scholarly journals Vitamin D in schizophrenia and depression: a clinical review

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 240-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Lally ◽  
Fiona Gaughran
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Physical Health ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
List Type ◽  
Potential Association ◽  
Health And Social Care ◽  
Randomised Controlled

SUMMARYEvidence from preclinical and clinical studies supports a role for vitamin D deficiency in many mental disorders. In this review, we discuss the role of vitamin D in the aetiology and treatment of schizophrenia and depression and their physical health comorbidities. Although observational studies support a potential association between vitamin D and schizophrenia and depression, sufficient high-quality evidence from clinical trials does not yet exist to establish a place for vitamin D supplementation in optimising clinical response or promoting physical health. Completed randomised controlled trials are needed to provide insights into the efficacy and safety of vitamin D in the management of mental disorders.LEARNING OBJECTIVESAfter reading this article you will be able to: •outline the epidemiology of vitamin D deficiency in schizophrenia•describe the associations of vitamin D with schizophrenia and depression•know how to assess, and consider treatment for, vitamin D deficiency.DECLARATION OF INTERESTF.G. has received support or honoraria for CME, advisory work and lectures from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Janssen, Lundbeck, Otsuka, Roche and Sunovion, and has a family member with professional links to Lilly and GSK, including shares. She is in part funded by the National Institute for Health Research's (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London and the South London Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research & Care Funding scheme, and by the Maudsley Charity. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency and Its Relationship with Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Fibromyalgia: a Systematic Review of the Literature

2022 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar M. E. Ali
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Patient Flow ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Therapeutic Benefit ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Randomised Controlled ◽  
And Control

Abstract Fibromyalgia is a debilitating chronic condition which poses a therapeutic challenge to the clinician. With a large backlog in patient flow subsequent to the COVID-19 pandemic and rising numbers of patients with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) presenting with fibromyalgia-like clinical features, there is an increasingly pressing need to identify broad cost-effective interventions. Low levels of vitamin D have previously been reported in patients with fibromyalgia, though any causative link has been difficult to establish. A systematic literature review on the association between vitamin D deficiency and fibromyalgia was performed examining retrospective evidence both for and against an association between vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and fibromyalgia and evaluating the therapeutic benefit from supplementation. A group of six studies were selected based on relevance, use of controls, quality of research and citations. Four primary studies assessing the prevalence of VDD in fibromyalgia patients versus controls were evaluated with a total 3,496 subjects. Three included females only and one larger study assessed males. Two (n = 313) concluded the presence of a statistically significant association, and two (n = 161) found none. Two randomised controlled trials assessing the effect of vitamin D supplementation in a total of 80 subjects found conflicting results, with pain reduction in one and none in the other. It is likely there exists an association between VDD deficiency and fibromyalgia in a large subset of patients, although establishing primary causation is difficult. There is a need for larger randomised controlled trial designs with more effective comparison with healthy subjects and control for confounding factors. Given VDD is a major problem in the general population, we recommend supplementation be recommended by healthcare professionals to fibromyalgia patients for the purpose of maintaining bone health given their potentially increased susceptibility to developing deficiency and its sequelae.

scholarly journals Vitamin D monitoring and management within men's secure services

BJPsych Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (S1) ◽  
pp. S337-S338
Author(s):  
Jason Niblett ◽  
Shay-Anne Pantall ◽  
Anis Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Treatment Effectiveness ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Vitamin D Insufficiency ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
High Rate ◽  
List Type ◽  
Electronic Patient Records

AimsTo audit the investigation, identification and treatment of Vitamin D deficiency within Men's Secure Services.BackgroundVitamin D and/or vitamin D deficiency has been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of mental illness. There is evidence that Vitamin D inadequacy is pandemic among rehabilitation patients in inpatient settings. Patients within secure hospitals are similarly considered to be at high risk, due to their limited solar exposure during often lengthy admissions. It has been suggested that these patients should be considered an ‘at-risk’ cohort, for whom Vitamin D supplementation should be routine. Men's secure services in Birmingham comprise of two medium secure units and a low secure rehabilitation unit. Here we present an audit of Vitamin D monitoring and treatment completed in 2019.MethodA three year retrospective review of electronic patient records, for all inpatients admitted within men's secure services as of 1 September 2019 (n = 188). Standards were based on the Trust accepted guidelines for management of Vitamin D deficiency.ResultKey findings included:- The majority of inpatients were Caucasian (43%) and African-Caribbean (24%). Ages ranged from 18 to 70, with a mean age of 39.Approximately two-thirds (65%) had been in hospital for over a year, of which 44% had been admitted for more than 3 years. The average length of admission was 885 days.Only 47% of patients had their Vitamin D level checked within the study period.Of those checked, 24% were tested within 1 month of admission. The mean duration between admission and Vitamin D testing was 464 days.Results ranged from 10.3 to 118.5nmol/L. A high rate of Vitamin D deficiency was identified (54%), whilst a further 16% had ‘inadequate’ levels.23% of those identified as requiring treatment did not receive any supplementation, whilst 59% of those with sufficient Vitamin D were prescribed treatment.Only 48% had their levels rechecked following treatment; of these, only 59% now had an adequate Vitamin D status.ConclusionThis audit demonstrates limited Vitamin D monitoring within male forensic inpatients. There was a high prevalence of Vitamin D insufficiency in this population, yet a substantial proportion of patients with identified deficiency were not prescribed any treatment. Ongoing monitoring and review of treatment effectiveness was poor. We argue that more consideration should be given to this population, with robust guidelines introduced for the treatment of this specific ‘at-risk group’.

P06 A study to assess the effectiveness of vitamin d supplementation in paediatric cystic fibrosis patients

2018 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. e1.9-e1
Author(s):  
Christiansen Nanna ◽  
Ashraf Saleha
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Dose Range ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
High Dose ◽  
List Type ◽  
Current Guideline ◽  
Paediatric Patients ◽  
Significant Difference

AimsPatients with cystic fibrosis (CF) require supplementation of fat-soluble vitamins due to the effects of the disease on the pancreas and the resulting inability of absorb fat effectively.1The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of current of vitamin D supplementation to achieve adequate serum Vitamin D (25OHD) levels in paediatric CF patients.2 Secondly, this study assessed the effectiveness of ‘Stoss’ therapy (a high dose vitamin D therapy administered every three months) as an alternative to daily vitamin D supplementation for patients with known poor compliance.3MethodsVitamin D doses and serum 25OHD levels between January and December 2016 were reviewed for paediatric CF patients at a UK centre. Data was collected for 138 paediatric patients. The ‘clinical record summary’ system was used to extract the data which included age, hospital number, weight in 2015 and 2016, 25OHD levels from 2015 and 2016, vitamin D dose before each level and pancreatic status.Data was entered onto Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) system for analysis. A paired T-test was conducted to ascertain if there was a significant difference in weekly/kg doses between patients that were sufficient (25OHD>50 nmol/L) and insufficient (25OHD<50 nmol/L).ResultsData was collected for a total of 138 patients. The data from only 70 patients was analysed when investigating the first objective, as all other patients did not have 25OHD levels available for both 2015 and 2016. A further five patients wereexcluded and analysed seperately due to receiving Stoss therapy. The weekly Vitamin D dose range was very wide for both years with 43% (n=40) of patients requiring additional vitamin D in addition to Aquadeks (CF multivitamin preparation). There was no significant difference in Vitamin D doses between patients with sufficient and insufficient 25OHD levels. This was thecase for both 2015 (p=0.432) and 2016 (p=0.192). The daily supplementation doses were successful at maintaining vitamin D sufficiency for 83% of patients in 2015 and 93% in 2016.Out of the 5 patients who received ‘Stoss’ therapy, 3 had an increase in 25OHD levels. However, only one of the patients had a significant increase leading to sufficient 25OHD levels. In 2 cases there was actually a 60%–68% decrease in 25OHD levels, which lead to these patients developing vitamin D deficiency.ConclusionThis study was useful in determining the effectiveness of current Vitamin D dosing. The results suggest that patients having insufficient 25OHD levels may not be due to an inadequacy of doses provided in the current guideline, as there was no significant difference in dose between patients with sufficient and insufficient 25OHD levels. Given the patient group, the difference could be attributable to a lack of compliance to daily therapies in the patients with insufficient 25OHD levels or even differences in individual responses to therapy.In this sample, ‘Stoss’ therapy is not effective in maintaining sufficient 25OHD levels. Although the data for this part of the study was very limited, it identifies a need to investigate the effectiveness of ‘Stoss’ therapy further.ReferencesFerguson JH, Chang AB. Vitamin D supplementation for cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev [Internet] 2014. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ & doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007298.pub3/pdf [Available: 2017April 12].Green D, Carson K, Leonard A, et al. Current treatment recommendations for correcting vitamin D deficiency in paediatric patients with cystic fibrosis is inadequate. J Pediatr2008;4:554–559.Shepherd D, Belessis Y, Katz, et al. Single high-dose oral vitamin D3 (stoss) therapy: A solution to vitamin D deficiency in children with cystic fibrosis?J Cyst Fibros2013;2:177–182.

scholarly journals Protocol for an open-label feasibility study for a randomised controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation in Crohn’s Disease patients with vitamin D deficiency: D-CODE Feasiblity study

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Fletcher ◽  
Emma Bedson ◽  
Michaela Brown ◽  
Martin Hewison ◽  
Amelia Swift ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Crohn’S Disease ◽  
Crohn's Disease ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Feasibility Study ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
List Type ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Randomised Controlled

Abstract Background Crohn's disease (CD) is a principal form of inflammatory bowel disease, affecting approximately 1 in every 650 people in the UK. Vitamin D deficiency is common in approximately 57.7% of CD patients; with anaemia occurring in about 43% of patients. There is growing evidence that supplementing CD patients who are vitamin D deficient may be effective in reducing the severity of CD symptoms and reducing iron-deficiency anaemia. Nevertheless, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidance regarding the management of CD does not address vitamin D deficiency in these patients. The aims of the study are (1) to determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in adults with CD in Birmingham, UK and (2) to assess the feasibility of conducting a multi-site randomised controlled trial in adult patients with CD and vitamin D deficiency. Methods D-CODE consists of two parts—a screening study and an open-label randomised controlled feasibility study. Vitamin D screening Three hundred patients, 18 years or older with CD will have a dried blood spot test to measure vitamin D levels. Dietary and sun exposure data will be collected. Eligible patients with low levels of vitamin D will be invited to participate in the feasibility study. Feasibility study Fifty participants with CD and vitamin D deficiency will be randomised to receive either a low (400 IU daily for 24 weeks) or high (3200 IU daily for 12 weeks then vitamin D3 800 IU daily for 12 weeks) dose of vitamin D3 oral supplementation. Patient-reported outcomes (Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire, EQ-5D-5L and Crohn’s Disease Activity Index Score) will be collected at weeks 0 and 24. Biochemical monitoring will take place at weeks 0, 12 and 24 and will measure 25-hydroxyvitamin D, corrected calcium, albumin, parathyroid hormone, hepcidin, other vitamin D metabolites, iron studies and C-reactive protein. Faecal calprotectin will be measured at weeks 0 and 24. Discussion A key aspect of D-CODE is the identification of vitamin D deficiency prior to supplementation. It is hoped that this feasibility study will lead to a definitive trial that will investigate the benefits of treating vitamin D deficiency in patients with CD. Trial registration The trial has been registered with EudraCT number 2018-003910-42, ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT03718182 and ISRCTN number 15717783.

scholarly journals Impact evaluation of the efficacy of different doses of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy on pregnancy and birth outcomes: a randomised, controlled, dose comparison trial in Pakistan

2021 ◽  
pp. bmjnph-2021-000304
Author(s):  
Sidrah Nausheen ◽  
Atif Habib ◽  
Maria Bhura ◽  
Arjumand Rizvi ◽  
Fariha Shaheen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Pregnancy And Birth Outcomes ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Randomised Controlled ◽  
Different Doses ◽  
Pregnancy And Birth

BackgroundVitamin D deficiency during pregnancy is a public health problem in Pakistan and is prevalent among most women of reproductive age in the country. Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy is suggested to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes and vitamin D deficiency in both the mother and her newborn.MethodsWe conducted a double-blinded, randomised controlled trial in Karachi, Pakistan to evaluate the effect of different doses of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy on biochemical markers (serum 25(OH)D, calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase) in women and neonates, and on pregnancy and birth outcomes (gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, low birth weight, preterm births and stillbirths).ResultsPregnant women (N=350) in their first trimester were recruited and randomised to three treatment groups of vitamin D supplementation: 4000 IU/day (group A, n=120), 2000 IU/day (group B, n=115) or 400 IU/day (group C, n=115). Women and their newborn in group A had the lowest vitamin D deficiency at endline (endline: 75.9%; neonatal: 64.9%), followed by group B (endline: 84.9%; neonatal: 73.7%) and then the control group (endline: 90.2%; neonatal: 91.8%). Vitamin D deficiency was significantly lower in group A than in group C (p=0.006) among women at endline and lower in both groups A and B than in the control group (p=0.001) in neonates. Within groups, serum 25(OH)D was significantly higher between baseline and endline in group A and between maternal baseline and neonatal levels in groups A and B. Participant serum 25(OH)D levels at the end of the trial were positively correlated with those in intervention group A (4000 IU/day) (β=4.16, 95% CI 1.6 to 6.7, p=0.002), with food group consumption (β=0.95, 95% CI 0.01 to 1.89, p=0.047) and with baseline levels of serum 25(OH)D (β=0.43, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.58, p<0.0001).ConclusionThe evidence provided in our study indicates that vitamin D supplementation of 4000 IU/day was more effective in reducing vitamin D deficiency among pregnant women and in improving serum 25(OH)D levels in mothers and their neonates compared with 2000 IU/day and 400 IU/day.Trial registration numberNCT02215213.

scholarly journals Old wine in new bottles: vitamin D in the treatment and prevention of tuberculosis

2011 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian R. Martineau
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Research Priority ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Dosing Regimens ◽  
Randomised Controlled

Tuberculosis (TB) is a major cause of mortality, responsible for 1·68 million deaths worldwide in 2009. The global prevalence of latentMycobacterium tuberculosisinfection is estimated to be 32%, and this carries a 5–20% lifetime risk of reactivation disease. The emergence of drug-resistant organisms necessitates the development of new agents to enhance the response to antimicrobial therapy for active TB. Vitamin D was used to treat TB in the pre-antibiotic era, and its active metabolite, 1,25-dihydoxyvitamin D, has long been known to enhance the immune response to mycobacteriain vitro. Vitamin D deficiency is common in patients with active TB, and several clinical trials have evaluated the role of adjunctive vitamin D supplementation in its treatment. Results of these studies are conflicting, reflecting variation between studies in baseline vitamin D status of participants, dosing regimens and outcome measures. Vitamin D deficiency is also recognised to be highly prevalent among people with latentM. tuberculosisinfection in both high- and low-burden settings, and there is a wealth of observational epidemiological evidence linking vitamin D deficiency with increased risk of reactivation disease. Randomised controlled trials of vitamin D supplementation for the prevention of active TB have yet to be performed, however. The conduct of such trials is a research priority, given the safety and low cost of vitamin D supplementation, and the potentially huge public health consequences of positive results.

scholarly journals Vitamin D deficiency as risk factor for severe COVID-19: a convergence of two pandemics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. De Smet ◽  
K. De Smet ◽  
P. Herroelen ◽  
S. Gryspeerdt ◽  
G.A. Martens
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Lung Disease ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Reference Population ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
Disease Stage ◽  
List Type ◽  
Stage 1

Structured abstractImportanceVitamin D deficiency increases the incidence of respiratory virus infections. More than 1 billion people worldwide are vitamin D deficient. If vitamin D deficiency is associated to incidence or severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection, a global call could be made for vitamin D supplementation to mitigate the pandemic.Objectiveto determine if lower serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels are correlated to the risk for COVID-19 and its severity as measured by CTDesignsingle-center observational studySettingAZ Delta general hospitalParticipants186 consecutive patients with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection hospitalized for COVID-19 from March 1, 2020 to April 7, 2020Main outcome and measurescomparative analysis of 25(OH)D levels in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 at various radiological stages and a season/age/sex-matched diseased control populationResultswe report on 186 SARS-CoV-2 infected patients requiring hospitalization for severe COVID-19: 109 males (median age 68 years, IQR 53–79 years) and 77 females (median age 71 years, IQR 65–74 years). At admission patients were screened by CT to determine temporal changes of COVID-19 lung disease and classified as stage 1 (ground glass opacities), 2 (crazy paving pattern) and 3 (consolidation). At intake, 25(OH)D levels were measured and compared to a season-matched population of 2717 diseased controls, consisting of 999 males (median age 69 years, IQR 53–81 years) and 1718 females (median age 68 years, IQR 43–83 years). Male and female COVID-19 patients combined showed lower median 25(OH)D than controls (18.6 ng/mL, IQR 12.6–25.3, versus 21.5 ng/mL, IQR 13.9–30.8; P=0.0016) and a higher fraction of vitamin D deficiency (58.6% versus 45.2%, P=0.0005). A strong sexual dimorphism was found: female patients had comparable vitamin D status as control females. Male COVID-19 patients, however, showed markedly higher percentage of vitamin D deficiency than controls (67.0% versus 49.2%, P=0.0006) and this effect was more pronounced with advanced radiological stage ranging from 55.2% in stage 1 to 74% in stage 3.Conclusions and relevancevitamin D deficiency is a possible risk factor for severe SARS-CoV-2 infection in males. Vitamin D supplementation might be an inexpensive, accessible and safe mitigation for the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.Key pointsQuestion: does vitamin D deficiency predispose to severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection?Findings: in this observational study on 186 consecutive patients hospitalized with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, we find that patients with severe COVID-19 show lower median serum 25(OH)D and a higher percentage of vitamin D deficiency at intake than a season/age-matched reference population. The correlation between vitamin D deficiency and the need for hospitalization due to COVID-19 was only seen in male patients. In males but not females, the percentage of vitamin D deficient patients also increased with more advanced COVID-19 disease stage as measured by CT.Meaning: our data indicate a strong statistical correlation between the degree of vitamin D deficiency and severity of COVID-19 lung disease. With more than 1 billion people worldwide affected by vitamin D deficiency, vitamin D supplementation might be a lifesaving, inexpensive, accessible and safe component of primary prevention during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and beyond

scholarly journals No improvement in depressive symptoms by vitamin D supplementation: results from a randomised controlled trial

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rolf Jorde ◽  
Julia Kubiak
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Antidepressant Medication ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Clinically Depressed ◽  
25 Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Randomised Controlled

AbstractIn observational studies, vitamin D deficiency is associated with depressive symptoms. However, randomised controlled trials (RCT) with vitamin D supplementation have not been conclusive. In the present study 206 subjects were randomised to vitamin D (100 000 IU (2500 µg) as a bolus dose followed by 20 000 IU (500 µg) per week) and 202 to placebo. The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) was filled in at baseline and after 4 months at the end of the study. At baseline the mean age was 51·4 and 52·5 years and mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) 32·5 and 35·1 nmol/l in the vitamin D and placebo groups, respectively. Among the 408 subjects, 193 had a BDI-II score >4, and forty-five had a score >13. Twenty-three subjects were using anti-depressant or mood-stabilising drugs. At the end of the study, there were no significant differences in Δ BDI-II score (score at the end of the study minus score at baseline), regardless of analysing all subjects, subjects with or without psycopharmaca, or if performing subgroup analyses based on baseline and final serum 25(OH)D levels combined with categories of baseline BDI-II scores >4 or >13. In conclusion, we have not been able to demonstrate any significant effect of vitamin D supplementation on depressive symptoms. However, few of our subjects were clinically depressed. Future RCT should include subjects with more severe vitamin D deficiency as well as more depressed subjects than in our study. In such a setting vitamin D may probably be more relevant as an augmenter of standard antidepressant medication/treatment.

Vitamin D Deficiency/Insufficiency and Challenges in Developing Global Vitamin D Fortification and Supplementation Policy in Adults

2012 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 237-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moshe Ben-Shoshan
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Search Strategy ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
Vitamin D Status ◽  
Societal Burden ◽  
Time Period ◽  
New Guidelines ◽  
In Cis

This review summarizes studies discussing vitamin D status in adults and reveals that vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency is highly prevalent in adults and that current fortification and supplementation policies are inadequate. Background and aims: Studies suggest a crucial role for adequate vitamin D status in various health conditions including bone metabolism, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and allergies. However, relatively little is known about poor vitamin D status and unmet needs in adults. This report aims to highlight the contribution of epidemiologic studies (through the identification of health effects and societal burden) to the development of vitamin D fortification and supplementation policies and reveal unmet global challenges in adults. Methods: In order to assess worldwide vitamin D status in adults, the search strategy combined the medical literature database MEDLINE (using PubMed) for the time period between January 1, 1980 and February 28, 2011, using the key words “vitamin D” “deficiency” and “insufficiency”, and included articles in which access to full text was possible and in which healthy adults were assessed according to one of four commonly used vitamin D threshold classifications. Results: This report reveals that vitamin D deficiency occurs in 4.10 % [95 % CI (confidence interval), 3.93 %, 4.27 %] to 55.05 % (54.07 %, 56.03 %) of adults, while insufficiency occurs in 26.07 % (24.82 %, 27.33 %) to 78.50 % (77.85 %, 79.16 %), depending on the classification used. However, lack of overlap in CIs and high value of I2 statistics indicate considerable heterogeneity between studies. Further, certain populations (i. e. dark-skinned individuals, immigrants, and pregnant women) may be at higher risk for poor vitamin D status. Conclusion: Current policies for vitamin D supplementation and fortification are inadequate and new guidelines are required to improve vitamin D status in adults.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document