Bullying in schools: prevalence, bystanders’ reaction and associations with sex and relationships

Abstract Background Bullying and peer victimization are the most pressing social problems affecting the wellbeing of children and adolescents. This study attempts to estimate the prevalence and examine the association of bystander’s sex, her/his relationship with the victim and with the bully, and bystander’s reaction to school bullying in East Gojjam Administrative Zone, Ethiopia. Methods This study followed an explanatory mixed-method study design. For the quantitative phase, 612 participants were selected using multistage cluster sampling techniques and for qualitative phase, 18 participants were selected using purposive sampling technique. We used self-reported questionnaires and semi-structured interviews to collect data from students attending grades 7, 8, 9, and 10. Results This study revealed that 55% of bystanders remained passive while 38% of them defended the victim upon witnessing bullying incidents. Pearson Chi-Square test for independence indicated a significant association between bystanders’ relationship with the victim and/or bully, and bystanders’ reaction. In contrast, sex has no significant association with bystanders’ reaction. The semi-structured interview data also suggested that large number of bystanders most often stood by passively while some of them defended the victim. Conclusion The practice of defending among students attending their education in governmental primary and secondary schools in East Gojjam Administrative Zone was low. Close social relationships (being close friends, relatives, and classmates) with the victim and bully were significantly associated with the practice of defending.

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Relationship of Child Individual Factors with Stunting Incidence in Children Aged 24-36 Months at Serdang Bedagai District

Britain International of Exact Sciences (BIoEx) Journal ◽

10.33258/bioex.v2i1.179 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 436-441

Author(s):

Ramadhani Nainggolan ◽

Evawany Y. Aritonang ◽

Etti Sudaryati

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Human Life ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Child Growth ◽

Birth Length ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Chi Square ◽

Growth Standards ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Relationship Of

Stunting is a form of malnutrition, as a proportion of children under 5 years old whose height is below minus 2 standard deviations based on the WHO Child Growth Standards. The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship of individual child factors with the incidence of stunting of children aged 24-36 months in Serdang Bedagai District, Sumatera Utara Province, Indonesia. This type of research is a case control study. The sample of this study amounted to 120 toddler, namely 60 cases and 60 controls with cluster sampling technique. Data was collected by interview technique using a questionnaire, and stunting data is determined by anthropometric measurements. Data analysis used chi-square test with α = 5%. The result showed that breastfeeding history, birth weight and birth length were related to the incidence of stunting in children aged 24-36 months (p <0,05; OR=2.1). It is suggested that there will be cooperation from various parties in overcoming nutritional problems during pregnancy and breastfeeding periods, such as increasing attention in the first 1000 days of human life, attention to nutrition of pregnant women as prevention of low birth weight and low birth length, which in turn affects stunting, as well as attention increase breastfeeding in infants.

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The Statistical Analysis of Factors Explaining the Intention of Public for Blood Donation in Jamshoro, Sindh

Journal of Business and Social Review in Emerging Economies ◽

10.26710/jbsee.v7i2.1648 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 13-20

Author(s):

Nazia Parveen Gill ◽

Fozia Parveen Panhwar ◽

Sunbul Naeem Cheema ◽

Raja Muhammad Ilyas

Keyword(s):

Blood Donors ◽

Blood Donation ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Final Analysis ◽

Screening Tests ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Chi Square ◽

Willingness To Donate ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

The Media

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to determine different factors explaining the intention of public in context of blood donation in the district of Jamshoro, Sindh. Methodology: The data were collected of 400 samples from four different tehsils of Jamshoro. The data was collected through well-structured questionnaire. The survey was conducted in 2019 and cluster sampling technique was used. The internal consistency of the questionnaire was examined, and Chi-Square test was applied for final analysis. Findings: The public's willingness to donate blood is limited, according to this study (χ2 (1) = 0.88, p=0.39). The media does not perform any significant role in awareness generating and educating the general public about the importance of donating blood (χ2 (1) = 24.35, p=0.001). Women make up a small percentage of blood donors in society (χ2 (1) = 0.05, p=0.82). This research also compares blood donors and non-donors based on gender and age. The contribution of blood donors in younger age was higher (χ2 (3) = 19.31, p=0.01) in males (χ2 (1) = 27.98, p=0.001). Conclusion: The awareness of blood donation was higher in males, higher education, and young age peoples (18-28) years. Furthermore, the awareness about blood donation should be made known through electronic and print media along with the educational programs at educational institutions. Blood bank lab assistants should be given training to keep up to date with the latest information on blood donation, samples, and screening tests.

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Motivation, Attitude, Role Of Drug Control (Pmo) With Drug Compliance In Patients Tb

Comprehensive Health Care ◽

10.37362/jch.v3i2.220 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 53-62

Author(s):

Marniati ◽

Nurlina ◽

Safruddin

Keyword(s):

Data Analysis ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Significance Level ◽

Long Time ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

The Relationship

Pulmonary tuberculosis is a direct infectious disease caused by TB (Mycobacterium Tuberculosis) bacteria. The level of compliance with the use of pulmonary TB drugs is very important and requires a long time that is 6-8 months, because if treatment is not carried out regularly or is not compliant and does not correspond to the specified time then there will be resistance (resistance) of tuberculosis germs against drugs Widespread Anti Tuberculosis (OAT) or Multi Drugs Resistance (MDR). The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between motivation, attitudes, the role of supervisors taking medication (PMO) in TB sufferers. The design of the study used an Analytical Observational design using the Cross-Sectional approach. The population in this study were all TB sufferers in Bulukumba District with a sampling technique using cluster sampling. The number of samples in this study were 60 respondents. Data were obtained through questionnaire sheets made by researchers to respondents. Data analysis used Fisher's alternative Chi-square Test, with significance level α = 0.05. The results of the data analysis show that the motivation variable p = 0.023, the attitude variable p = 0.012, and the role of the supervisor for taking medication (PMO) p = 0.017. So it can be concluded that there is a relationship between motivation, attitude, the role of supervisors taking medication (PMO) with adherence to taking medication in TB patients in Bulukumba Regency.

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Abuse Experienced by Elderly Residing in a Community of Pokhara, Nepal

Europasian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.46405/ejms.v2i2.221 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 128-134

Author(s):

Pramila Bhandari ◽

Mira Baral

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Elder Abuse ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

The Elderly ◽

Structured Interview ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

And Migration

Background: Abuse of the elderly is a hidden problem in Nepalese community. Pokhara city is highly affected by urbanization, modernization and migration that predispose older adults to social isolation and financial difficulties increasing their risk to abuse. This study aims to fill the gap in the knowledge in the area of abuse of elderly in Pokhara city.Objectives: The major objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of caregiver abuse experienced by the older adults and find out the factors associated with the abuse. Method: A cross sectional study was used for the study. Convenience sampling technique was used and data was collected from 192 elderly above the age of 60 years residing a community of Pokhara-28, Kaski at their households using a structured interview schedule. Data was collected in June 2018, for a period of one month. Before data collection, informed written consent was taken from participants. The data was analyzed by using SPSS-16 and chi-square test was used as inferential statistics to determine the association between the elder abuse and selected variables.Result: We found out that 65.6% of the elderly experienced at least one abuse in the last 6 months. The most common forms of abuse were caregiver neglect (55.2%) and psychological abuse (38.5%). The elderly abuse was statistically significant with female sex (p=0.001), unmarried/widow/widower/separated/divorced (p=.021), illiterate (p=0.002), and among those having chronic illness (p=0.003). Conclusion: Almost 7 out of 10 elderly experienced abuse in the past 6 months. The most common form of abuse was caregiver neglect followed by psychological and financial abuse. Older adults who were females, unmarried/widowed/separated/divorced, illiterate and those having chronic disease were at higher risk for abuse.

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Perbedaan Pola Pemberian Nutrisi pada Balita dengan Stunting dan Non-Stunting di Desa Rempoah Kecamatan Baturaden

Jurnal Ilmu Keperawatan Anak ◽

10.32584/jika.v3i1.529 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Lely Oktavia Ningtias ◽

Umi Solikhah

Keyword(s):

Nutrient Intake ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Control Group ◽

P Value ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Purposive Sampling ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Cross Sectional Design

Stunting adalah kegagalan memenuhi pertumbuhan seperti memenuhi mikronutrien, lingkungan yang tidak mendukung dan penyediaan perawatan yang tidak adekuat yang dapat mempengaruhi kondisi pertumbuhan balita. Asupan gizi merupakan salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi terjadinya stunting. Mengetahui Perbedan pola pemberian nutrisi pada balita dengan stunting dan non-stunting di Desa Rempoah Kecamatan Baturaden. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif menggunakan observasi analitik, dengan desain cross sectional . Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah kelompok kasus yaitu balita stunting dan kelompok kontrol yaitu balita non stunting. Jumlah sampel 68 terdiri dari 34 balita stunting dan 34 balita non stunting, dengan metode teknik cluster sampling pengambilan sampel secara purposive sampling Pengambilan data menggunakan lembar kuesioner, analisa data menggunakan uji Chi-square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sebagian besar ibu pada balita yang mengalami stunting pola pemberian nutrisi tidak tepat terdiri dari 26 responden (76,5%) dan sebagian besar ibu pada balita yang non-stunting pola pemberian nutrisi tepat terdiri dari 23 responden (67,6%). Terdapat perbedaan pola pemberian nutrisi pada balita dengan stunting dan non-stunting di Desa Rempoah Kecamatan Baturaden (p-value= 0,0001). Terdapat Perbedaan Pola Pemberian Nutrisi Pada Balita Dengan Stunting dan Non-stunting Di Desa Rempoah Kecamatan BaturadenStunting is a condition resulted from the failure to meet daily needs of micronutrients. An environment that is not supportive and providing inadequate treatment can affect the conditions of toddlers' growth. Nutrient intake is one of the factors that influences stunting.To illustrate the differences in providing nutritional pattern for toddlers with stunting and non-stunting in Rempoah village, Baturaden sub district. It was a quantitative study using analytic observation with a cross sectional design. The populations in this study were stunting toddlers as the case groups and non-stunting toddlers as the control group. There were 68 toddlers as the samples. There were 34 stunting toddlers and 34 non-stunting toddlers who classified by cluster sampling technique. The samples were collected by purposive sampling. Questionnaire sheets were used to collect the data. The data were analyzed by using Chi-square test. The results discovered that there were 26 respondents (76.5%) with stunting because of improper nutritional patterns. There were 23 respondents (67.6%) with non-stunting because of proper nutritional patterns. There were differences in the administration of nutritional patterns for toddlers with stunting and non-stunting in Rempoah Village, Baturaden District (p-value = 0,0001). There are differences in administration of nutritional pattern for toddlers with stunting and non-stunting in Rempoah village, Baturaden sub-district

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HUBUNGAN AKREDITASI PUSKESMAS DENGAN KEPUASAN PASIEN DI PUSKESMAS KABUPATEN BANYUMAS

Human Care Journal ◽

10.32883/hcj.v5i3.755 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 732

Author(s):

Eka Nofia Ningrum ◽

Etlida Wati

Keyword(s):

Community Health ◽

Health Center ◽

Survey Design ◽

Research Result ◽

Community Health Center ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Chi Square Test

Community Health Center (Puskesmas) must be periodically accredited at least once in three years. Accreditation status of Community Health Center (Puskesmas) can be affected by the availability and the completeness of health supply, facilities and infrastructure that support the health service itself. The purpose of this research to find out the correlation between the accreditation status of Community Health Center and the satisfaction of patients visiting Community Health Center in Banyumas Regency.The research method used this was a quantitative research that used analytical survey design with cross sectional method. implemented at 4 Community Health Centers with different accreditation The cluster sampling technique used purposive sampling while the data were collected using questionnaire, and analyzed using Chi square test. Research result There were 61 respondents at the age of 17-25, 135 respondents were female, 116 respondents were SMA/SMK/MAN graduates, and 99 respondents were self employed. The result of chi-square test was p-value0.023 ( 0.05). Conclusion there was correlation between the accreditation status of Community Health Center and the satisfaction of patients visiting Community Health Center in Banyumas Regency.

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Effectiveness of students mentoring in exclusive breastfeeding in the districts Aceh Besar and West Aceh

AcTion Aceh Nutrition Journal ◽

10.30867/action.v4i2.179 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 123

Author(s):

Cut Sriyanti ◽

Nizwar Siregar ◽

Mudatsir Mudatsir ◽

Azhari Gani

Keyword(s):

Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Improve Health Status ◽

Aceh Province ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Initiation Of Breastfeeding

Breast milk was a food source to meet all the baby's needs for nutrients. Early initiation of breastfeeding may improve survival of children, improve health status, and improve brain development and motoric. Efforts to improve the health of infants with exclusive breastfeeding can be done by involving students with the mentoring process. This studied aims to find out the level of success of mentoring by students on the provision of breastfeeding exclusive in Aceh Province. The project design was cross-sectional study with a number of subjects were 86 infant under two years. The sampling technique uses cluster sampling. Data analyses using Chi-Square test. The results of the studied found that of 43 respondents who received a breastmilk income, 76,7% gave exclusive breastfeeding and 23,3% did not give exclusive breastfeeding. Then of 43 respondents who did not get the assistance, as 53,5% gave exclusive breastfeeding, and 46,5% did not give exclusive breastfeeding. Results known to have a significant relationship between mentoring with exclusive breastfeeding (p= 0,020). Students mentoring is effective in increasing the provision of exclusive breastfeeding to infant under two years of age. ASI merupakan sumber makanan untuk memenuhi semua kebutuhan nutrisi pada bayi. Inisiasi menyusui dini dapat meningkatkan kelangsungan hidup anak-anak, meningkatkan status kesehatan, dan meningkatkan perkembangan otak dan motorik. Upaya meningkatkan kesehatan bayi dengan pemberian ASI eksklusif dapat dilakukan dengan melibatkan siswa dengan proses pendampingan. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat keberhasilan pendampingan oleh siswa tentang pemberian ASI eksklusif di Provinsi Aceh. Desain penelitian adalah studi cross-sectional dengan jumlah subjek 86 anak di bawah dua tahun. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan cluster sampling. Analisis data menggunakan uji Chi-Square. Hasil penelitian menujukkan bahwa dari hasil pendampingan oleh siswa terdapat 76,7% yang telah memberikan ASI eksklusif. Sedangkan tidak mendapatkan pendampingan hanya sebesar 53,5% yang memberikan ASI eksklusif. Terdapat hubungan signifikan antara pendampingan dengan pemberian ASI eksklusif (p= 0,020). Kesimpulan, pendampingan siswa efektif dalam meningkatkan pemberian ASI eksklusif untuk bayi di bawah usia dua tahun. Saran, perlu penguatan kepada dinas pendidikan bahwa lintas sektor ini sangat bagus dalam meningkatkan kesehatan masyarakat.

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HUBUNGAN FAKTOR LINGKUNGAN DENGAN KEJADIAN DIARE PADA BALITA DI PUSKESMAS BERNUNG

Jurnal Ilmu Keperawatan dan Kebidanan ◽

10.26751/jikk.v10i1.619 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 101

Author(s):

Nurwinda Saputri ◽

Yuni Puji Astuti

Keyword(s):

Data Analysis ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

High Rate ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Clean Water ◽

Water Type ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Bowel Movements ◽

Chi Square Test

ABSTRAKMenurut WHO pada Tahun 2011 diare merupakan penyebab kematian nomor tiga di dunia pada anak di bawah umur 5 tahun. Penyakit diare merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan masyarakat di Indonesia, hal ini dikarenakan masih tingginya angka kesakitan diare yang menimbulkan kematian terutama pada balita. Diare adalah buang air besar lembek atau cair dapat berupa air saja yang frekuensinya lebih sering dari biasanya (biasanya tiga kali atau lebihdalam sehari).Salah satu penyebabnya, di pengaruhi oleh faktor lingkungan seperti sumber air bersih, jenis tempat pembuangan tinja, dan jenis lantai. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian diare yang merupakan penelitian analitik dengan pendekatan crosssectional, dengansampel penelitian 166 respondendanteknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakancluster sampling. Data ini di kumpulkan dengan menggunakan kuesioner dan analisa data menggunakan univariat dan bivariat, analisis data statistik menggunakan uji chi square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada hubungan antara sumber air bersih dengan kejadian diare (p=0,019), tempat pembuangan tinja (p=0,013), dan jenis lantai (p=0,001). Diharapkan pada petugas puskesmas agar memberikan penyuluhan pada masyarakat tentang penggunaan sumber air bersih, penggunaan jamban dengan benar dan menjaga kebersihan jamban dan kebersihan lantai.Kata kunci : Balita, diare, Lingkungan ABSTRACKAccording to WHO in 2011 diarrhea is the number three cause of death in the world in children under the age of 5 years. Diarrhea is one of the public health problems in Indonesia, this is due to the high rate of diarrhea that causes death, especially in infants. Diarrhea is soft or liquid bowel movements that can be water only, the frequency is more often than usual (usually three times or more in a day). One reason is influenced by environmental factors such as the source of clean water, type of landfill, and type of floor. This study aims to determine the factors associated with the incidence of diarrhea which is an analytical study with a cross sectional approach, with a research sample of 166 responses to the sampling technique used by cluster sampling. This data was collected using questionnaires and data analysis using univariate and bivariate, statistical data analysis using the chi square test. The results showed that there was a relationship between the source of clean water and the incidence of diarrhea (p = 0.019), feces disposal (p = 0.013), and type of floor (p = 0.001). It is expected that the puskesmas officers will provide information to the community about using clean water sources, using latrines properly and maintaining toilet cleanliness and cleanliness of the floor.Keywords: Toddlers, diarrhea, environment

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Implementation of Circumcision in Baby Girls

International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding ◽

10.18415/ijmmu.v8i1.2460 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 527

Author(s):

Jubaedah Jubaedah

Keyword(s):

Design Research ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Bivariate Analysis ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Islamic Religion ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Logistic Regression Test

Circumcision is an activity that has become a tradition in various parts of the world. The aim of this research is to know the implementation of circumcision in baby girls. Research i n i using quantitative pendekataan with design research cross sectional . The sampling technique in this study used proportiomed cluster sampling with a sample size of 100 mothers who have female babies . Data analysis used univariate analysis (frequency distribution), bivariate analysis (Chi- square test ) and multivariate analysis (multiple logistic regression test ) . The results of the analysis prove that most mothers have low knowledge of 53%, high education 51%, Islamic religion 91%, do not believe in the myth of circumcision 56 % , do not recognize the culture of circumcision 78%, availability of health personnel implementing circumcision 90% , and there is family support. 68% .

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ADOLESCENT BEHAVIOR IN UNWANTED PREGNANCY PREVENTION

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN LAW, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SCIENCES ◽

10.32501/injuriless.v1i1.59 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 41-46

Author(s):

Arip Ambulan Panjaitan

Keyword(s):

Sexual Behavior ◽

Reproductive Health ◽

Risky Sexual Behavior ◽

Parental Education ◽

Unwanted Pregnancy ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Adolescent Behavior ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional

Introduction: Adolescent are at high risk of unwanted pragnency, including abortion, STIs, HIV/AIDS. Risky sexual behavior is one of the entrance transmissions of unwanted pregnancy. Such behavior can be influenced by various factors, beyond and within the individual factors. Teens need the support and motivation in deciding not to do risky sexual behavior. The purpose of this study was to investigate the determinants of adolescent behavior in the prevention of unwanted pregnancy.Methods: This research used cross-sectional design. The populations were students of senior high school in District Sintang. The were 123 respondents chosen by cluster sampling technique for this study. All data were collected using questionnaires and then analysed using bivariate (chi square) and multivariate analysis (logistic regression).Results: The results showed that the majority of respondents did not have good knowledge about the prevention of unwanted pregnancy. Related variable is the level of parental education (p=0.001), the support of parents/guardians (p=0.009), support teachers (p=0.005), peer support (p=0.039), residency (p=0.009), a pastime activity (p=0.000), knowledge of adolescents about reproductive health (p=0.016), perception ability of adolescents (p=0.006) and attitude of adolescents (p=0.049). Adolescent self-perception abilities are variables that most influence on the behavior of adolescents in the prevention of unwanted pregnancy.Conclusions: Efforts to improve reproductive health programs should be early and adolescent have responsibilities as well as healthy behaviors.

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