The Role of the Mature Neutrophil in Bacterial Infections in Acute Leukemia

Abstract Its acute leukemia, phagocytosis of Brucella organisms by mature neutrophils was not impaired. Phagocytosis of these organisms was not altered by antimetabolite therapy or during periods of bacterial infection. The absolute mature neutrophil count when infection developed was found to vary from patient to patient. The onset of bacterial infection in patients with acute leukemia was preceded by dynamic decreases in the number of mature neutrophils in the peripheral blood. Seventeen of eighteen patients had lower mature neutrophil counts immediately prior to the onset of infection as compared to the period free of infection. The median decrease was 54 per cent. As infection did not always follow decreases in mature neutrophils it is suggested that other factors also play a role in the development of bacterial infections in patients with acute leukemia.

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Role of Autophagy and Apoptosis in the Postinfluenza Bacterial Pneumonia

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2016/3801026 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Zhen Qin ◽

Yuan Yang ◽

Hongren Wang ◽

Jun Luo ◽

Xiaojun Huang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Infection ◽

Influenza A Virus ◽

Bacterial Pneumonia ◽

Influenza A ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Research Progress ◽

The Past ◽

Recent Research Progress ◽

Increased Susceptibility

The risk of influenza A virus (IAV) is more likely caused by secondary bacterial infections. During the past decades, a great amount of studies have been conducted on increased morbidity from secondary bacterial infections following influenza and provide an increasing number of explanations for the mechanisms underlying the infections. In this paper, we first review the recent research progress that IAV infection increased susceptibility to bacterial infection. We then propose an assumption that autophagy and apoptosis manipulation are beneficial to antagonize post-IAV bacterial infection and discuss the clinical significance.

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Study of the role of an infectious factor in the development of stroke in children. Results of a 5-year retrospective analysis

CHILDREN INFECTIONS ◽

10.22627/2072-8107-2021-20-2-10-15 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 10-15

Author(s):

A. A. Ivanova ◽

O. V. Shamsheva ◽

I. O. Shchederkina

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Infection ◽

Viral Infection ◽

Retrospective Analysis ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Sinus Thrombosis ◽

Risk Groups ◽

Additional Risk Factor ◽

Additional Risk ◽

One Year

Objective: Determine the role of infectious diseases in the development of strokes in children and to identify risk groups for its progression.Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of 660 case histories of children aged 1 months to 1 8 years old, hospitalized in Morozov Children's City Clinical Hospital with stroke in the period from 201 6 to July 2020 was carried out.Results. An infectious disease or fever 4 weeks before stroke is diagnosed in 78 (1 2%) cases. Infections more often act as a stroke trigger in children under 7 years old (28% in children under one year old). The incidence of strokes against a background of a bacterial infection is higher than against a background of a viral infection (47% versus 35%). Among bacterial infections, meningitis (35%), otitis media (24%), pneumonia (1 8%) prevailed. With a viral infection, viruses of Herpes are more common (44%), as well as respiratory viruses (37%). Two cases of cerebrovascular accident were revealed in children who have undergone a new coro-navirus infection SARS-CoV-2 (7%). Among the types of stroke, with bacterial infection, sinus thrombosis was more common (50%), among viral infection, the most common was ischemic stroke (60%). The presence of an additional risk factor was revealed in 72%, most often these were prothrombotic conditions (35%).

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Clinical Value of Soluble IgG Fc Receptor Type III in Plasma From Patients With Chronic Idiopathic Neutropenia

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v91.10.3962.3962_3962_3966 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 91 (10) ◽

pp. 3962-3966

Author(s):

Harry R. Koene ◽

Masja de Haas ◽

Marion Kleijer ◽

Tom W.J. Huizinga ◽

Dirk Roos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plasma Level ◽

Bacterial Infection ◽

Neutrophil Count ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Fc Receptor ◽

Receptor Type ◽

Type Iii ◽

Genotype Frequencies ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Chronic Idiopathic Neutropenia

Previous studies have shown that the plasma level of soluble IgG Fc receptor type III (sFcγRIII) is a measure of the total body neutrophil mass. The aim of this study was to determine whether the plasma level sFcγRIII is associated with the risk of contracting bacterial infections in patients with neutropenia. We collected blood from 66 patients suffering from acquired idiopathic neutropenia, whose blood was sent to our laboratory for diagnostic evaluation of neutropenia (neutrophil count <1,500 cells/μL). Soluble FcγRIII levels were measured in plasma. Genotype distibutions of FcγR polymorphisms were determined. Clinical data were obtained from the patient files. Patients were assessed as to whether or not they had suffered from a bacterial infection 3 months before to 3 months after a single sFcγRIII measurement. In addition, longitudinal data were obtained from 21 patients. Of the 66 neutropenic patients who were included, 15 had suffered from a bacterial infection in the period 3 months before to 3 months after sFcγRIII measurement. The age and sex distribution was equal among the groups with and without infections, as were the genotype frequencies of neutrophil FcγR polymorphisms. Both neutrophil count and plasma level sFcγRIII were significantly lower in the patient group with infections, compared with the noninfected group (P = .03 and P < .0001, respectively). No infections were reported for patients who had plasma sFcγRIII levels above 100 arbitrary units (AU; normal value, 30 to 200). After matching each infected patient with two noninfected patients having the same neutrophil count, sFcγRIII plasma levels remained significantly lower in the group with infections (P = .0001). For the patients who were followed in time, no infections were reported when sFcγRIII levels were above 100 AU. In conclusion, our population of patients with chronic idiopathic neutropenia with plasma sFcγRIII levels above 100 AU did not show an increased risk of contracting bacterial infections.

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Clinical Value of Soluble IgG Fc Receptor Type III in Plasma From Patients With Chronic Idiopathic Neutropenia

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v91.10.3962 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 91 (10) ◽

pp. 3962-3966 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Harry R. Koene ◽

Masja de Haas ◽

Marion Kleijer ◽

Tom W.J. Huizinga ◽

Dirk Roos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plasma Level ◽

Bacterial Infection ◽

Neutrophil Count ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Fc Receptor ◽

Receptor Type ◽

Type Iii ◽

Genotype Frequencies ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Chronic Idiopathic Neutropenia

Abstract Previous studies have shown that the plasma level of soluble IgG Fc receptor type III (sFcγRIII) is a measure of the total body neutrophil mass. The aim of this study was to determine whether the plasma level sFcγRIII is associated with the risk of contracting bacterial infections in patients with neutropenia. We collected blood from 66 patients suffering from acquired idiopathic neutropenia, whose blood was sent to our laboratory for diagnostic evaluation of neutropenia (neutrophil count <1,500 cells/μL). Soluble FcγRIII levels were measured in plasma. Genotype distibutions of FcγR polymorphisms were determined. Clinical data were obtained from the patient files. Patients were assessed as to whether or not they had suffered from a bacterial infection 3 months before to 3 months after a single sFcγRIII measurement. In addition, longitudinal data were obtained from 21 patients. Of the 66 neutropenic patients who were included, 15 had suffered from a bacterial infection in the period 3 months before to 3 months after sFcγRIII measurement. The age and sex distribution was equal among the groups with and without infections, as were the genotype frequencies of neutrophil FcγR polymorphisms. Both neutrophil count and plasma level sFcγRIII were significantly lower in the patient group with infections, compared with the noninfected group (P = .03 and P < .0001, respectively). No infections were reported for patients who had plasma sFcγRIII levels above 100 arbitrary units (AU; normal value, 30 to 200). After matching each infected patient with two noninfected patients having the same neutrophil count, sFcγRIII plasma levels remained significantly lower in the group with infections (P = .0001). For the patients who were followed in time, no infections were reported when sFcγRIII levels were above 100 AU. In conclusion, our population of patients with chronic idiopathic neutropenia with plasma sFcγRIII levels above 100 AU did not show an increased risk of contracting bacterial infections.

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Levofloxacin prophylaxis to prevent bacterial infection in chemotherapy-induced neutropenia in acute leukemia

Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin ◽

10.3329/bmrcb.v35i3.4130 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 35 (3) ◽

pp. 91-94 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

M. Mizanur Rahman ◽

Mohiuddin Ahmed Khan

Keyword(s):

Placebo Group ◽

Acute Leukemia ◽

Bacterial Infection ◽

Antibiotic Prophylaxis ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Number Of Patients ◽

Neutropenic Patients ◽

Chemotherapy Induced Neutropenia ◽

Levofloxacin Prophylaxis

Infection in chemotherapy-induced neutropenia (neutrophils <500/mm3) is the main cause of death during the treatment of acute leukemia. Antibiotic prophylaxis is a controversial issue to prevent or delay this infection. This study assessed the efficacy of prophylaxis with oral levofloxacin in chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenic patients. Eighty patients of acute leukemia was randomly assigned to had levofoxacin (500 mg/daily) or placebo from the starting of chemotherapy. Out of 80 patients 53 developed neutropenia and fever. The number of patients with fever (78% vs. 68%), isolation of the pathogenic bacteria (30.43% vs. 16%) was higher and mean starting day of the fever (11.1 vs. 13.2) was shorter in the placebo group than the levofloxacin group. Levofloxacin reduced the bacterial infections and delays the onset of fever in chemotherapy-induced neutropenia especially in short duration (<7 days). Keywords: Chemotherapy; Leukemia; Levofloxacin; NeutropeniaOnline: 8 Feb 2010DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v35i3.4130 Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2009; 35: 91-94

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Evaluation and comparison of serum procalcitonin and heparin-binding protein levels as biomarkers of bacterial infection in cats

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery ◽

10.1177/1098612x20959973 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1098612X2095997

Author(s):

Jae-Geum Cho ◽

Ye-In Oh ◽

Kun-Ho Song ◽

Kyoung-Won Seo

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Infection ◽

Absolute Neutrophil Count ◽

Neutrophil Count ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Binding Protein ◽

High Sensitivity ◽

Heparin Binding ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Heparin Binding Protein ◽

Valuable Marker

Objectives Although bacterial infection can lead to sepsis and high mortality, early and easy diagnosis of sepsis can improve survival. In cats, the diagnosis of systemic bacterial infection is quite challenging, and, usually, non-specific markers for inflammation are employed. In humans, procalcitonin, heparin-binding protein and absolute neutrophil count are biomarkers that are studied in bacterial infections and sepsis owing to their high sensitivity and specificity. Methods A total of 56 cats were categorised into 16 healthy cats and 40 bacterially infected cats, diagnosed by various examinations. In all cats, serum procalcitonin and heparin-binding protein levels were measured using ELISA and an absolute neutrophil count was performed. Results The median values of procalcitonin levels and absolute neutrophil count were significantly higher in the infection group than in the normal group, but heparin-binding protein levels were not. A procalcitonin level >366 pg/ml was a better biomarker of bacterial infection than heparin-binding protein and absolute neutrophil count (sensitivity: 67.5%; specificity: 93.8%). Procalcitonin was not correlated with heparin-binding protein ( r = 0.213, P = 0.115) and absolute neutrophil count ( r = 0.393, P = 0.003). Conclusions and relevance High procalcitonin levels in cats were associated with bacterial infection. Hence, procalcitonin could be a valuable marker for diagnosing bacterial infections in cats.

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Thrombocytosis as a Predictor of Serious Bacterial Infection in Febrile Infants

Journal of Nepal Health Research Council ◽

10.33314/jnhrc.v16i41.1673 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (41) ◽

pp. 401-404

Author(s):

Deepak Mishra ◽

Amit Kumar Das ◽

Ram Hari Chapagain ◽

Nitu Kumari Jha ◽

Ganesh Kumar Rai

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Infection ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Diagnostic Marker ◽

Common Finding ◽

P Value ◽

C Reactive Protein ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Reactive Protein ◽

Young Infants

Background: Most of the febrile infants <90 days old will have no more than a mild viral infection but there is a substantial minority that will be diagnosed as having serious bacterial infection at a reported prevalence of 10–14%. A simple, readily available, inexpensive diagnostic marker that yields results quickly and also accurately identifies bacterial infections in febrile infants would be of great value in management of these infants. This study aims to assess the role of thrombocytosis in predicting serious bacterial infection in young febrile infants beyond neonatal period.Methods: A hospital based cross-sectional observational study was conducted from May 2016 to April 2017 on 76 febrile infants of age group 29-90 days in Kanti Children’s Hospital.Results: The incidence of serious bacterial infection was found 43 (56.6%). Thrombocytosis, elevated C-reactive protein and pyuria were significantly higher in serious bacterial infection cases (p value <0.05). Thrombocytosis alone had the sensitivity of only 53.5%, but had specificity of 90.9%. Elevated C-reactive protein had the best sensitivity (81.4%). Combination of leukocytosis, elevated C-reactive protein, pyuria and thrombocytosis had better sensitivity (93.0%) than these parameters alone. The overall ability of platelet count to identify infants with SBI was only moderate (AUC: 0.722). Elevated C-reactive protein was found to have better ability to identify infants with serious bacterial infection (AUC: 0.846).Conclusions: Thrombocytosis is a common finding in young infants diagnosed with serious bacterial infection. It has however, moderate ability in identifying infants with serious bacterial infection. Combining thrombocytosis with elevated C-reactive protein, leukocytosis and pyuria has better sensitivity in diagnosing serious bacterial infection than these individual parameters alone. Hence, combining these parameters may help in early prediction of febrile young infants at risk of serious bacterial infection.Keywords: Febrile young infants; serious bacterial infection; thrombocytosis.

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Beyond Metabolism: Role of the Immune System in Hepatic Toxicity

International Journal of Toxicology ◽

10.1177/1091581819898399 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 39 (2) ◽

pp. 151-164

Author(s):

Kenneth L. Hastings ◽

Martin D. Green ◽

Bin Gao ◽

Patricia E. Ganey ◽

Robert A. Roth ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Liver Injury ◽

Bacterial Infection ◽

Immune Cells ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Hepatic Toxicity ◽

Drug Induced ◽

Host Immune Responses ◽

Disease Spectrum

The liver is primarily thought of as a metabolic organ; however, the liver is also an important mediator of immunological functions. Key perspectives on this emerging topic were presented in a symposium at the 2018 annual meeting of the American College of Toxicology entitled “Beyond metabolism: Role of the immune system in hepatic toxicity.” Viral hepatitis is an important disease of the liver for which insufficient preventive vaccines exist. Host immune responses inadequately clear these viruses and often potentiate immunological inflammation that damages the liver. In addition, the liver is a key innate immune organ against bacterial infection. Hepatocytes and immune cells cooperatively control systemic and local bacterial infections. Conversely, bacterial infection can activate multiple types of immune cells and pathways to cause hepatocyte damage and liver injury. Finally, the immune system and specifically cytokines and drugs can interact in idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury. This rare disease can result in a disease spectrum that ranges from mild to acute liver failure. The immune system plays a role in this disease spectrum.

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The role of prophylaxis of bacterial infections in children with acute leukemia/non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Pediatric Reports ◽

10.4081/pr.2014.5332 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Elio Castagnola

Keyword(s):

Febrile Neutropenia ◽

Acute Leukemia ◽

Cancer Patients ◽

Management Strategy ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Dose Intensity ◽

Non Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽

Delay Of Treatment ◽

Antineoplastic Chemotherapy

Infections represent a well-known complication of antineoplastic chemotherapy that may cause delay of treatment, with alteration of the antineoplastic program and dose-intensity, or even the death of a patient that could heal from his/her neoplasia. Bacterial infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients who are neutropenic following chemotherapy for malignancy. Therefore a program of antibiotic prophylaxis for febrile neutropenia may be considered in the management strategy of cancer patients.

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Oral Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole for Prevention of Bacterial Infection During the Induction Phase of Cancer Chemotherapy in Children

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.76.5.754 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 76 (5) ◽

pp. 754-760

Author(s):

Anthony L. Kovatch ◽

Ellen R. Wald ◽

Vincent C. Albo ◽

William Prin ◽

Salvatore J. Orlando ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acute Leukemia ◽

Bacterial Infection ◽

Solid Tumors ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Controlled Study ◽

Induction Phase ◽

Double Blind ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Table Analysis ◽

Febrile Episodes

We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy of oral trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) in the prevention of bacterial infections in children with cancer. Sixty-three patients with acute leukemia were studied during the induction phase of chemotherapy; 28 patients with solid tumors who were starting intensive chemotherapy were also enrolled and treated for 2 months. There was no significant difference in the frequency of febrile episodes between the 43 children receiving trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and the 48 receiving placebo. However, when the group of 74 children who experienced granulocytopenia (absolute granulocyte count < 500/µL) was analyzed separately, significant reductions in the frequencies of confirmed bacteremia (2.6% v 20.0%, P = .02) and febrile episodes (35.9% v 65.7%, P = .01) were observed in the trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole group. Furthermore, life table analysis showed that children with leukemia receiving trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole had significantly more days without fever and without bacteremia. No benefits from prophylaxis were recognized in the subgroup with solid tumors. Although the frequency of oral thrush was greater (P = .02) in the trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole group (25.6%) than in the placebo group (6.3%), invasive fungal infection did not occur. Although the mean duration of granulocytopenia was greater among those receiving trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (13.7 v 9.0 days, P = .05), this did not appear to increase the overall risk for bacterial infection. These data suggest that trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole reduces the frequency of bacteremia and febrile episodes in granulocytopenic children undergoing induction chemotherapy for acute leukemia.

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