation in the sphere of limiting or suspending civil liberties in a state of emergency, such as a state of natural disaster, and in “non-emergency” states, such as a state of epidemic threat and a state of pandemic. Although the word “state” appears in the three mentioned legal situations, the state of natural disaster, as one of the three constitutional states of emergency, creates a different legal and socio-political situation than the state of epidemic threat or the state of pandemic. A common feature of the above-mentioned events, however, is that they became a fundamental disruption of the social context of individual and group functioning in connection with the occurrence of a human infectious disease.

Prevalence and associated factors for social phobia among school-going adolescents in a rural area of Puducherry, South India

2018 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Krishnamoorthy Yuvaraj ◽  
Giriyappa Dinesh Kumar ◽  
Shanthosh Priyan ◽  
Marimuthu Yamini ◽  
Saya Ganesh Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Phobia ◽  
South India ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
World Health ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Counselling Services

Abstract Background The World Health Organisation has reported that mental disorders are one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. Social phobia is one such mental disorder that can have significant impact on the livelihood of adults if not detected at an early stage. There have been very few studies done on social phobia among adolescents in South India. Hence, this study was done to determine the prevalence of social phobia and factors associated with it among the school-going adolescents in rural Puducherry. Methodology A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 1018 school going adolescents from December 2017 to January 2018 in rural Puducherry. Information on socio-demographic characteristics was collected by a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire and social phobia was assessed using the validated Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) questionnaire. Results Among 1018 participants, 738 (72.5%) belonged to early adolescence (10–13 years); 520 (51.1%) were boys; 557 (54.7%) were studying in a middle class; 931 (91.5%) were Hindus; 978 (96.1%) had siblings. The prevalence of social phobia among adolescents was found to be 22.9% (95% CI: 20.4–25.5%). The prevalence of mild social phobia was 18% [95% confidence interval (CI): 15.7–20.4%], moderate social phobia was 4% (95% CI: 2.9–5.4%), severe social phobia was 0.7% (95% CI: 0.3–1.3%) and very severe social phobia was 0.2% (95% CI: 0.03–0.64%). Higher age, female gender, lack of counselling services and specialist visits at school were found to be determinants of social phobia. Conclusion The current study showed that one in every five adolescents was at risk of developing social phobia. Health education for students, teachers and family members needs to be given to make them aware of the importance of social phobia.

scholarly journals The evaluation of anaemia in an older primary care population: retrospective population-based study

BJGP Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. bjgpopen17X101157
Author(s):  
David McCartney ◽  
Brian Shine ◽  
Deborah Hay ◽  
Daniel S Lasserson
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Primary Care ◽  
Blood Count ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Population Based ◽  
World Health ◽  
Full Blood Count ◽  
Mean Cell Volume ◽  
Normocytic Anaemia

BackgroundAnaemia is common in older people and the identification of potentially reversible haematinic deficiencies relies on appropriate investigation, often undertaken in primary care.AimTo determine the laboratory prevalence of anaemia, the types of anaemia observed, and the biochemical and haematological investigations undertaken to characterise any associated haematinic abnormality in older primary care patients.Design & settingA retrospective primary care based study of patients aged >65 years undergoing a full blood count in Oxfordshire, UK between 1 January 2012 and 31 December 2013.MethodConsecutive patients aged >65 years with a full blood count were identified retrospectively from a laboratory database. Patient demographics, number of blood tests and additional laboratory investigations requested were recorded. World Health Organisation (WHO) criteria were used to define anaemia.ResultsIn total 151 473 full blood counts from 53 890 participants were included: 29.6% of patients were anaemic. The majority had a normocytic anaemia (82.4%) and 46.0% of participants with anaemia had no additional investigations performed. The mean haemoglobin was lower in the anaemic group that underwent further investigation than those who did not (Hb 10.68 g/dl versus 11.24 g/dl, P<0.05): 33.2 % of patients with a microcytic anaemia (mean cell volume <80) did not have any markers of iron status measured.ConclusionA large proportion of older adults in primary care with a recent blood test are anaemic, the majority with a normocytic anaemia, with evidence of inadequate investigation. Those with lower haemoglobin are more likely to be further investigated. Further work is needed to understand the approach to anaemia in older adults in primary care.

scholarly journals Analysis of COVID-19 mortality and case-fatality in a low- income region: an ecological time-series study in Tocantins, Brazilian Amazon

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 496-506
Author(s):  
Andre Evaristo Marcondes Cesar ◽  
Blanca Elena Guerrero Daboin ◽  
Tassiane Cristina Morais ◽  
Isabella Portugal ◽  
Jorge De Oliveira Echeimberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
Positive Outcome ◽  
Population Based ◽  
The State ◽  
Incidence Trends ◽  
Series Analysis

Introduction: Inserted in the vulnerable context of the Brazilian Amazon, the state of Tocantins has suffered damages with the dissemination of COVID-19 in its territory; however, little evidence is published from this state. Objective: This study aims to analyze the case-fatality, mortality, and incidence of COVID-19 in Tocantins. Methods: This is an ecological study, population-based, time-series analysis of COVID-19 cases and deaths in the state of Tocantins from March 2020 to August 2021. Results: During the examined period, 219,031 COVID-19 cases, and 3,594 deaths were registered due to disease. Two possible occurrence peaks were characterized in this time-series analysis. Remarkably, the Second Wave had the highest lethality rates (3.02% - April 2021), mortality (39.81 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants – March 2021), and incidence (1,938.88 cases per 100,000 inhabitants – March 2021). At the end of the period, mortality, incidence, and lethality showed flat trends, suggesting a positive outcome of the vaccination program. Conclusion: The prevention, surveillance, and control actions of COVID-19 cases in Tocantins State have been directed to mitigate the deleterious effects of the pandemic. Nevertheless, efforts are still needed to decrease lethality, mortality, and incidence trends, and ultimately to achieve control of the COVID-19 pandemic in the region.

scholarly journals Comunicação em Saúde: Evitar o Contágio da Doença por Vírus Ébola nos PALOP – Metodologia KISS & KEYWORDS

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 141
Author(s):  
Isabel De Santiago ◽  
José Pereira Miguel ◽  
Francisco Antunes
Keyword(s):  
Health Communication ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Population Based ◽  
World Health ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Communication Plan ◽  
Sao Tome And Principe ◽  
The Individual

In this work, Health Communication is considered as an important discipline in medicine and health sciences for his role as true determinant of health. We highlight their contribution to health promotion and disease prevention. Thus, the Health Communication Plan (PCS): Preventing the spread of Ebola virus disease in the Portuguese Speaking African Countries - KISS &amp; KEYWORDS methodology is a tool that aims to minimize the risk of infection by Ebola virus in the Portuguese Speaking African Countries and also train for a general<br />improvement of health conditions of the local populations. In the PCS design are especially considered the social and cultural contexts of the target populations, especially the customs, traditions and religion. Health Communication is considered as an Essential Function of Public Health and its main is to provide a population-based approach. The target of communication actions are population groups in addition to the individual communication, target-audiences are people without access to the media, in Guinea Bissau, Cape Verde and Sao Tome and Principe. Under the communication plan uses the methodology, models and practices both by media professionals as health. A proximity approach and cultural mediation, previously identified key facts, are defined objectives; outlines to the Plan in concrete and its implementation methodology (target-audience and following intervention, materials to be used and key-messages and partners to mobilize) following the World Health Organisation standards.

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