The impact of elevated temperature and CO2 on growth, physiological and immune responses of Polypedates cruciger (common hourglass tree frog)

Pregnant women are among the individuals at the highest risk for severe influenza virus infection. Infection of the mother during pregnancy increases the probability of adverse fetal outcomes such as small for gestational age, preterm birth and fetal death. Animal models of syngeneic and allogeneic mating can recapitulate the increased disease severity observed in pregnant women and are used to define the mechanism(s) of that increased severity. This review focuses on influenza A virus pathogenesis, the unique immunological landscape during pregnancy, the impact of maternal influenza virus infection on the fetus and the immune responses at the maternal–fetal interface. Finally, we summarize the importance of immunization and antiviral treatment in this population and highlight issues that warrant further investigation.

Download Full-text

Larvae of the blow fly Caiusa testacea (Diptera: Calliphoridae) as egg predators of Polypedates cruciger Blyth, 1852 (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae)

Journal of Threatened Taxa ◽

10.11609/jott.5740.12.17.17374-17379 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (17) ◽

pp. 17374-17379

Author(s):

W.G.D. Chathuranga ◽

K. Kariyawasam ◽

Anslem De Silva ◽

W.A.Priyanka P. De Silva

Keyword(s):

Sri Lanka ◽

High Impact ◽

Tree Frog ◽

Blow Fly ◽

Breeding Habitats ◽

The Family ◽

Water Container ◽

The Common ◽

Natural Breeding ◽

The Impact

We investigated the impact of dipteran predators on eggs in foam nests of the Common Hour-glass Tree Frog Polypedates cruciger Blyth, 1852 (Anura: Rhacophoridae) in central Sri Lanka. Foam nests (n=24) of P. cruciger were examined at their natural breeding habitats and infected (n=8) and uninfected spawns (n=16) were identified. Emerging tadpoles were collected in a water container hung under each spawn and the average number of tadpoles (N) hatched from infected spawns (N=0) was compared with that of uninfected spawns (N=354 ± 67). Three severely infected spawns were brought to the laboratory and the fly larvae were reared until they metamorphosed to adults. Morphological and molecular identification of the flies confirmed them as belonging to Caiusa testacea Senior-White, 1923 of the family Calliphoridae. The infected spawns were completely destroyed and an estimated average of 400 P. cruciger eggs per spawn were lost. The results revealed a high impact of Caiusa testacea on egg and embryo mortality of P. cruciger.

Download Full-text

Oxidative Stress Compromises Lymphocyte Function in Neonatal Dairy Calves

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox10020255 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 255

Author(s):

Wilmer Cuervo ◽

Lorraine M. Sordillo ◽

Angel Abuelo

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Immune Cell ◽

Lymphocyte Activation ◽

Dairy Calves ◽

Lymphocyte Function ◽

Newborn Calves ◽

Ifn Γ ◽

The Impact

Dairy calves are unable to mount an effective immune response during their first weeks of life, which contributes to increased disease susceptibility during this period. Oxidative stress (OS) diminishes the immune cell capabilities of humans and adult cows, and dairy calves also experience OS during their first month of life. However, the impact that OS may have on neonatal calf immunity remains unexplored. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the impact of OS on newborn calf lymphocyte functions. For this, we conducted two experiments. First, we assessed the association of OS status throughout the first month of age and the circulating concentrations of the cytokines interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin (IL) 4, as well as the expression of cytokine-encoding genes IFNG, IL2, IL4, and IL10 in peripheral mononuclear blood cells (PBMCs) of 12 calves. Subsequently, we isolated PBMCs from another 6 neonatal calves to investigate in vitro the effect of OS on immune responses in terms of activation of lymphocytes, cytokine expression, and antibody production following stimulation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate or bovine herpesvirus-1. The results were compared statistically through mixed models. Calves exposed to high OS status in their first month of age showed higher concentrations of IL-4 and expression of IL4 and IL10 and lower concentrations of IFN-γ and expression of IFNG and IL2 than calves exposed to lower OS. In vitro, OS reduced lymphocyte activation, production of antibodies, and protein and gene expression of key cytokines. Collectively, our results demonstrate that OS can compromise some immune responses of newborn calves. Hence, further studies are needed to explore the mechanisms of how OS affects the different lymphocyte subsets and the potential of ameliorating OS in newborn calves as a strategy to augment the functional capacity of calf immune cells, as well as enhance calves’ resistance to infections.

Download Full-text

Precision cut lung slices: an ex vivo model for assessing the impact of immunomodulatory therapeutics on lung immune responses

Archives of Toxicology ◽

10.1007/s00204-021-03096-y ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Guanghui Liu ◽

Linnea Särén ◽

Helena Douglasson ◽

Xiao-Hong Zhou ◽

Per M. Åberg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Ex Vivo Model ◽

Precision Cut Lung Slices ◽

The Impact

Download Full-text

Impact of Influenza A Virus Shutoff Proteins on Host Immune Responses

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines9060629 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 629

Author(s):

Megan M. Dunagan ◽

Kala Hardy ◽

Toru Takimoto

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Influenza A Virus ◽

Influenza A ◽

Human Populations ◽

Lymphocyte Migration ◽

Host Immune Responses ◽

Mhc Molecules ◽

The Impact

Influenza A virus (IAV) is a significant human pathogen that causes seasonal epidemics. Although various types of vaccines are available, IAVs still circulate among human populations, possibly due to their ability to circumvent host immune responses. IAV expresses two host shutoff proteins, PA-X and NS1, which antagonize the host innate immune response. By transcriptomic analysis, we previously showed that PA-X is a major contributor for general shutoff, while shutoff active NS1 specifically inhibits the expression of host cytokines, MHC molecules, and genes involved in innate immunity in cultured human cells. So far, the impact of these shutoff proteins in the acquired immune response in vivo has not been determined in detail. In this study, we analyzed the effects of PA-X and NS1 shutoff activities on immune response using recombinant influenza A/California/04/2009 viruses containing mutations affecting the expression of shutoff active PA-X and NS1 in a mouse model. Our data indicate that the virus without shutoff activities induced the strongest T and B cell responses. Both PA-X and NS1 reduced host immune responses, but shutoff active NS1 most effectively suppressed lymphocyte migration to the lungs, antibody production, and the generation of IAV specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. NS1 also prevented the generation of protective immunity against a heterologous virus challenge. These data indicate that shutoff active NS1 plays a major role in suppressing host immune responses against IAV infection.

Download Full-text

The Experiments for the Impact of Temperature on the Grinding Rate about Zhao Tong Bauxite

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.1119 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 734-737 ◽

pp. 1119-1123

Author(s):

Qing Hong Wang ◽

Gu Zhang Zhuang ◽

Chun Mei Wang

Keyword(s):

Elevated Temperature ◽

Grinding Temperature ◽

The Impact ◽

Slurry Viscosity

The viscosity of Pulp will affect the grinding rate directly, Elevated temperature, the slurry viscosity reduced. In order to study the effect on the grinding rate of temperature, we did the experiment by only changing the temperature, and three groups of contrast test was carried out. The results show that the grinding rate is improved obviously, when the grinding temperature increases from 16 °C to 42 °C.

Download Full-text

R-BPMV-Mediated Resistance to Bean pod mottle virus in Phaseolus vulgaris L. Is Heat-Stable but Elevated Temperatures Boost Viral Infection in Susceptible Genotypes

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v13071239 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 1239

Author(s):

Chouaïb Meziadi ◽

Julie Lintz ◽

Masoud Naderpour ◽

Charlotte Gautier ◽

Sophie Blanchet ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Elevated Temperature ◽

Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽

Elevated Temperatures ◽

Heat Waves ◽

Dominant Gene ◽

Atmospheric Temperature ◽

Mottle Virus ◽

Bean Pod Mottle Virus ◽

Heat Stable ◽

The Impact

In the context of climate change, elevated temperature is a major concern due to the impact on plant–pathogen interactions. Although atmospheric temperature is predicted to increase in the next century, heat waves during summer seasons have already become a current problem. Elevated temperatures strongly influence plant–virus interactions, the most drastic effect being a breakdown of plant viral resistance conferred by some major resistance genes. In this work, we focused on the R-BPMV gene, a major resistance gene against Bean pod mottle virus in Phaseolus vulgaris. We inoculated different BPMV constructs in order to study the behavior of the R-BPMV-mediated resistance at normal (20 °C) and elevated temperatures (constant 25, 30, and 35 °C). Our results show that R-BPMV mediates a temperature-dependent phenotype of resistance from hypersensitive reaction at 20 °C to chlorotic lesions at 35 °C in the resistant genotype BAT93. BPMV is detected in inoculated leaves but not in systemic ones, suggesting that the resistance remains heat-stable up to 35 °C. R-BPMV segregates as an incompletely dominant gene in an F2 population. We also investigated the impact of elevated temperature on BPMV infection in susceptible genotypes, and our results reveal that elevated temperatures boost BPMV infection both locally and systemically in susceptible genotypes.

Download Full-text

Impact of elevated temperature scenarios on potato leaf development

Engenharia Agrícola ◽

10.1590/s0100-69162012000400008 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 689-697 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nereu A. Streck ◽

Lilian O. Uhlmann ◽

Alencar J. Zanon ◽

Dilson A. Bisognin

Keyword(s):

Elevated Temperature ◽

Leaf Development ◽

Potato Crop ◽

Temperature Response ◽

Potato Leaf ◽

Linear Temperature ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Leaf Appearance ◽

The Impact

The objective of this study was to simulate the impact of elevated temperature scenarios on leaf development of potato in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. Leaf appearance was estimated using a multiplicative model that has a non-linear temperature response function which calculates the daily leaf appearance rate (LAR, leaves day-1) and the accumulated number of leaves (LN) from crop emergence to the appearance of the upper last leaf. Leaf appearance was estimated during 100 years in the following scenarios: current climate, +1 °C, +2 °C, +3 °C, +4 °C e +5 °C. The LAR model was estimated with coefficients of the Asterix cultivar in five emergence dates and in two growing seasons (Fall and Spring). Variable of interest was the duration (days) of the crop emergence to the appearance of the final leaf number (EM-FLN) phase. Statistical analysis was performed assuming a three-factorial experiment, with main effects being climate scenarios, growing seasons, and emergence dates in a completely randomized design using years (one hundred) as replications. The results showed that warmer scenarios lead to an increase, in the fall, and a decrease, in the spring growing season, in the duration of the leaf appearance phase, indicating high vulnerability and complexity of the response of potato crop grown in a Subtropical environment to climate change.

Download Full-text

Experiment on Foreign Object Damage of Gas Turbine-Grade Silicon Nitride Ceramic

Volume 2: Aircraft Engine; Marine; Microturbines and Small Turbomachinery ◽

10.1115/98-gt-399 ◽

1998 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Hiro Yoshida ◽

Takashi Nakashima ◽

Makoto Yoshida ◽

Yasushi Hara ◽

Toru Shimamori

Keyword(s):

Elevated Temperature ◽

Silicon Nitride ◽

Elevated Temperatures ◽

Tensile Load ◽

Strength Degradation ◽

Spall Fracture ◽

Silicon Nitride Ceramic ◽

Impact Tests ◽

The Impact ◽

Bending Fracture

A new high quality turbine system using monolithic silicon-nitride ceramic is under development. In this study particle impact tests of the silicon-nitride have been tried at room and elevated temperatures with and without tensile load, which simulates centrifugal force of blade rotation. In the experiment 1 mm diameter particle is impacted at velocities up to 900 m s−1. In this paper, critical velocities for bending fracture and Hertzian cracks are examined. Moreover, strength degradation at elevated temperature and spall fracture of the blade are discussed. The main results are: 1) The bending fracture mode critical impact velocity for soft particles is higher than that for hard particles. 2)The impact parameter ϕ for initiation of Hertzian cracks ranges 1.08×10−5 – 1.56×10−5 for the materials tested. 3)Strength degradation at elevated temperature was clearly observed. 4) In the impact tests on blades spall fracture, which was caused by interaction of stress waves, appeared.

Download Full-text

Construction and characterization of recombinant vaccinia viruses co-expressing a respiratory syncytial virus protein and a cytokine

Journal of General Virology ◽

10.1099/0022-1317-82-9-2107 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 82 (9) ◽

pp. 2107-2116 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Teresa R. Johnson ◽

Julie E. Fischer ◽

Barney S. Graham

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Vaccinia Virus ◽

Antigen Expression ◽

Virus Protein ◽

Recombinant Vaccinia ◽

Vaccinia Viruses ◽

Ifn Γ ◽

Syncytial Virus ◽

The Impact

Recombinant vaccinia viruses are well-characterized tools that can be used to define novel approaches to vaccine formulation and delivery. While vector co-expression of immune mediators has enormous potential for optimizing the composition of vaccine-induced immune responses, the impact on antigen expression and vector antigenicity must also be considered. Co-expression of IL-4 increased vaccinia virus vector titres, while IFN-γ co-expression reduced vaccinia virus replication in BALB/c mice and in C57BL/6 mice infected with some recombinant viruses. Protection against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) challenge was similar in mice immunized with vaccinia virus expressing RSV G glycoprotein and IFN-γ, even though the replication efficiency of the vector was diminished. These data demonstrate the ability of vector-expressed cytokine to influence the virulence of the vector and to direct the development of selected immune responses. This suggests that the co-expression of cytokines and other immunomodulators has the potential to improve the safety of vaccine vectors while improving the immunogenicity of vaccine antigens.

Download Full-text