scholarly journals Protocol for personal RF-EMF exposure measurement studies in 5th generation telecommunication networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maarten Velghe ◽  
Sam Aerts ◽  
Luc Martens ◽  
Wout Joseph ◽  
Arno Thielens
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Device ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Personal Exposure ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
The Body ◽  
Telecommunication Networks ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Exposure Measurement ◽  
5G Technologies

Abstract Background The general population is exposed to Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields (RF-EMFs) used by telecommunication networks. Previous studies developed methods to assess this exposure. These methods will be inadequate to accurately assess exposure in 5G technologies or other wireless technologies using adaptive antennas. This is due to the fact that 5G NR (new radio) base stations will focus actively on connected users, resulting in a high spatio-temporal variations in the RF-EMFs. This increases the measurement uncertainty in personal measurements of RF-EMF exposure. Furthermore, a user’s exposure from base stations will be dependent on the amount of data usage, adding a new component to the auto-induced exposure, which is often omitted in current studies. Goals The objective of this paper is to develop a general study protocol for future personal RF-EMF exposure research adapted to 5G technologies. This protocol will include the assessment of auto-induced exposure of both a user’s own devices and the networks’ base stations. Method This study draws from lessons learned from previous RF-EMF exposure research and current knowledge on 5G technologies, including studies simulating 5G NR base stations and measurements around 5G NR test sites. Results To account for auto-induced exposure, an activity-based approach is introduced. In survey studies, an RF-EMF sensor is fixed on the participants’ mobile device(s). Based on the measured power density, GPS data and movement and proximity sensors, different activities can be clustered and the exposure during each activity is evaluated. In microenvironmental measurements, a trained researcher performs measurements in predefined microenvironments with a mobile device equipped with the RF-EMF sensor. The mobile device is programmed to repeat a sequence of data transmission scenarios (different amounts of uplink and downlink data transmissions). Based on simulations, the amount of exposure induced in the body when the user device is at a certain location relative to the body, can be evaluated. Conclusion Our protocol addresses the main challenges to personal exposure measurement introduced by 5G NR. A systematic method to evaluate a user’s auto-induced exposure is introduced.

scholarly journals Protocol for Personal RF-EMF Exposure Measurement Studies in 5th Generation Telecommunication Networks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maarten Velghe ◽  
Sam Aerts ◽  
Luc Martens ◽  
Wout Joseph ◽  
Arno Thielens
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Device ◽  
Personal Exposure ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
The Body ◽  
Telecommunication Networks ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Exposure Measurement ◽  
New Radio ◽  
5G Technologies ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Abstract Background The general population is exposed to Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields (RF-EMFs) used by telecommunication networks. Previous studies developed methods to assess this exposure. These methods will be inadequate to accurately assess exposure in 5G technologies. This is due to the fact that 5G NR (new radio) base stations will focus actively on connected users, resulting in a high spatio-temporal variations in the RF-EMFs. This increases the measurement uncertainty in personal measurements of RF-EMF exposure. Furthermore, a user’s exposure from base stations will be dependent on the amount of data usage, adding a new component to the auto-induced exposure, which is often omitted in current studies. Methods The objective of this paper is to develop a general study protocol for future personal RF-EMF exposure research adapted to 5G technologies. This protocol will include the assessment of auto-induced exposure of both a user’s own devices and the networks’ base stations. Results To account for auto-induced exposure, an activity-based approach is introduced. In survey studies, an RF-EMF sensor is fixed on the participants’ mobile device(s). Based on the measured power density, GPS data and movement and proximity sensors, different activities can be clustered and the exposure during each activity is evaluated. In microenvironmental measurements, a trained researcher performs measurements in predefined microenvironments with a mobile device equipped with the RF-EMF sensor. The mobile device is programmed to repeat a sequence of data transmission scenarios (different amounts of uplink and downlink data transmissions). Based on simulations, the amount of exposure induced in the body when the user device is at a certain location relative to the body, can be evaluated. Conclusion Our protocol addresses the main challenges to personal exposure measurement introduced by 5G NR. A systematic method to evaluate a user’s auto-induced exposure is introduced.

scholarly journals Biological Effects of EM Radiations from Mobile Phones

2002 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Adel A. Ali ◽  
Ahmed M. Al-Naamany
Keyword(s):  
Health Effects ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Thermal Effects ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
The Body ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Thermal Heating ◽  
Heating Effects ◽  
Rf Exposure

Direct health effects could result following exposure to RF by thermal (heating effects). Recent Studies have shown that there are public fears on effects that can be caused mainly by holding mobile phones close to the body, or as a result of possible non-thermal effects from both phones and base stations.  This paper offers an overview on the biological effects of electromagnetic radiation caused by mobile phones. Exposures of individuals to RF radiation from these sources will depend upon their proximity and may be above those from mobile phone base stations, although still well below guidelines. From a review of the scientific literature, it is concluded that there were no established health effects from exposure to the RF fields from mobile phones. However, there are gaps in knowledge requiring further research, but current knowledge suggests that RF exposure to levels below the guidelines were not a risk to health.  

scholarly journals APPLICATION OF TIME-AVERAGED AND INTEGRAL-BASED MEASURE FOR MEASUREMENT RESULTS VARIABILITY REDUCTION IN GSM/DCS/UMTS SYSTEMS

2019 ◽  
Vol 187 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darko Šuka ◽  
Predrag Pejović ◽  
Mirjana Simić-Pejović
Keyword(s):  
Power Density ◽  
General Public ◽  
Personal Exposure ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Telecommunication Networks ◽  
Data Logging ◽  
Exposure Limits ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Continuous Measurements ◽  
Wireless Telecommunication

Abstract Since EMF levels from wireless telecommunication networks are non-stationary and exhibit large temporal variations, the use of continuous measurements during extended periods (preferably 24 h or longer) with a data-logging system is required. Because of the short-term variations of E field, the 6-min measurements and 6-min averaged results to obtain the mean level strength at a given place appear to be dependent on the time of measurements during the day. This paper presents a new (integral-based) measure to evaluate electromagnetic exposure. The new measure is a pure physical descriptor of the amount of exposed energy density (a parameter accumulated from instantaneous power density values in time). To confirm previous observations, continuous measurements with personal exposure metre were recorded 24 h a day for two weeks at every location in urban area, 14 different locations in total. Additionally, to check temporal variations and repeatability of exposure assessment, a week of prolonged measurements was taken 6 months later, making in total three weeks of measurements at 2 locations. Day-to-day repeatability of RF-EMF exposure was analysed through the time-averaged and integral-based measure. The analysis is based on approximately 5.1 million data samples (1.7 million for each band). The ratio between the maximum and minimum instantaneous (maximum and minimum 6-min averaged) E field values during the day could reach up to 25 dB (20 dB). Therefore, great variability in the results may occur. By applying the 24 h time-averaged and integral-based measure on a 24 h data set of measurements, the variability of daily exposure could stay within ±20% of the week mean level obtained either with the time-averaged or integral-based measure. Both, the time-averaged E field and integral-based power density exposures of the general public in all locations were found to be well below the general public exposure limits of the ICNIRP guidelines.

Immunotherapy and potential predictive biomarkers in the treatment of neuroendocrine neoplasia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guanghui Xu ◽  
Yuhao Wang ◽  
Hushan Zhang ◽  
Xueke She ◽  
Jianjun Yang
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Predictive Biomarkers ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Ablative Therapies ◽  
Cancer Types ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Well Differentiated

Neuroendocrine neoplasias (NENs) are a heterogeneous group of rare tumors scattered throughout the body. Surgery, locoregional or ablative therapies as well as maintenance treatments are applied in well-differentiated, low-grade NENs, whereas cytotoxic chemotherapy is usually applied in high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas. However, treatment options for patients with advanced or metastatic NENs are limited. Immunotherapy has provided new treatment approaches for many cancer types, including neuroendocrine tumors, but predictive biomarkers of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in the treatment of NENs have not been fully reported. By reviewing the literature and international congress abstracts, we summarize the current knowledge of ICIs, potential predicative biomarkers in the treatment of NENs, implications and efficacy of ICIs as well as biomarkers for NENs of gastroenteropancreatic system, lung NENs and Merkel cell carcinoma in clinical practice.

scholarly journals Glucocorticoid Receptor β (GRβ): Beyond Its Dominant-Negative Function

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 3649
Author(s):  
Patricia Ramos-Ramírez ◽  
Omar Tliba
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dominant Negative ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Independent Manner ◽  
Distinct Cell ◽  
Induced Apoptosis

Glucocorticoids (GCs) act via the GC receptor (GR), a receptor ubiquitously expressed in the body where it drives a broad spectrum of responses within distinct cell types and tissues, which vary in strength and specificity. The variability of GR-mediated cell responses is further extended by the existence of GR isoforms, such as GRα and GRβ, generated through alternative splicing mechanisms. While GRα is the classic receptor responsible for GC actions, GRβ has been implicated in the impairment of GRα-mediated activities. Interestingly, in contrast to the popular belief that GRβ actions are restricted to its dominant-negative effects on GRα-mediated responses, GRβ has been shown to have intrinsic activities and “directly” regulates a plethora of genes related to inflammatory process, cell communication, migration, and malignancy, each in a GRα-independent manner. Furthermore, GRβ has been associated with increased cell migration, growth, and reduced sensitivity to GC-induced apoptosis. We will summarize the current knowledge of GRβ-mediated responses, with a focus on the GRα-independent/intrinsic effects of GRβ and the associated non-canonical signaling pathways. Where appropriate, potential links to airway inflammatory diseases will be highlighted.

scholarly journals Vascular endothelial cell specification in health and disease

Angiogenesis ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corina Marziano ◽  
Gael Genet ◽  
Karen K. Hirschi
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Endothelial Cell ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Vascular Malformations ◽  
Immune Surveillance ◽  
Vascular Endothelial Cell ◽  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
Lymphatic Endothelial Cell ◽  
The Body ◽  
Vascular Networks

AbstractThere are two vascular networks in mammals that coordinately function as the main supply and drainage systems of the body. The blood vasculature carries oxygen, nutrients, circulating cells, and soluble factors to and from every tissue. The lymphatic vasculature maintains interstitial fluid homeostasis, transports hematopoietic cells for immune surveillance, and absorbs fat from the gastrointestinal tract. These vascular systems consist of highly organized networks of specialized vessels including arteries, veins, capillaries, and lymphatic vessels that exhibit different structures and cellular composition enabling distinct functions. All vessels are composed of an inner layer of endothelial cells that are in direct contact with the circulating fluid; therefore, they are the first responders to circulating factors. However, endothelial cells are not homogenous; rather, they are a heterogenous population of specialized cells perfectly designed for the physiological demands of the vessel they constitute. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge of the specification of arterial, venous, capillary, and lymphatic endothelial cell identities during vascular development. We also discuss how the dysregulation of these processes can lead to vascular malformations, and therapeutic approaches that have been developed for their treatment.

scholarly journals Semen quality as a potential susceptibility indicator to SARS-CoV-2 insults in polluted areas

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi Montano ◽  
Francesco Donato ◽  
Pietro Massimiliano Bianco ◽  
Gennaro Lettieri ◽  
Antonino Guglielmino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Semen Quality ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Specific Area ◽  
The Body ◽  
Atmospheric Pollutants ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Potential Indicator ◽  
Harmful Effects

AbstractThe epidemic of the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has impacted worldwide with its infectious spread and mortality rate. Thousands of articles have been published to tackle this crisis and many of these have indicated that high air pollution levels may be a contributing factor to high outbreak rates of COVID-19. Atmospheric pollutants, indeed, producing oxidative stress, inflammation, immuno-unbalance, and systemic coagulation, may be a possible significant co-factor of further damage, rendering the body prone to infections by a variety of pathogens, including viruses. Spermatozoa are extremely responsive to prooxidative effects produced by environmental pollutants and may serve as a powerful alert that signals the extent that environmental pressure, in a specific area, is doing damage to humans. In order to improve our current knowledge on this topic, this review article summarizes the relevant current observations emphasizing the weight that environmental pollution has on the sensitivity of a given population to several diseases and how semen quality, may be a potential indicator of sensitivity for virus insults (including SARS-CoV-2) in high polluted areas, and help to predict the risk for harmful effects of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic. In addition, this review focused on the potential routes of virus transmission that may represent a population health risk and also identified the areas of critical importance that require urgent research to assess and manage the COVID-19 outbreak.

Microstructure of Carbon Black

1964 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 1245-1298 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. Heckman
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Gas Adsorption ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Aggregate Size ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
The Body ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Complete Treatment ◽  
Real Value ◽  
Forms Of Carbon

Abstract Although the microstructure of carbon black has been under investigation for more than fifty years, there are still many aspects which are controversial and some which are virtually unexplored. The inherently low degree of crystallinity and the finely-divided state of carbon blacks have greatly hindered efforts to understand them. The purpose of this article is to cite the principal contributors to our understanding of carbon black microstructure, to discuss the significance of their contribution, to present a clear picture of the present state of our knowledge, and to note areas where controversy exists and where our knowledge is incomplete. The scope of this article is necessarily limited to a reasonably complete treatment of the several aspects of carbon black microstructure; that is, the arrangement of carbon atoms to form graphite layer planes, the arrangement of layer planes to form crystallites, and the arrangement of crystallites to form the more familiar carbon black “particles” or aggregates. Particular attention is paid to more recent articles and those which have shaped our thinking on carbon black microstructure. This article also includes a fairly complete review of various studies on the changes in microstructure which are brought about by heat treatment or oxidation. In general, the rather large number of studies reporting on the microstructure of other forms of carbon have not been reviewed (except for the work of Franklin whose contribution to our understanding of carbon-black microstructure is so immense that it must be included). Although gross, morphological features such as particle size, primary aggregate size and shape are studied briefly in order to relate them to microstructure, no effort was made to review comprehensively the body of literature pertinent to this subject. Also porosity and surface characteristics per se (as measured by gas adsorption techniques) are not treated in detail here. Rather than review a dreary list of papers which have only the slightest bearing on carbon black, the author has taken the liberty of dividing the articles reviewed into two categories. The first category, which is reviewed in some detail, includes those publications in which an important contribution was made to the understanding of carbon-black microstructure. The second category includes all those articles which are discussed only briefly or not at all because the authors have reported superficial or routine studies or they (probably unknown to them) have essentially duplicated the work of an earlier worker, or have reported uncorrected results which are thus so inaccurate as to be without real value to this article; or because they comprise work which is only peripherally related to carbon black microstructure. Also, references taken from other papers, but not reviewed here, are included in the latter category. Articles by Warren, Hofmann and Wilm, Steward and Cook and Walker contain bibliographies which will be helpful to those interested in the earlier work or in the microstructure of carbons other than carbon black. For the reader whose time is limited, an adequate picture of current understanding of carbon black microstructure can be gained by reading Sections II, IV, and V which are relatively short. Finally, a word about the spirit in which the review was written. At the request of the late Dr. Craig, a critical review was prepared in which every effort was made to point out shortcomings as well as classic contributions contained in the pertinent literature. Where the experts have disagreed, the reviewer, often with skill unequal to the task, has attempted to decide which one was the more correct in the light of current knowledge. It is with deep humility and great respect for those who have gone before that this review is submitted.

scholarly journals Metabolic Acidosis in Patients with CKD: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Treatment

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Marcin Adamczak ◽  
Stanisław Surma
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Acidosis ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hydrogen Ions ◽  
Ckd Progression ◽  
New Drug ◽  
Treatment And Prevention

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Metabolic acidosis in CKD is diagnosed in patients with plasma or venous blood bicarbonate concentration lower than 22 mmol/L. Metabolic acidosis occurs in about 20% of patients with CKD. Metabolic acidosis may lead to dysfunction of many systems and organs as well as CKD progression. Currently, sodium bicarbonate is mainly used for pharmacological treatment of metabolic acidosis in patients with CKD. Veverimer is a new drug dedicated to treatment of metabolic acidosis in patients with CKD. Orally given veverimer binds hydrogen ions in the intestines and subsequently is excreted from the body with feces. Clinical studies have shown that veverimer is effective in increasing serum bicarbonate concentrations in CKD patients with metabolic acidosis. Here, we present review of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of metabolic acidosis in CKD patients. <b><i>Summary:</i></b> Metabolic acidosis is common in patients with CKD and contributes to CKD progression and many complications, which worsen the prognosis in these patients. Currently, sodium bicarbonate is mainly used in metabolic acidosis treatment. The role of the new drug veverimer in the metabolic acidosis therapy needs further studies. <b><i>Key Message:</i></b> The aim of this review article is to summarize the current knowledge concerning the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of metabolic acidosis in CKD patients.

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