High-intensity physical activity is not associated with better cognition in the elder: evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study

Abstract Background To evaluate the association of physical activity (PA) intensity with cognitive performance at baseline and during follow-up. Methods A total of 4039 participants aged 45 years or above from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study were enrolled in visit 1 (2011–2012) and followed for cognitive function in visit 2 (2013–2014), visit 3 (2015–2016), and visit 4 (2017–2018). We analyzed the association of PA intensity with global cognition, episodic memory, and mental intactness at baseline using adjusted regression methods and evaluated the long-term effect of PA intensity using multiple measures of cognition scores by mixed effect model. Results In cross-sectional analysis, mild and moderate PA, rather than vigorous PA, was associated with better cognitive performance. The results remained consistent in multiple sensitivity analyses. During the follow-up, participant with mild PA had a 0.56 (95% CI 0.12–0.99) higher global cognition, 0.23 (95% CI 0.01–0.46) higher episodic memory, and 0.33 (95% CI 0.01–0.64) higher mental intactness, while those with moderate PA had a 0.74 (95% CI 0.32–1.17) higher global score, 0.32 (95% CI 0.09–0.54) higher episodic memory, and 0.43 (95% CI 0.12–0.74) higher mental intactness, compared with individuals without PA. Vigorous PA was not beneficial to the long-term cognitive performance. Conclusions Our study indicates that mild and moderate PA could improve cognitive performance, rather than the vigorous activity. The targeted intensity of PA might be more effective to achieve the greatest cognition improvement considering age and depressive status.

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High-intensity Physical Activity Is Not Associated With Better Cognition in the Elder: Evidence From the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-806033/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Zhiyuan Wu ◽

Haiping Zhang ◽

Xinlei Miao ◽

Haibin Li ◽

Huiying Pan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Longitudinal Study ◽

Episodic Memory ◽

Cognitive Performance ◽

Sensitivity Analyses ◽

Mixed Effect ◽

Regression Methods ◽

Intensity Physical Activity ◽

Global Cognition

Abstract Objective To evaluate the association of physical activity (PA) intensity with cognitive performance at baseline and during follow up. Methods A total of 4 039 participants aged 45 years or above from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study were enrolled in visit 1 (2011-2012), and followed for cognitive function in visit 2 (2013-2014), visit 3 (2015-2016) and visit 4 (2017-2018). We analyzed the association of PA intensity with global cognition, episodic memory and mental intactness at baseline using adjusted regression methods, and evaluated the long-term effect of PA intensity using multiple measures of cognition scores by mixed effect model.Results Compared with individuals without PA, those with mild PA had 0.42 (3.7%) higher global cognition, and 0.20 (5.9%) higher episodic memory, while individuals with moderate PA had 0.59 (5.3%) higher global cognition, 0.25 (7.1%) higher episodic memory, and 0.34 (4.4%) higher mental intactness at baseline. The vigorous PA was not associated with better global cognition, episodic memory and mental intactness (all P>0.05). The results remained almost consistent in multiple sensitivity analyses. In addition, mild and moderate PA, rather than vigorous PA, was beneficial to long-term cognitive performance. Conclusions Our study indicates that mild and moderate PA could improve cognitive performance, rather than the vigorous activity. The targeted intensity of PA might be more effective to achieve the greatest cognition improvement considering age, overweight and depressive status.

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Does physical activity lower the risk for metabolic syndrome: a longitudinal study of physically active older women

BMC Geriatrics ◽

10.1186/s12877-020-01952-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Izabela Zając-Gawlak ◽

Jana Pelclová ◽

Dorota Groffik ◽

Miroslava Přidalová ◽

Agnieszka Nawrat-Szołtysik ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Longitudinal Study ◽

Older Women ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Physically Active ◽

High Density Cholesterol

Abstract Background The associations between physical activity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) have been mainly found in cross-sectional studies. The aim of this longitudinal study was to examine the relationship between meeting step-based guidelines and changes in the risk of metabolic syndrome. Methods This study included data from older women (baseline age 62.9 ± 4.3 years) from a 7-year longitudinal study in Central Europe. At baseline and follow-up, physical activity was measured by an accelerometer, and the risk for MetS was assessed according to the NCEP-ATP III criteria. In 59 women, multivariate repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare differences in changes in the risk of MetS in groups based on meeting step-based guidelines (10,000 steps/day and 9000 steps/day for women aged <65 and ≥ 65 years, respectively). Results Over 7 years, steps/day increased from 10,944 ± 3560 to 11,652 ± 4865, and the risk of MetS decreased from 41 to 12% in our sample. Women who longitudinally met step-based guidelines had a significantly higher mean concentration of high-density cholesterol (HDL-C) (64.5 and 80.3 mg/dL at baseline and follow-up, respectively) and a lower concentration of triglycerides (TGs) (158.3 and 123.8 mg/dL at baseline and follow-up, respectively) at follow-up compared to baseline. Moreover, women who increased their daily steps over 7 years to the recommended steps/day value significantly decreased the concentration of TGs (158.3 mg/dL and 123.8 mg/dL at baseline and follow-up, respectively). Conclusions Our study might suggest that the long-term meeting of step-based guidelines or an increase in daily steps/day to achieve the recommended value could be related to a lower risk of MetS, specifically in concentrations of HDL-C and TG. These findings may help in designing interventions aiming to decrease the risk of MetS in older women.

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A Longitudinal Study of Objectively Measured Built Environment as Determinant of Physical Activity in Young Adults: The European Youth Heart Study

Journal of Physical Activity and Health ◽

10.1123/jpah.2014-0039 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 12 (7) ◽

pp. 909-914 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Jasper Schipperijn ◽

Mathias Ried-Larsen ◽

Merete S. Nielsen ◽

Anneli F. Holdt ◽

Anders Grøntved ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Young Adults ◽

Longitudinal Study ◽

Built Environment ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Environmental Indices ◽

Domain Specific ◽

Objectively Measured ◽

European Youth

Background:This longitudinal study aimed to examine if a Movability Index (MI), based on objectively measured built environment characteristics, was a determinant for objectively measured physical activity (PA) among young adults.Methods:Data collected from 177 persons participating in the Danish part of the European Youth Hearth Study (EYHS) was used to examine the effect of the built environment on PA. A MI was developed using objectively measured built environment characteristics, and included residential density, recreational facilities, daily destinations and street connectivity.Results:Results showed a positive cross-sectional association between MI and PA. PA decreased from baseline to follow-up. MI increased, primarily due to participants relocating to larger cities. An increase in MI from baseline to follow-up was associated with a reduced decrease in PA for females.Conclusions:Our findings suggest that the built environment is a determinant for PA, especially for females. The found gender differences might suggest the need to develop gender specific environmental indices in future studies. The validity of the measures can be further improved by creating domain specific PA measures as well as domain specific environmental indices and this can potentially reveal more specific built environment determinants for PA.

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Long-term trajectory of cognitive performance in people with bipolar disorder and controls: 6-year longitudinal study

BJPsych Open ◽

10.1192/bjo.2021.66 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Timea Sparding ◽

Erik Joas ◽

Caitlin Clements ◽

Carl M. Sellgren ◽

Erik Pålsson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bipolar Disorder ◽

Cognitive Functioning ◽

Cognitive Performance ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Cognitive Test ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Time Interaction

Background Cross-sectional studies have found impaired cognitive functioning in patients with bipolar disorder, but long-term longitudinal studies are scarce. Aims The aims of this study were to examine the 6-year longitudinal course of cognitive functioning in patients with bipolar disorder and healthy controls. Subsets of patients were examined to investigate possible differences in cognitive trajectories. Method Patients with bipolar I disorder (n = 44) or bipolar II disorder (n = 28) and healthy controls (n = 59) were tested with a comprehensive cognitive test battery at baseline and retested after 6 years. We conducted repeated measures ANCOVAs with group as a between-subject factor and tested the significance of group and time interaction. Results By and large, the change in cognitive functioning between baseline and follow-up did not differ significantly between participants with bipolar disorder and healthy controls. Comparing subsets of patients, for example those with bipolar I and II disorder and those with and without manic episodes during follow-up, did not reveal subgroups more vulnerable to cognitive decline. Conclusions Cognitive performance remained stable in patients with bipolar disorder over a 6-year period and evolved similarly to healthy controls. These findings argue against the notion of a general progressive decline in cognitive functioning in bipolar disorder.

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Long-Term Correlates of Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Sedentary Time in Norwegian Men and Women

Journal of Physical Activity and Health ◽

10.1123/jpah.2014-0390 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 12 (11) ◽

pp. 1500-1507 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ane Kristiansen Solbraa ◽

Ulf Ekelund ◽

Ingar M. Holme ◽

Sidsel Graff-Iversen ◽

Jostein Steene-Johannessen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Sedentary Time ◽

Vigorous Physical Activity ◽

Perceived Health ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Negatively Associated ◽

Objectively Measured ◽

Objectively Measured Physical Activity

Background:Sex, age, body mass index (BMI), perceived health and health behavior are correlates known to affect physical activity and sedentary time. However, studies have often been cross-sectional, and less is known about long-term correlates. Thus, the aims were to investigate 1) the associations between a set of characteristics (demographic, biological, psychological, and behavioral) and objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time at 13-year follow-up, and 2) the association between changes in these characteristics over time and physical activity and sedentary time.Methods:Baseline characteristics were collected in 40-year-olds in 1996, and follow-up data on objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time were obtained in 2009 (n = 240). Data were analyzed by multiple linear regressions.Results:Self-reported physical activity (P < .001) and improved perceived health (P = .046) were positively associated with moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) whereas BMI (P = .034) and increased BMI (P = .014) were negatively associated with MVPA at follow-up. Women spent less time being sedentary than men (P = .019). Education (P < .001) was positively associated and improved perceived health (P = .010) was negatively associated with sedentary time at follow-up.Conclusions:MVPA and sedentary time at follow-up were associated with behavioral, biological and demographic correlates. However, the nature of our analyses prevents us from inferring causality.

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Influence of Cognitive Reserve on Cognitive Trajectories: Role of Brain Pathologies

Neurology ◽

10.1212/wnl.0000000000012728 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 10.1212/WNL.0000000000012728

Author(s):

Xuerui Li ◽

Ruixue Song ◽

Xiuying Qi ◽

Hui Xu ◽

Wenzhe Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

Episodic Memory ◽

Cognitive Reserve ◽

Late Life ◽

Mixed Effect ◽

Mixed Effect Models ◽

Global Cognition

Background and Objectives:Evidence on the association of the cognitive reserve (CR) with the cognitive trajectories is limited. We aimed to examine the influence of CR indicator on domain-specific cognitive trajectories taking brain pathologies into account.Methods:Within the Rush Memory and Aging Project, 1,697 dementia-free participants (mean age: 79.6 years) were followed up to 21 years. CR indicator encompassing education, early-life, mid-life, and late-life cognitive activities, and late-life social activity was ascertained at baseline and categorized as tertiles (the lowest, middle, and highest). Global cognition, episodic memory, semantic memory, working memory, visuospatial ability, and perceptual speed were assessed annually with 19 tests, from which composite scores were derived. During the follow-up, 648 died and underwent autopsies to evaluate brain pathologies. Data were analyzed using linear mixed-effect models.Results:Among the participants, the score of the CR indicator ranged from -8.00 to 5.74 (mean: 0.00±2.23). In multi-adjusted mixed-effect models, compared to the lowest CR, the highest was related to a slower decline in global cognition (β=0.028, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.012 to 0.043), episodic memory (β=0.028, 95% CI: 0.010 to 0.047) and working memory (β=0.019, 95% CI: 0.005 to 0.033) during the follow-up. In brain pathological data analysis, the association of the highest CR with cognitive function changes remained significant among participants with high Alzheimer’s disease pathology or gross infarcts.Discussion:High CR indicator is associated with preserved global cognitive function, episodic memory, and working memory, even in the presence of brain pathologies. Our findings highlight the important role of high CR accumulation in the prevention of cognitive decline.

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Trajectories of physical activity from midlife to old age and associations with subsequent cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality

Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health ◽

10.1136/jech-2019-212706 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 74 (2) ◽

pp. 130-136 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Daniel Aggio ◽

Efstathios Papachristou ◽

Olia Papacosta ◽

Lucy T Lennon ◽

Sarah Ash ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Old Age ◽

Sensitivity Analyses ◽

Mortality And Morbidity ◽

Heart Study ◽

All Cause Mortality ◽

Cvd Mortality

IntroductionIt is well established that physical activity (PA) protects against mortality and morbidity, but how long-term patterns of PA are associated with mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains unclear.Methods3231 men recruited to the British Regional Heart Study, a prospective cohort study, reported usual PA levels at baseline in 1978–1980 (aged 40–59 years) and at 12-year, 16-year and 20-year follow ups. Twenty-year trajectories of PA, spanning from 1978/1980 to 2000, were identified using group-based trajectory modelling. Men were subsequently followed up until 30 June 2016 for mortality through National Health Service central registers and for non-fatal CVD events through primary and secondary care records. Data analyses were conducted in 2019.ResultsThree PA trajectories were identified: low/decreasing (22.7%), light/stable (51.0%) and moderate/increasing (26.3%). Over a median follow-up of 16.4 years, there were 1735 deaths. Compared with the low/decreasing group, membership of the light/stable (HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.74 to 0.94) and moderate/increasing (HR 0.76, 95% CI 0.66 to 0.88) groups was associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality. Similar associations were observed for CVD mortality, major coronary heart disease and all CVD events. Associations were only partially explained by a range of confounders. Sensitivity analyses suggested that survival benefits were largely driven by most recent/current PA.ConclusionsA dose-response relationship was observed, with higher levels of PA from midlife to old age associated with additional benefits. However, even fairly modest and sustained PA was protective and may be more achievable for the most inactive.

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Theoretical and Methodological Problems of a 10-Year Follow-Up Program Evaluation Study

European Journal of Psychological Assessment ◽

10.1027//1015-5759.18.3.229 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 229-241 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Kurt A. Heller ◽

Ralph Reimann

Keyword(s):

Program Evaluation ◽

Evaluation Studies ◽

Evaluation Study ◽

Control Groups ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Long Term Study ◽

Partial Inclusion ◽

Methodological Problems

Summary In this paper, conceptual and methodological problems of school program evaluation are discussed. The data were collected in conjunction with a 10 year cross-sectional/longitudinal investigation with partial inclusion of control groups. The experiences and conclusions resulting from this long-term study are revealing not only from the vantage point of the scientific evaluation of new scholastic models, but are also valuable for program evaluation studies in general, particularly in the field of gifted education.

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