scholarly journals Insecticidal efficacy against Phlebotomus perniciosus in dogs treated orally with fluralaner in two different parallel-group, negative-control, random and masked trials

2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gioia Bongiorno ◽  
Leon Meyer ◽  
Alec Evans ◽  
Nouha Lekouch ◽  
Padraig Doherty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Control ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Reservoir Host ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Phlebotomus Perniciosus ◽  
Parallel Group ◽  
Insecticidal Efficacy ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background Dogs are the reservoir host of Leishmania infantum, the agent of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (VL), which is transmitted by the bite of phlebotomine sand flies. The sand fly Phlebotomus perniciosus is the main vector of zoonotic VL in the western Mediterranean region. Fluralaner has been shown to effectively kill this vector. The aim of this study was to evaluate the insecticidal efficacy of oral fluralaner in dogs bitten by P. perniciosus. Methods Two parallel-group, negative-controlled, randomized, masked laboratory trials with equivalent designs were performed in two different locations using two different pathogen-free laboratory-bred P. perniciosus strains for the challenge. In each trial, 12 purpose-bred beagles, initially ranked on natural attractiveness to sand flies, were randomly allocated to two groups (6 animals/group). Dogs in one group received fluralaner orally at the approved dose on day 0, and dogs in the control group were not treated. Each dog was subsequently exposed to an average of 70 unfed live sand fly females on days 1, 28, 56 and 84. Viability of blood-fed females was then evaluated for up to 96 h after exposure, and insecticidal efficacy was measured as the survival rate of flies fed on the fluralaner-treated dogs versus that of dogs in the control group. Significance was calculated for the proportion of live fed sand fly counts from treated versus control group dogs. Results Comparison of the survival proportions between treated and control groups showed that fluralaner insecticidal efficacy was highly significant in both trials (P < 0.001 or P < 0.01 in different assessments) through to day 56. In the first trial, efficacy reached 100% on days 1 and 28, and 99.1% on day 56; in the second trial, the insecticidal efficacy was 98.5, 100 and 85.9%, respectively on the same days. On day 84, efficacy was in the range of 53–57% (P < 0.05) in the first trial and 0% in the second trial. Conclusion A single oral fluralaner administration to dogs under laboratory conditions results in strong and reproducible insecticidal efficacy against P. perniciosus for at least 8 weeks. Graphical Abstract

scholarly journals Anolunula in Fingernails among Patients Infected with HIV

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Pratik Gahalaut ◽  
Nitin Mishra ◽  
Sandhya Chauhan ◽  
Mir Mubashir Ali ◽  
Madhur Kant Rastogi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
And Control ◽  
Hiv Negative

Lunula is the white, half-moon shaped area seen in proximal ends of some nails. Though a few studies have described the nail changes that can occur in association with HIV infection, none of these paid much attention to lunula. Aims and Objectives. To study the lunula in fingernails among HIV infected patients. Materials and Methods. An observational, cross-sectional study to record presence of lunula in 168 HIV-positive patients and compare it with age and sex matched 168 healthy HIV-negative control. Anolunula (absence of lunula) in HIV-positive patients was correlated with CD4 counts, stages of HIV infection, time since patient was diagnosed as HIV-positive, and status of antiretroviral therapy. Results. Anolunula was present in significantly more fingernails in HIV-positive patients compared to HIV-negative controls. There was a highly significant difference for total anolunula (anolunula in all fingernails) in study and control group. Incidence of total anolunula was directly proportional to the stage of HIV infection, increasing progressively as the HIV infection advances from stage 1 to stage 4. Conclusion. Absence of lunula is related to not only HIV infection per se but also the stages of HIV infection.

scholarly journals Assessment of the insecticidal activity of oral afoxolaner against Phlebotomus perniciosus in dogs

Parasite ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Nadège Perier ◽  
Wilfried Lebon ◽  
Leon Meyer ◽  
Noua Lekouch ◽  
Nesrine Aouiche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Untreated Control ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Untreated Control Group ◽  
Phlebotomus Perniciosus ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Insecticidal Efficacy ◽  
Healthy Dogs

Twelve healthy dogs were included in this laboratory efficacy study. Six dogs were randomly allocated based on body weight to an untreated control group and six to an afoxolaner (NexGard®) treated group. In the treatment group, afoxolaner was administered orally on Day 0 in accordance with label instructions. On Days 1, 14 and 28, each dog was exposed to 60 unfed female and 10 male Phlebotomus perniciosus sandflies for 1 h. At the end of each exposure period, sandflies were counted and assessed for viability and feeding status. There was no statistical difference in mortality (0.0–5.4%), nor in feeding proportion (61.6–78%) between the control and the treated groups at all 1-h post-exposure assessments. After collection, live fed and unfed sandflies were kept for viability assessments at 48 and 72 h post-exposure. In the untreated control group, the average percentages of live, fed, female sandflies after exposure, on Days 1, 14 and 28, ranged from 51% to 74% at 48 h and from 46% to 57% at 72 h, demonstrating model robustness over the 28 days of the study. Significantly fewer live fed sandflies were recorded for the afoxolaner treated group (p < 0.01). The insecticidal efficacy was 100%, 95.9% and 75.2% at 48 h post Days 1, 14 and 28 exposures, respectively, and 100%, 100% and 86.3% at 72 h post Days 1, 14, and 28 exposures, respectively. A single administration of oral afoxolaner (NexGard®) to dogs significantly killed P. perniciosus sandflies 48 and 72 h after blood feeding for 1 month.

An Anticalculus Dentifrice with Sodium Hexametaphosphate and Stannous Fluoride: A Six-month Study of Efficacy

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Leslie Winston ◽  
Thomas Schiff ◽  
Susan K. Fiedler ◽  
Robert A. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Home Care ◽  
Clinical Significance ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Sodium Hexametaphosphate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Stannous Fluoride ◽  
Parallel Group ◽  
Calculus Formation ◽  
Oral Soft Tissue

Abstract Aim To compare the anticalculus efficacy of an experimental dentifrice (0.454% stabilized stannous fluoride/ sodium hexametaphosphate) with a negative control. Methods and Materials This was a randomized, examiner-blind, parallel group study. After a three-month run-in, qualifying subjects were randomized to the experimental or control dentifrice to use twice a day for six months. Volpe-Manhold Index (V-MI) and oral soft tissue examinations were conducted at baseline, three, and six months. Additional analyses were performed separately at three and six months on three subgroups categorized into high, medium, and low calculus-forming subjects. Results Compared to the control group, the experimental dentifrice group had a mean calculus score statistically significantly lower at both three months (50%) and six months (55%) post-treatment (p<0.001). Compared to control scores, mean experimental dentifrice calculus scores at three and six months were statistically significantly lower at both points in time for high, medium, and low calculus forming sub-groups (p<0.001). Both products were generally well tolerated. Conclusion The experimental dentifrice revealed significant anticalculus efficacy compared to the control regardless of levels of baseline calculus formation. Clinical Significance The stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice technology is an effective calculus inhibitor for home care. Citation Winston JL, Fiedler SK, Schiff T, Baker RA. An Anticalculus Dentifrice with Sodium Hexametaphosphate and Stannous Fluoride: A Six-month Study of Efficacy. J Contemp Dent Pract 2007 July;(8)5:001-008.

A Clinical Assessment of the Efficacy of a Stannous-Containing Sodium Fluoride Dentifrice on Dentinal Hypersensitivity

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao He ◽  
Trevor Day ◽  
Johannes Einwag ◽  
Joachim S. Hermann ◽  
Mary Kay Anastasia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Fluoride ◽  
Clinical Assessment ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Lower Sensitivity ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Parallel Group ◽  
Sensitive Teeth ◽  
Fluoride Dentifrice ◽  
Dentinal Hypersensitivity

Abstract Aim To measure the desensitizing benefits of an experimental stannous-containing sodium fluoride dentifrice versus a regular sodium fluoride negative control. Methods and Materials This study was a randomized, double-blind, parallel group, fourweek clinical trial. Subjects reporting dentinal hypersensitivity were enrolled and randomized to the experimental dentifrice or the control dentifrice to use twice daily for four weeks. Efficacy assessments (Air Blast) were performed at baseline and weeks two and four. Separate analyses were performed for the two most sensitive teeth at baseline and for all 12 teeth. Results for weeks two and four combined also were analyzed. Results Thirty-one subjects were included in the analyses. For the two most sensitive teeth, the experimental dentifrice showed statistically significantly less sensitivity (p<0.05) versus the control at weeks two and four and for weeks two and four combined. The sensitivity reduction ranged from 24.9% to 28.4% over the control. For all 12 teeth, the experimental group had statistically significantly (p<0.03) lower sensitivity scores versus the control group at week two and weeks two and four combined. Conclusion The experimental dentifrice demonstrated significant desensitizing advantages versus the control. Clinical Significance This stannouscontaining sodium fluoride dentifrice provides an effective treatment for patients with dentinal hypersensitivity, significantly reducing sensitivity versus a negative control in this four-week trial. Citation Day TN, Einwag J, Hermann JS, He T, Anastasia MK, Barker M, Zhang Y. A Clinical Assessment of the Efficacy of a Stannous- Containing Sodium Fluoride Dentifrice on Dentinal Hypersensitivity. J Contemp Dent Pract [Internet]. 2010 Jan; 11(1):001-008. Available from:http://www.thejcdp.com/journal/view/volume11- issue1-day.

scholarly journals Replacement of vitamin-mineral premix by Spirulina and its effect on the performance of broiler

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Shahinur Nahar Moury ◽  
Md. Touhiduzzaman Sarker ◽  
Adhita Sri Prabakusuma ◽  
Md. Imrul Hasan Russel ◽  
Md. Shahidul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 6 ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
And Control ◽  
Group 1

The main purpose of this study was to explore the effects of Spirulina (Spirulina platensis) as a feed supplement by replacing Vitamin-Mineral Premix on the performance of broiler. The study explored that final body weight was 1039, 1070, 1044, 1065, 1117 and 893 g/bird in group 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 where significantly (p<0.5) higher weight observed in Spirulina group (5) but lower in negative control group (6). Feed intake observed more or less similar in all groups (1483±24g; p>0.5). Feed conversion ratio (kg FI/kg LWG) observed significantly different like 1.72, 1.65, 1.69, 1.62, 1.61 and 1.99 in group 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 respectively (p<0.5) where higher in negative group (6) and control group (1), but is lowest and similar in 75% Spirulina group (4) and highest (100%) Spirulina group (5). %Ash of different dietary groups were 46.35, 46.54, 48.93, 49.93, 55.07 and 46.92 of group 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 respectively. The %ash of bone was gradually increased among dietary groups and the best result was obtained in 100% Spirulina group 5 (55.07). It also revealed that diets containing no vitamin-mineral premix with 100% Spirulina improve the performance of broiler. The findings suggest that poultry farmer can use spirulina as a feed item for broiler for more yield.

scholarly journals Coating based on cassava starch and chitosan in maintenance of vacuum packaged shrimp quality

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. e275985714
Author(s):  
Débora Midian Galdino Benevides ◽  
Bárbara Jéssica Pinto Costa ◽  
Heithor Syro Anacleto de Almeida ◽  
Elisandra Cibely Cabral de Melo ◽  
Renata Cristina Borges da Silva Macedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Cassava Starch ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ph Variation ◽  
Mesophilic Bacteria ◽  
Nutritional Characteristics ◽  
And Control ◽  
Marketing Chain

Shrimp is a product with good nutritional characteristics and strong market appeal, however, highly susceptible to microbiological contamination. For this reason, the use of appropriate preservation methods is essential to guarantee the quality of this food throughout its marketing chain. Conventional methods of shrimp preservation make use of non-biodegradable plastic packaging associated with refrigeration and vacuum. As an alternative to these plastic packages, coatings based on biopolymers such as polysaccharides and proteins can be used. In this work, the quality of the shrimp covered with films from cassava starch and chitosan was evaluated. Fresh shrimp were collected, peeled, and dipped in filmogenic solutions of cassava starch, chitosan, and mixed cassava starch with chitosan (1:1), a negative control was performed. The samples were stored in vacuum packages for six days, and on days 3 and 6, three repetitions of mesophilic bacteria count, pH, and humidity analysis were performed. The groups with coatings presented lower bacterial counts than the control group, especially the groups containing chitosan.  The pH and humidity changed during the days of experiment only in the group covered with cassava starch and control group, being pH variation associated with the increase of mesophilic bacteria count in these groups. The influence of the application of the coating on the conservation of the shrimp, in addition to creating a barrier around it, shows antimicrobial properties when considering chitosan, and may be a promising method for the conservation of minimally processed food.

scholarly journals Notes on the sand fly fauna (Diptera: Psychodidae) in a region of Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (14) ◽  
pp. e596101422480
Author(s):  
Paula Fassicolo Variza ◽  
Thiago Nunes Pereira ◽  
Joice Guilherme de Oliveira ◽  
Millena Fernandes ◽  
Daniel Moreira de Avelar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Forest ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Santa Catarina ◽  
Leishmania Spp ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
And Control ◽  
First Time

The family Psychodidae has a cosmopolitan distribution with members that occur in many habitats, mainly in humid environments, and is most diverse in the tropics. Subfamilies Sycoracinae and Phlebotominae have females with hematophagous habits and the latter studied more due to medical and veterinary interest, since it includes species that can transmit diseases to animals and humans. The knowledge about the sand fly fauna in a region is extremely important for adequate monitoring and control measures for leishmaniasis. Thus, the objective of this study was to characterize Psychodidae fauna in relation to richness, abundance and molecular identification of Leishmania spp. in sand flies in southern Santa Catarina, Brazil. The ollections were carried out between 2015 and 2016 in three cities in Santa Catarina, Brazil. Samples were taken near feeding places for domestic animals, urban forest and peridomicile areas. The insects were identified and female sand flies were submitted to molecular analysis to detect the presence of Leishmania spp.. A total of 4,200 insects were collected, 4,193 from the Sycoracinae subfamily and 7 Phlebotominae from the Nyssomyia neivai and Pintomyia fisheri species. Of the studied municipalities, sandflies were registered in Tubarão and Imaruí and the most frequent habitat was the peridomicile areas. No samples were positive for Leishmania spp. In conclusion, the work highlights the presence of two species of sandflies, which were recorded for the first time in southern Santa Catarina.

Evaluation of a dinotefuran-permethrin-pyriorixyfen insect repellent in dogs exposed to experimental infestations of sand flies (Lutzomyia longipalpis)

2018 ◽  
Vol XXIII (136) ◽  
pp. 58-73
Author(s):  
Bruna Cerruti de Godoi ◽  
Sandra Fernandez ◽  
Paula Bandiera Leite ◽  
Sidimar Sossai ◽  
Leonardo Pinto Brandão ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Canine Leishmaniasis ◽  
Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Major Player ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Receive Treatment ◽  
And Control

Visceral leishmaniasis is a serious zoonosis, and has a high incidence in Brazil. The ubiquitous presence of sand flies is a major player in the high incidence of leishmaniasis in urban areas of Brazil. Prevention and control or canine leishmaniasis is important to decrease the incidence of the zoonosis. Control is done with topical use of products with antiparasitic, repellent and insecticide action. This study evaluated the repellent efficacy of line-on application of a topical permethrin-dinotefuran-pyriproxyfen formulation in dogs. Six dogs were treated with the product and six did not receive treatment. All dogs were sedated and exposed to sand flies of the species Lutzomyia longipalpis weekly for 28 days. The result showed that the product had an efficacy of 90.4% in repelling sand flies. There was statistical significance (p ≤ 0,05) difference in the number (mean) of live engorged sand fly females between the two groups in all evaluations. The product showed repellent efficacy against Lutzomyia longipalpis for 28 days.

scholarly journals Cytotoxic effects of White-MTA and MTA-Bio cements on odontoblast-like cells (MDPC-23)

2010 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda Campos Rosetti Lessa ◽  
Andreza Maria Fábio Aranha ◽  
Josimeri Hebling ◽  
Carlos Alberto de Souza Costa
Keyword(s):  
Culture Medium ◽  
Cell Metabolism ◽  
Mineral Trioxide Aggregate ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cytotoxic Effects ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cell Organization ◽  
New Formulation ◽  
And Control

This study evaluated the cytotoxic effects of 2 mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) cements - White-MTA-Angelus and a new formulation, MTA-Bio - on odontoblast-like cell (MDPC-23) cultures. Twenty-four disc-shaped (2 mm diameter x 2 mm thick) specimens were fabricated from each material and immersed individually in wells containing 1 mL of DMEM culture medium for either 24 h or 7 days to obtain extracts, giving rise to 4 groups of 12 specimens each: G1 - White-MTA/24 h; G2 - White-MTA/7 days; G3 - MTA-Bio/24 h; and G4 - MTA-Bio/7 days. Plain culture medium (DMEM) was used as a negative control (G5). Cells at 30,000 cells/cm² concentration were seeded in the wells of 24-well plates and incubated in a humidified incubator with 5% CO2 and 95% air at 37ºC for 72 h. After this period, the culture medium of each well was replaced by 1 mL of extract (or plain DMEM in the control group) and the cells were incubated for additional 2 h. Cell metabolism was evaluated by the MTT assay and the data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and Tukey's test (α=0.05). Cell morphology and the surface of representative MTA specimens of each group were examined by scanning electron microscopy. There was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) between G1 and G2 or between G3 and G4. No significant difference (p>0.05) was found between the experimental and control groups either. Similar cell organization and morphology were observed in all groups, regardless of the storage periods. However, the number of cells observed in the experimental groups decreased compared to the control group. MTA-Bio presented irregular surface with more porosities than White-MTA. In conclusion, White-MTA and MTA-Bio presented low cytotoxic effects on odontoblast-like cell (MDPC-23) cultures.

scholarly journals Efektifitas Lumatan Daun Jambu Biji (Psidium guajava linn) Terhadap Penyembuhan Luka Bakar (Vulnus combustion) Pada Kelinci

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-7
Author(s):  
Wahyudi Wahyudi Wahyudi ◽  
Dian Ika Perbina
Keyword(s):  
Digestive System ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Psidium Guajava ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Guava Leaf ◽  
And Control

Guava (Guava guajava linn) or guava contains high pectin so it can lower cholesterol, contain tannins that serves to improve the digestive system. Chemical compounds contained in the fruit guava echoes its shape is quersetin i.e. the type of flavonoid compounds a flavonol, flavones, and flavol, which helps them were to treat the fragility of capillaries in the human. The purpose of this research is to know the effectiveness of guava leaf lumatan (Guava guajava linn) in burn healing in rabbits. The methods used in this study was an experimental method using a control group, the Group and the comparison group test (perlakuaan). The results showed that of the negative control group provides the longest healing impact i.e. on the 13th, the positive control healing burns on day 8, and control using lumatan guava leaf healing burns on day 9 control group comparison, bioplacenton indicates days of healing Burns most rapidly healed.

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