Comparison of durability of treated wood using stake tests and survival analysis

AbstractThe stake test is widely used to evaluate the efficacy of wood preservatives. This test monitors the deterioration level observed in treated stakes partially inserted into the ground. The results are conventionally expressed as the relationship between deterioration levels and exposure periods. The preservative efficacy is compared among the stake groups treated with different retention levels based on the test results; however, there is no scientific basis for the comparison. We applied survival analysis to the conventional stake test to include a scientific basis to the test. Stakes impregnated with different types and retention levels of preservatives were subjected to deterioration at two test sites for approximately 30 years. The deterioration levels were monitored according to the conventional procedure and survival analysis was applied to the monitored data. Kaplan–Meier plots of the survival probabilities against the exposure periods indicated that there is a significant difference between the durability of the stakes treated with alkylammonium chloride (AAC-1) at K2 and K3 retention levels, whereas no significant difference was observed between those at K3 and K4 retention levels. Contrastingly, emulsified copper naphthenate (NCU-E) was found to be a reliable preservative, and the stakes impregnated with NCU-E showed a significant increase in durability in accordance with preservative retention. Alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ-1) also appeared to be a reliable preservative; however, the increase in stake durability after ACQ-1 treatment differed between the test sites. These results were verified using the modified Gehan–Breslow–Wilcoxon test with Holm’s p adjusting method.

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Comparison of natural durability of wood by stake tests followed by survival analysis

Journal of Wood Science ◽

10.1186/s10086-021-01976-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 67 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ikuo Momohara ◽

Haruko Sakai ◽

Hiroshi Kurisaki ◽

Wakako Ohmura ◽

Toshikazu Kakutani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Survival Analysis ◽

Japanese Cedar ◽

Scientific Basis ◽

Wilcoxon Test ◽

Test Results ◽

Japanese Cypress ◽

Conventional Procedure ◽

Kaplan Meier ◽

The Mean ◽

The Relationship

AbstractThe conventional stake test is widely used to evaluate wood durability. The test monitors the deterioration level observed on stakes partially inserted into the ground. The test results are conventionally expressed as the relationship between the mean deterioration level and exposure periods. Durability is compared between the stake groups based on the test results; however, there is no scientific basis for the comparison. To include a scientific basis to the conventional stake test, we applied survival analysis to it. Four stake groups were subjected to deterioration at three sites for 7 years. The deterioration levels were monitored according to the conventional procedure, and survival analysis was applied to the monitored data. The Kaplan–Meier curves plotting the survival probabilities against the exposure periods indicated that the durability of the test stakes of Japanese cedar heartwood is higher than those of Japanese cedar sapwood. However, it was also demonstrated that the durability ratio between Japanese cedar heartwood and sapwood was strongly dependent on the test sites. It was also revealed that the durability of the heartwood portion did not differ significantly among Japanese cedar, Japanese cypress, and Japanese larch. These results were verified using the modified Gehan–Wilcoxon test.

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The relationship between CD204 M2-polarized tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs), tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and microglial activation in glioblastoma microenvironment: a novel immune checkpoint receptor target

Discover Oncology ◽

10.1007/s12672-021-00423-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Maher Kurdi ◽

Badrah Alghamdi ◽

Nadeem Shafique Butt ◽

Saleh Baeesa

Keyword(s):

Microglial Activation ◽

Inverse Correlation ◽

Idh1 Mutation ◽

High Expression ◽

Kaplan Meier ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Tumour Infiltrating Lymphocytes ◽

Infiltrating Lymphocytes ◽

The Relationship ◽

Low Expression

Abstract Background Tumour associated macrophages (TAMs) and tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are considered dominant cells in glioblastoma microenvironment. Aim The purpose of this study was to assess the expression of CD204+ M2-polarized TAMs in glioblastomas and their relationship with CD4+TILs, Iba+microglia, and IDH1 mutation. We also exploreed the prognostic value of these markers on the recurrence-free interval (RFI). Methods The expressions of CD204+TAMs, CD4+TILs, and Iba1+microglia were quantitively assessed in 45 glioblastomas using immunohistochemistry. Kaplan–Meier analysis and Cox hazards were used to examine the relationship between these factors. Results CD204+TAMs were highly expressed in 32 tumours (71%) and the remaining 13 tumours (29%) had reduced expression. CD4+TILs were highly expressed in 10 cases (22%) and 35 cases (77.8%) had low expression. There was an inverse correlation between CD204+TAMs and CD4+TILs, in which 85% of tumours had a high expression of CD204+TAMs and a low expression of CD4+TILs. Nevertheless, there was no significant difference in IDH1 mutation status between the two groups (p = 0.779). There was a significant difference in Iba1+microglial activation between IDH1mutant and IDH1wildtype groups (p = 0.031). For cases with a high expression of CD204+TAMs and a low expression of CD4+TILs, there was a significant difference in RFI after treatment with chemoradiotherapy or radiotherapy (p = 0.030). Conclusion Glioblastoma with a dense CD204+TAMs and few CD4+TILs is associated with IDH1wildtype. These findings suggest that TAMs masks tumour cell and suppress T-cell tumoricidal functions via immunomodulatory mechanisms. Blockade of the CD204-TAM receptor may prevent this mechanism and allow the evolution of TILs.

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Correlation of Triiodothyronine Level with In-Hospital Cardiac Function and Long-Term Prognosis in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction

Disease Markers ◽

10.1155/2018/5236267 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jianqing She ◽

Jiahao Feng ◽

Yangyang Deng ◽

Lizhe Sun ◽

Yue Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Myocardial Infarction ◽

Acute Myocardial Infarction ◽

Survival Analysis ◽

Cardiac Function ◽

Thyroid Function ◽

Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events ◽

Free Triiodothyronine ◽

Kaplan Meier ◽

Significant Difference

Objective. The pathophysiologic mechanism of how thyroid function is related to the development and prognosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remains under explored, and there has been a lack of clinical investigations. In this study, we investigate the relationship between triiodothyronine (T3) level and cardiac ejection fraction (EF) as well as probrain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) on admission and subsequent prognosis in AMI patients. Methods. We measured admission thyroid function, NT-proBNP, and EF by echocardiography in 345 patients diagnosed with AMI. Simple and multiregression analyses were performed to investigate the correlation between T3 level and EF as well as NT-proBNP. Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), including new-onset myocardial infarction, acute heart failure, and cardiac death, were documented during the follow-up. 248 participants were separated into three groups based on T3 and free triiodothyronine (FT3) levels for survival analysis during a 2-year follow-up. Results. 345 patients diagnosed with AMI were included in the initial observational analysis. 248 AMI patients were included in the follow-up survival analysis. The T3 levels were found to be significantly positively correlated with EF (R square=0.042, P<0.001) and negatively correlated with admission NT-proBNP levels (R square=0.059, P<0.001), which is the same with the correlation between FT3 and EF (R square=0.053, P<0.001) and admission NT-proBNP levels (R square=0.108, P<0.001). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed no significant difference with regard to different T3 or FT3 levels at the end of follow-up. Conclusions. T3 and FT3 levels are moderately positively correlated with cardiac function on admission in AMI patients but did not predict a long-time survival rate. Further studies are needed to explain whether longer-term follow-up would further identify the prognosis effect of T3 on MACE and all-cause mortality.

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Eight-Gene Metabolic Signature Related with Tumor-Associated Macrophages Predicting Overall Survival for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

10.21203/rs.3.rs-36554/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Junyu Huo ◽

Yunjin Zang ◽

Hongjing Dong ◽

Xiaoqiang Liu ◽

Fu He ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽

Overall Survival ◽

Survival Analysis ◽

Risk Score ◽

Risk Group ◽

Cancer Genome ◽

Metabolic Reprogramming ◽

Tumor Associated Macrophages ◽

Kaplan Meier ◽

The Relationship

Abstract Background: In recent years, the relationship between tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) and solid tumors has become a research hotspot. The study aims at exploring the close relationship of TAMs with metabolic reprogramming genes in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC), in order to provide a new way of treatment for HCC.Materials and methods: The study selected 343 HCC patients with complete survival information(survival time >= 1month) in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) as the study objects. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis assisted in figuring out the relationship between macrophage infiltration level and overall survival (OS), and Pearson correlation test to identify metabolic reprogramming genes(MRGs) related to tumor macrophage abundance. Lasso regression algorithm were conducted on prognosis related MRGs screened by Univariate Cox regression analysis and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis to construct the riskscore, another independent cohort (including 228 HCC patients) from the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) were used for external validation regarding the prognostic signature.Results: A risk score composed of 8 metabolic genes can accurately predict the OS of training cohort(TCGA) and testing cohort(ICGC). It is important that the risk score could widely used for people with different clinical characteristics, and is an independent predictor independent of other clinical factors affecting prognosis. As expected, high-risk group exhibited an obviously higher macrophage abundance relative to low-risk group, and the risk score presented a positive relation to the expression level of three commonly used immune checkpoints(PD1,PDL1,CTLA4).Conclusion: Our study constructed and validated a novel eight‑gene signature for predicting HCC patients’ OS, which possibly contributed to making clinical treatment decisions.

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Absence of Association Between Abatacept Exposure and Initial Infection in Patients With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

The Journal of Rheumatology ◽

10.3899/jrheum.200154 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. jrheum.200154

Author(s):

Nicolino Ruperto ◽

Hermine I. Brunner ◽

Nikolay Tzaribachev ◽

Gabriel Vega-Cornejo ◽

Ingrid Louw ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis ◽

Pediatric Patients ◽

Opportunistic Infections ◽

Infection Risk ◽

Rank Tests ◽

Link Type ◽

Kaplan Meier ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Exposure Levels ◽

The Relationship

Objective To assess the relationship between infection risk and abatacept exposure levels in patients with polyarticular-course juvenile idiopathic arthritis (pJIA) following treatment with subcutaneous and intravenous abatacept. Methods Data from two published studies (NCT01844518, NCT00095173) of abatacept treatment in pediatric patients were analyzed. One study treated patients aged 2–17 years with subcutaneous abatacept and the other treated patients aged 6–17 years with intravenous abatacept. Association between serum abatacept exposure measures and infection was evaluated using Kaplan–Meier plots of probability of first infection versus time on treatment by abatacept exposure quartiles and log-rank tests. Number of infections by abatacept exposure quartiles was investigated. Results Overall, 343 patients were included in this analysis: 219 patients received subcutaneous abatacept and 124 patients received intravenous abatacept. Overall, 237/343 (69.1%) patients had ≥1 infection over 24 months. No significant difference in time to first infection across four quartiles of abatacept exposure levels was observed in the pooled (p = 0.4458), subcutaneous (2–5 years p = 0.9305; 6–17 years p = 0.4787), or intravenous (p = 0.4999) analyses. Concomitant use of methotrexate and glucocorticoids (at baseline and throughout) with abatacept did not increase infection risk across the abatacept exposure quartiles. There was no evidence of association between number of infections and abatacept exposure quartiles. No opportunistic infections related to abatacept were reported. Conclusion In patients aged 2–17 years with pJIA, no evidence of association between higher levels of exposure to intravenous or subcutaneous abatacept and incidence of infection was observed.

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Lenalidomide and Low Dose Dexamethasone Plus Elotuzumab or Carfilzomib for Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma: A Comparison of Progression-Free Survival with Reconstructed Individual Participant Data

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2018/9057823 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Shuo Li ◽

Xiang-Yu Meng ◽

Souraka Tapara Dramani Maman ◽

Yong-Nong Xiao ◽

Sheng Li

Keyword(s):

Multiple Myeloma ◽

Survival Analysis ◽

Low Dose ◽

Progression Free Survival ◽

Disease Stage ◽

Free Survival ◽

Kaplan Meier ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Baseline Status ◽

Individual Participant

Background. Refractory and relapsed multiple myeloma (RRMM) remains a clinical challenge. We compared the progression-free survival (PFS) of RRMM patients treated with lenalidomide and low dose dexamethasone plus elotuzumab or carfilzomib (ELD vs. CLD), using reconstructed individual patient data (IPD) based on two published trials reports. Methods. We extracted data of study-level characteristics from original trial reports. We evaluated the comparability between the two treatment groups in terms of baseline status. Digitization of PFS Kaplan-Meier curves, reconstruction of IPD data, and subsequent survival analysis were performed. Distribution of progression and death events over time was visualized as histograms and corresponding kernel density lines, and Kaplan-Meier survival curves were plotted. Hazard ratio (HR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated. Results. Significant difference in race and disease stage distribution was found (P < 0.0001). Higher proportion of white patients and patients with advanced disease in the carfilzomib group was identified. Survival analysis revealed better PFS in the carfilzomib group (elotuzumab group vs. carfilzomib group: HR = 1.36, 95% CI = [1.11-1.67]). Conclusion. The CLD regimen may result in better PFS as compared with the ELD regimen in RRMM patients.

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Survival Analysis of Hemodialysis Patients

International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) ◽

10.11591/.v5i3.4800 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 306

Author(s):

Efri Tri Ardianto ◽

Hari Basuki Notobroto ◽

Windhu Purnomo

Keyword(s):

Survival Analysis ◽

Nutritional Status ◽

Survival Time ◽

Disease Patient ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Hemodialysis Patients ◽

Right Censoring ◽

Outcome Variable ◽

Kaplan Meier ◽

Significant Difference

Survival analysis as a collection of statistical procedures for analyzing the data that its outcome variable was the time to occurrence of an event. Kaplan-Meier method is a type of survival analysis technique, this method is often called the Product Limit Method. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) became one of the public health problem throughout the world, including Indonesia. The number of hemodialysis patients has increased every year and have an impact on increasing the number of death in General Hospital Ibnu Sina Gresik. This study was determine the survival of hemodialysis patients using Kaplan-Meier analysis techniques. Non-reactive research with a retrospective cohort using the calculations right censoring. 155 population were taken randomly and sample size of 111. Data were collected using a checklist. The estimated survival time of female, adult age, further education, patients work, patients without insurance, patients with normal nutritional status, patients with a history of disease, patient with hypertention and patient with diabetic had a better survival time. The insurance status, nutritional status, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus were significant difference to the survival time (p-value <0.05). It was necessary special treatment for CKD patients through giving information, education to families and patients to maintain healthy lifestyle.

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Study on Serum miR-204 Expression Levels in Patients with Severe Pneumonia and Patients with Primary Bronchial Lung Cancer and Its Diagnostic Value

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2021/6034413 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Wenhong Zheng ◽

Wei Huang ◽

Xuchao Yu

Keyword(s):

Lung Cancer ◽

Severe Pneumonia ◽

Diagnostic Value ◽

Control Group ◽

Qrt Pcr ◽

Kaplan Meier ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Difference ◽

The Relationship ◽

Low Expression

Objective. To analyze the expression and clinical significance of miR-204 in the serum of patients with severe pneumonia (SP) and primary bronchial lung cancer (LC). Methods. 65 SP patients and 43 primary bronchial LC patients who were treated in the hospital from January 2017 to December 2018 were randomly selected as the SP group and LC group. At the same time, healthy patients from the physical examination department of the hospital were selected. 65 cases were the control group. QRT-PCR detected serum miR-204 expression and compared the differences between groups. The pathological data of patients were collected, and the relationship between serum miR-204 and the patient’s pathological data was compared; the area under the ROC curve and Kaplan–Meier curve were used to evaluate the diagnostic value of serum miR-204 for the two conditions and to explore the relationship between serum miR-204 and prognosis. Results. The serum miR-204 of the SP group was (0.43 ± 0.09), the serum miR-204 of the LC group was (0.40 ± 0.10), the serum miR-204 of the control group was (1.00 ± 0.09), and the miR-204 level of was significantly higher than that of the control group, and the difference between the groups was statistically significant ( P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in serum miR-204 levels between the SP group and the LC group ( P > 0.05). Serum miR-204 levels in SP patients with cumulative organs ≥3 were higher than those with cumulative organs <3, and the difference was statistically significant ( P < 0.001). In the LC group, in patients with stage III to IV and low and undifferentiated patients, the level of miR-204 was higher than that of stage I∼II and high and moderately differentiated patients, and the difference was statistically significant ( P < 0.001). The level of miR-204 in the two groups of patients (0.89 ± 0.10, 0.83 ± 0.13) who died of illness was significantly higher than that of the surviving patients (1.00 ± 0.11, 1.00 ± 0.10), and the difference was statistically significant ( P < 0.05); the survival rate of patients with high expression of miR-204 was higher than that of patients with low expression. The AUC of serum miR-204 level to SP and LC was 0.766 and 0.818, respectively. Conclusion. The level of miR-204 in the serum of SP patients and patients with primary bronchial LC was significantly lower than that of healthy people, and patients who died were lower than those who survived; the miR-204 in serum has a good diagnostic value for SP and LC and is related to the survival and prognosis of patients.

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Use of a Four-miRNA Panel as a Biomarker for the Diagnosis of Stomach Adenocarcinoma

Disease Markers ◽

10.1155/2020/8880937 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Xuan Chen ◽

Xinji Li ◽

Xiqi Peng ◽

Chunduo Zhang ◽

Kaihao Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Survival Analysis ◽

Characteristic Curve ◽

Serum Mirna ◽

Kaplan Meier ◽

Phase Study ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Noninvasive Biomarker ◽

Stomach Adenocarcinoma ◽

Noninvasive Biomarkers ◽

Neurotrophin Signaling

Background. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been applied to cancer diagnosis taking into account their role in tumorigenesis. The main purpose of our study was to confirm the possibility of using miRNAs as noninvasive biomarkers for stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD) diagnosis. Methods. A total of 246 participants (130 STAD patients and 116 healthy controls (HCs)) were enrolled in this 3-phase study. Five STAD pools and 3 HC pools (with 4 participants in each pool) were used for the screening of the 28 miRNAs using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The training phase (30 STAD patients vs. 24 HCs) and validation phase (80 STAD patients vs. 80 HCs) were used to further verify the identity of these miRNAs. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and bioinformatics analysis were also used. Results. The expression levels of miR-125b-5p and miR-196a-5p were upregulated in STAD serum, compared with the HCs, while miR-1-3p and miR-149-5p showed the opposite result. A four-serum miRNA panel was constructed, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was found to be 0.892 (95% CI: 0.834 to 0.936, sensitivity = 86.25 % , specificity = 78.75 % ). Only miR-125b-5p expression showed a significant difference between STAD patients and NCs in the survival analysis. The neurotrophin signaling pathway was associated with 4 miRNAs identified in STAD patients. Conclusion. The four-serum miRNA panel has great potential to be used as a noninvasive biomarker for STAD diagnosis.

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