Antimicrobial resistance in fecal Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica isolates: a two-year prospective study of small poultry flocks in Ontario, Canada

Abstract Background Although keeping small poultry flocks is increasingly popular in Ontario, information on the antimicrobial susceptibility of enteric bacteria of such flocks is lacking. The current study was conducted on small poultry flocks in Ontario between October 2015 and September 2017, and samples were submitted on a voluntary basis to Ontario’s Animal Health Laboratory. From each submission, a pooled cecal sample was obtained from all the birds of the same species from the same flock and tested for the presence of two common enteric pathogens, E. coli and Salmonella. Three different isolates from each E. coli-positive sample and one isolate from each Salmonella-positive sample were selected and tested for susceptibility to 14 antimicrobials using a broth microdilution technique. Results A total of 433 fecal E. coli isolates (358 chicken, 27 turkey, 24 duck, and 24 game bird) and 5 Salmonella isolates (3 chicken, 1 turkey, and 1 duck) were recovered. One hundred and sixty-seven chicken, 5 turkey, 14 duck, and 15 game bird E. coli isolates were pan-susceptible. For E. coli, a moderate to high proportion of isolates were resistant to tetracycline (43% chicken, 81% turkey, 42% duck, and 38% game bird isolates), streptomycin (29% chicken, 37% turkey, and 33% game bird isolates), sulfonamides (17% chicken, 37% turkey, and 21% duck isolates), and ampicillin (16% chicken and 41% turkey isolates). Multidrug resistance was found in 37% of turkey, 20% of chicken, 13% of duck, and 8% of game bird E. coli isolates. Salmonella isolates were most frequently resistant to streptomycin, tetracycline, and sulfonamides. Resistance to cephalosporins, carbapenems, macrolides, and quinolones was infrequent in both E. coli and Salmonella isolates. Cluster and correlation analyses identified streptomycin-tetracycline-sulfisoxazole-trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as the most common resistance pattern in chicken E. coli isolates. Turkey E. coli isolates compared to all the other poultry species had higher odds of resistance to tetracycline and ampicillin, and a higher multidrug resistance rate. Conclusions Escherichia coli isolates were frequently resistant to antimicrobials commonly used to treat poultry bacterial infections, which highlights the necessity of judicious antimicrobial use to limit the emergence of multidrug resistant bacteria.

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In Vitro Evaluation of a Phage Cocktail Controlling Infections with Escherichia coli

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v12121470 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 1470

Author(s):

Imke H. E. Korf ◽

Sophie Kittler ◽

Anna Bierbrodt ◽

Ruth Mengden ◽

Christine Rohde ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Animal Health ◽

High Specificity ◽

Resistant Mutant ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Bacterial Cells ◽

E Coli ◽

Phage Cocktail

Worldwide, poultry industry suffers from infections caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli. Therapeutic failure due to resistant bacteria is of increasing concern and poses a threat to human and animal health. This causes a high demand to find alternatives to fight bacterial infections in animal farming. Bacteriophages are being especially considered for the control of multi-drug resistant bacteria due to their high specificity and lack of serious side effects. Therefore, the study aimed on characterizing phages and composing a phage cocktail suitable for the prevention of infections with E. coli. Six phages were isolated or selected from our collections and characterized individually and in combination with regard to host range, stability, reproduction, and efficacy in vitro. The cocktail consisting of six phages was able to inhibit formation of biofilms by some E. coli strains but not by all. Phage-resistant variants arose when bacterial cells were challenged with a single phage but not when challenged by a combination of four or six phages. Resistant variants arising showed changes in carbon metabolism and/or motility. Genomic comparison of wild type and phage-resistant mutant E28.G28R3 revealed a deletion of several genes putatively involved in phage adsorption and infection.

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Study of Multidrug Resistance Pattern among Escherichia coli isolated from patients with Urinary tract infection

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2016.v9i6.13961 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 157

Author(s):

Soniya Goyal ◽

Vikas Beniwal

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Multidrug Resistance ◽

Urinary Tract ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

Male Population ◽

Antimicrobial Drugs ◽

E Coli ◽

Tract Infections

Objective: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are some of the most common bacterial infections encountered in community and cause of significant morbidity and high medical cost. Escherichia coli is the most common pathogen belongs to Enterobacteriaceae family responsible for majority of UTI infections. Antimicrobial drugs have been routinely prescribed for empirical treatment of UTIs which has led to a dramatic increase in antibiotic resistance pattern of E. coli. The aim of present study was to analyse the multidrug resistance patterns (MDR) of E. coli isolated from UTI patients.Methods: A total of 80 urine samples collected from the patients suspected of having UTI attending Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (MMIMSR), Mullana, Ambala were cultured using standard microbiological techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of E.coli was done by using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). MIC of tetracycline, doxycycline, azithromycin, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, ampicillin, amoxicillin and amikacin was done by agar dilution method.Results: Of the total 46 isolates contributing 33 females and 13 males were confirmed as E. coli. About 51.34% of the female patients belonged to the age group 21-40 yr and 53.84% of the male population belonged to 41-80 yr were found to be more susceptible to UTI infection. All isolates confirmed as E.coli were found to be multidrug resistant. 80% of the isolates exhibited MICs higher than 1000mg/L against β-lactams. 20% of the E. coli isolates exhibited MICs higher than 1000mg/L against ciprofloxacin, amikacin and erythromycin. 23% and 95% of E. coli isolates exhibited MICs less than 128 mg/L against doxycycline and levofloxacin respectively.Conclusion: The present study revealed the decreased susceptibility of the E.coli to all drugs. E. coli resistance profile to beta lactams, quinolones, macrolides, tetracyclines and aminoglycosides were also found to be quite high in this study emphasizing the need to educate public about appropriate use of antibiotics.NA

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Multidrug resistance in Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) isolated from broiler chickens at slaughter

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n6supl2p3813 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 42 (6supl2) ◽

pp. 3813-3824

Author(s):

Rodrigo Pacheco Ornellas ◽

◽

Hugo Peralva Lopes ◽

Daniela de Queiroz Baptista ◽

Thomas Salles Dias ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Multidrug Resistance ◽

Shiga Toxin ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Treatment Success ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

Public Health Issue ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Systemic Complications

Broiler chickens and derived products are a key source of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in humans. This pathotype is responsible for causing severe episodes of diarrhea, which can progress to systemic complications. A rapid and accurate diagnosis of the disease, and early treatment of the infection with antimicrobials, can prevent it worsening. However, multidrug-resistant strains have potentially negative implications for treatment success. In this context, the aim of the present study was to isolate and identify multidrug-resistant STEC strains from broiler chickens and carcasses. Of 171 E. coli strains, isolated by conventional microbiological techniques and submitted to Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), for detection of stx1 and stx2 genes, 21.05% (36/171) were STEC pathotype, and most of them (66.67% - 24/36) carried both stx1 and eae genes. The multidrug resistance pattern was observed in 75% (27/36) of STEC strains. The presence of STEC in broiler chickens and carcasses reinforces that these sources may act as reservoirs for this pathotype. Multidrug-resistant bacteria contaminating animal products represent a public health issue because of the possibility of spread of multidrug-resistant determinants in the food chain and a higher risk of failure in human treatment when antimicrobials are needed.

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A Case of Bacteremia and Meningitis Associated with Piperacillin-Tazobactam Nonsusceptible, Ceftriaxone Susceptible Escherichia coli during Strongyloides Hyperinfection in an Immunocompromised Host

Case Reports in Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1155/2017/8634717 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-4 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Santosh Dahal ◽

Jeffrey Lederman ◽

Jesse Berman ◽

Marius Viseroi ◽

Stephen Jesmajian

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antibiotic Therapy ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Parasitic Infection ◽

Immunocompromised Host ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Extreme Caution ◽

E Coli ◽

Hyperinfection Syndrome

Strongyloidiasis is an emerging parasitic infection with intriguing epidemiology, presentation, and clinical management. We report a case of hyperinfection syndrome complicated by E. coli bacteremia and meningitis with one of the isolates showing a unique resistance pattern recently being recognized. This report describes the aspect of invasive bacterial infections in strongyloidiasis and highlights the unique susceptibility pattern of the E. coli isolate and the extreme caution required during the antibiotic therapy.

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Sensitivity of antibiotic resistant and antibiotic susceptible Escherichia coli, Enterococcus and Staphylococcus strains against ozone

Journal of Water and Health ◽

10.2166/wh.2015.291 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 1020-1028 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Stefanie Heß ◽

Claudia Gallert

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

E Coli ◽

Enterococcus Casseliflavus ◽

Subsurface Layers ◽

Wastewater Samples ◽

And Staphylococcus Aureus

Tolerance of antibiotic susceptible and antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli, Enterococcus and Staphylococcus strains from clinical and wastewater samples against ozone was tested to investigate if ozone, a strong oxidant applied for advanced wastewater treatment, will affect the release of antibiotic resistant bacteria into the aquatic environment. For this purpose, the resistance pattern against antibiotics of the mentioned isolates and their survival after exposure to 4 mg/L ozone was determined. Antibiotic resistance (AR) of the isolates was not correlating with higher tolerance against ozone. Except for ampicillin resistant E. coli strains, which showed a trend towards increased resistance, E. coli strains that were also resistant against cotrimoxazol, ciprofloxacin or a combination of the three antibiotics were similarly or less resistant against ozone than antibiotic sensitive strains. Pigment-producing Enterococcus casseliflavus and Staphylococcus aureus seemed to be more resistant against ozone than non-pigmented species of these genera. Furthermore, aggregation or biofilm formation apparently protected bacteria in subsurface layers from inactivation by ozone. The relatively large variance of tolerance against ozone may indicate that resistance to ozone inactivation most probably depends on several factors, where AR, if at all, does not play a major role.

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Emergence of high multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from neonates with infection

10.21203/rs.3.rs-20364/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Dan Wu ◽

Yijun Ding ◽

Jinjing Zhang ◽

Kaihu Yao ◽

Wei Gao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Multidrug Resistance ◽

Clavulanic Acid ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

E Coli ◽

Mueller Hinton ◽

Mueller Hinton Agar ◽

Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid

Abstract Background Escherichia coli (E.coli) rank one of the most common pathogens that can cause neonatal infections. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a major cause of treatment failure in newborn with infection. The purpose of this study was to describe the antibiotic resistance and multidrug-resistance of E.coli isolated from neonates with infection.Methods The antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the E. coli strains to selected antibiotics was assessed with the E-test technique on the Mueller-Hinton agar. The antimicrobials tests were included ceftazidime, cefuroxime, cefatriaxone, amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefoperazone - sulbactam, meropenem, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and sulfonamides. The minimal inhibitory concerntration (MIC) values of the antimicrobial agents selected for this study was determined by an agar dilution technique on Mueller-Hinton agar according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute recommendations. Results A total of 100 E. coli strains was isolated from phlegm (n = 78), blood (n = 10), cerebrospinal fluid (n = 5), and umbilical discharge (n = 7) of neonates hospitalized at Beijing Children’s Hospital. The highest resistance rate of E.coli was found in amoxicillin at 85%, followed by cefuroxime 65%, and cefatriaxone 60%, respectively. 6% and 5% of all isolates were resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and cefoperazone -sulbactam merely. The resistance rates to ceftazidime, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and sulfonamides were 31%, 20%, 33%, 47%, respectively. All the isolates were susceptible to meropenem. Multidrug resistance was defined in E.coli as resistance to at least three antibiotic families. About 26% (26/100) of all the E.coli isolates were multidrug-resistant. The detection rate of ESBL-Producing E. coli was 55%. The rate in E. coli isolates from phlegm was higher than aseptic humoral. The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). It is worth noting that the majority of the isolates were also resistant to non-β-lactam antimicrobial agents, but the resistant rates were significantly lower than extended-spectrum β-lactamases.Conclusions: Multi-drug-resistant E.coli has become a thorny problem in clinical treatment. It is necessary to monitor E. coli resistance.

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Resistance Profile of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Bacteria using Vitek® 2 Compact Method

Buletin Peternakan ◽

10.21059/buletinpeternak.v44i2.51347 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 44 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Freshinta Jellia Wibisono ◽

Bambang Sumiarto ◽

Tri Untari ◽

Mustofa Helmi Effendi ◽

Dian Ayu Permatasari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Multidrug Resistance ◽

Animal Health ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

Beta Lactamase ◽

Beta Lactam ◽

Resistance Profile ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽

Extended Spectrum

This study aimed to determine the resistance profile and the nature of multidrug resistance in Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli (E.coli) against several classes of antibiotics. Positive isolates of ESBL-producing E.coli were tested for antibiotic sensitivity using the VITEK® 2 compact method which then analyzed automatically. The results showed an antibiotic resistance profile against ESBL-producing E.coli showed the highest level of antibiotics in beta lactam, amoxicillin, ampicillin, cefazolin, cefotaxime, and ceftriaxone at 100%. Subsequent results found a relatively high level of resistance in the antibiotics aztreonam (86.36%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (77.27%), gentamicin (72.73%), and ciprofloxacin (68.18%). Antibiotics from carbapenem groups such as ertapenem and memenem, and antibiotics from the aminoglycosides (amicasin) and tigecycline groups of tetracycline still showed a high sensitivity level of 100%. The most common resistance patterns found in ESBL-producing E.coli isolates are AM/AMP/KZ/CTX/CRO/ATM/GM/CIP as much as 22.73%, and AM/AMP/KZ/CTX/CRO/ATM/GM/CIP/SXT patterns of 18.2%. The results of multi-class antibiotic resistance showed that 86.36% had multidrug resistance. The highest multidrug resistance pattern in ESBL-producing E.coli occurred with a BL/AG/Q/SP pattern of 50%. Other patterns of multidrug resistance in ESBL-producing E.coli that can be found in this study are, the BL/AG/Q/SP pattern is 18.20%, the BL/AG/Q/SP pattern is 13.64%, and the BL/AG/Q pattern is 4.55%. The high profile of resistance and the nature of multidrug resistance in ESBL-producing E.coli has the potential to spread these resistant genes, thus risking the use of antibiotics as a public health therapy and animal health, therefore further evaluation and control are needed.

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Development of a Tetracycline Resistant Strain of E. coli Sensitive to Ultraviolet Radiation

Journal of Student Research ◽

10.47611/jsr.v3i1.159 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 63-68

Author(s):

Meredith Joy Reesor ◽

Isaac Joseph King ◽

Jeffrey Copeland

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Protein Synthesis ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Multidrug Resistance ◽

Resistant Strain ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Present Report ◽

Medical Community ◽

Protein Synthesis Inhibitors ◽

E Coli

Multidrug resistance bacteria pose a significant threat to human health and the efforts of the medical community. Given our reliance on antibiotics for therapeutic treatment of bacterial infections it is imperative to understand the mechanism by which bacteria develop antibiotic resistance. In the present report we develop a strain of Escherichia coli capable of resisting high levels of tetracycline and other protein synthesis inhibitors. Furthermore the tetracycline resistant strain is approximately 1/3rd in length and is sensitive to UV radiation.

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Homology of Escherichia coli R773 arsA, arsB, and arsC Genes in Arsenic-Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Raw Sewage and Arsenic-Enriched Creek Waters

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.68.1.280-288.2002 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 68 (1) ◽

pp. 280-288 ◽

Cited By ~ 57

Author(s):

Chad W. Saltikov ◽

Betty H. Olson

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Sequence Divergence ◽

Enteric Bacteria ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Colony Hybridization ◽

E Coli ◽

Average Sequence Divergence ◽

Significant Divergence ◽

Average Sequence ◽

Arsenic Resistant Bacteria

ABSTRACT The occurrence and diversity of the Escherichia coli R773 ars operon were investigated among arsenic-resistant enteric and nonenteric bacteria isolated from raw sewage and arsenic-enriched creek waters. Selected isolates from each creek location were screened for ars genes by colony hybridization and PCR. The occurrence of arsA, arsB, and arsC determined by low-stringency colony hybridization (31 to 53% estimated mismatch) was 81, 87, and 86%, respectively, for 84 bacteria isolated on arsenate- and arsenite-amended media from three locations. At moderate stringency (21 to 36% estimated mismatch), the occurrence decreased to 42, 56, and 63% for arsA, arsB, and arsC, respectively. PCR results showed that the ars operon is conserved in some enteric bacteria isolated from creek waters and raw sewage. The occurrence of the arsBC genotype was about 50% in raw sewage enteric bacteria, while arsA was detected in only 9.4% of the isolates (n = 32). The arsABC and arsBC genotypes occurred more frequently in enteric bacteria isolated from creek samples: 71.4 and 85.7% (n = 7), respectively. Average sequence divergence within arsB for six creek enteric bacteria was 20% compared to that of the E. coli R773 ars operon. Only 1 of 11 pseudomonads screened by PCR was positive for arsB. The results from this study suggest that significant divergence has occurred in the ars operon among As-resistant E. coli strains and in Pseudomonas spp.

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High prevalence of antibiotic resistance in commensal Escherichia coli from healthy human sources in community settings

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-82693-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Emmanuel Nji ◽

Joseph Kazibwe ◽

Thomas Hambridge ◽

Carolyn Alia Joko ◽

Amma Aboagyewa Larbi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Enteric Bacteria ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Hospital Inpatient ◽

Community Settings ◽

Health Crisis ◽

E Coli ◽

Healthy Humans ◽

High Prevalence

AbstractAntibiotic resistance is a global health crisis that requires urgent action to stop its spread. To counteract the spread of antibiotic resistance, we must improve our understanding of the origin and spread of resistant bacteria in both community and healthcare settings. Unfortunately, little attention is being given to contain the spread of antibiotic resistance in community settings (i.e., locations outside of a hospital inpatient, acute care setting, or a hospital clinic setting), despite some studies have consistently reported a high prevalence of antibiotic resistance in the community settings. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in commensal Escherichia coli isolates from healthy humans in community settings in LMICs. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we synthesized studies conducted from 1989 to May 2020. A total of 9363 articles were obtained from the search and prevalence data were extracted from 33 articles and pooled together. This gave a pooled prevalence of antibiotic resistance (top ten antibiotics commonly prescribed in LMICs) in commensal E. coli isolates from human sources in community settings in LMICs of: ampicillin (72% of 13,531 isolates, 95% CI: 65–79), cefotaxime (27% of 6700 isolates, 95% CI: 12–44), chloramphenicol (45% of 7012 isolates, 95% CI: 35–53), ciprofloxacin (17% of 10,618 isolates, 95% CI: 11–25), co-trimoxazole (63% of 10,561 isolates, 95% CI: 52–73), nalidixic acid (30% of 9819 isolates, 95% CI: 21–40), oxytetracycline (78% of 1451 isolates, 95% CI: 65–88), streptomycin (58% of 3831 isolates, 95% CI: 44–72), tetracycline (67% of 11,847 isolates, 95% CI: 59–74), and trimethoprim (67% of 3265 isolates, 95% CI: 59–75). Here, we provided an appraisal of the evidence of the high prevalence of antibiotic resistance by commensal E. coli in community settings in LMICs. Our findings will have important ramifications for public health policy design to contain the spread of antibiotic resistance in community settings. Indeed, commensal E. coli is the main reservoir for spreading antibiotic resistance to other pathogenic enteric bacteria via mobile genetic elements.

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