The Effect of Distraction on Schizophrenic Performance (2) Psychomotor Ability

1965 ◽  
Vol 111 (474) ◽  
pp. 391-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew McGhie ◽  
James Chapman ◽  
J. S. Lawson
Keyword(s):  
Present Report ◽  
Sensory Modality ◽  
Preceding Paper ◽  
Auditory Distraction ◽  
Psychomotor Tests ◽  
Motor Responses ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Psychomotor Ability ◽  
Experimental Findings

In the preceding paper the effect of experimental distraction was examined and the findings discussed. The present report is concerned with a similar study of the effect of distraction on tests which involve another aspect of schizophrenic performance, that of psychomotor ability. Earlier studies (Chapman and McGhie, 1961, 1962) produced both clinical and experimental evidence that auditory distraction disrupted the motor responses of some schizophrenic patients. As the previous experimental findings were based on two tests involving only very limited areas of psychomotor performance, it was necessary to examine patients on a wide range of psychomotor tests. A second aim of the present investigation was to assess any differential effects due to variation in the sensory modality of the distracting stimuli.

scholarly journals Treatment patterns and appropriateness of antipsychotic prescriptions in patients with schizophrenia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Verónica Gamón ◽  
Isabel Hurtado ◽  
José Salazar-Fraile ◽  
Gabriel Sanfélix-Gimeno
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Treatment Patterns ◽  
Mental Condition ◽  
Comorbid Condition ◽  
Concomitant Treatment ◽  
Antipsychotic Medications ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
High Level

AbstractSchizophrenia is a chronic mental condition presenting a wide range of symptoms. Although it has a low prevalence compared to other mental conditions, it has a negative impact on social and occupational functions. This study aimed to assess the appropriateness of antipsychotic medications administered to schizophrenic patients and describe current treatment patterns for schizophrenia. A retrospective cohort study was conducted in all patients over the age of 15 with an active diagnosis of schizophrenia and treated with antipsychotics between 2008 and 2013 in the Valencia region. A total of 19,718 patients were eligible for inclusion. The main outcome assessed was inappropriateness of the pharmacotherapeutic management, including polypharmacy use. Altogether, 30.4% of patients received antipsychotic polypharmacy, and 6.8% were prescribed three or more antipsychotics. Overdosage affected 318 individuals (1.6%), and 21.5% used concomitant psychotropics without an associated psychiatric diagnosis. Women and people with a comorbid condition like anxiety or depression were less likely to receive antipsychotic polypharmacy. In contrast, increased polypharmacy was associated with concomitant treatment with other psychoactive drugs, and only in user on maintenance therapy, with more visits to the mental health hospital. Overall, we observed a high level of inappropriateness in antipsychotic prescriptions. Greater adherence to guidelines could maximize the benefits of antipsychotic medications while minimizing risk of adverse effects.

scholarly journals Autistic traits in offspring of schizophrenic patients in comparison to those of normal population: a case-control study

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shimaa Ibrahim Amin ◽  
Ghada Mohamed Salah EL-Deen
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Autistic Traits ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Cutoff Point ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Parental History ◽  
Autism Quotient ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients

Abstract Background Autism is not a discreet condition and those families members with autistic propend are more likely to display autistic symptoms with a wide range of severity, even below the threshold for diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders. Even with a parental history of schizophrenia, the likelihood of autistic spectrum disorder was found to be 3-fold greater. The aim of this study is to assess autistic traits among offspring of schizophrenic patients in the age group from 4 to 11 years and compare it in the offspring of normal individuals, and its association with the sociodemographic data. To determine whether schizophrenic parents are a risk factor to autistic traits in their children. Results There was a statistically significant (P < 0.05*) increase in Autism Quotient Child scores of the case group where 47.2% had a score equal or more than the cutoff point (76), while only 17 19.4% of the control group had the same score with odds = 3.71 indicating that children of schizophrenic parents 18 were three times likely to have Autism Quotient-Child score greater than or equal to the cutoff point (76) than 19 children of healthy parents. No statistically significant association (P ≥ 0.05) was found between all 20 sociodemographic characteristics and Autism Quotient-Child scores among the case group except for family 21 income and social class where there was a statistically significant association (P < 0.05) between insufficient income 22 and low social class and higher Autism Quotient-Child score (≥ 76). Conclusions Children of schizophrenic parents are at high risk to have autistic traits than children of normal parents.

Advanced Microelectronics Packaging Solutions for Miniaturized Medical Devices

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 (DPC) ◽  
pp. 001963-001976
Author(s):  
Rabindra Das ◽  
Steven Rosser ◽  
Frank Egitto
Keyword(s):  
Flip Chip ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Flexible Substrate ◽  
System Level ◽  
Organic Substrates ◽  
Internal Layers ◽  
Microelectronics Packaging ◽  
Wide Range

The wide range of applications for medical electronics drives unique requirements that can differ significantly from commercial & military electronics. To accomplish this, new packaging structures need to be able to integrate more dies with greater function, higher I/O counts, smaller die pad pitches, and high reliability, while being pushed into smaller and smaller footprints. As a result, the microelectronics industry is moving toward alternative, innovative approaches as solutions for squeezing more function into smaller packages. In the present report, key enablers for achieving reduction in size, weight, and power (SWaP) in electronic packaging for a variety of medical applications are discussed. Advanced microelectronics packaging solutions with embedded passives are enabling SWaP reductions. Implementation of these solutions has realized up to 27X reduction in physical size for existing PWB assemblies, with significant reductions in weight. Shorter interconnects can also reduce or eliminate the need for termination resistors for some net topologies. Successful miniaturized products integrate the following design techniques and technologies: component footprint reduction, thin high density interconnects substrate technologies, I/O miniaturization and IC assembly capabilities. This paper presents fabrication and electrical characterization of embedded actives and passives on organic multilayered substrates. We have designed and fabricated several printed wiring board (PWB) and flip-chip package test vehicles focusing on embedded chips, resistors, and capacitors. Embedded passive technology further enhances miniaturization by enabling components to be moved from the surface of the substrate to its internal layers. The use of thin film resistor material allows creating individual miniaturized buried resistors. These resistors provide additional length and width reduction with negligible increases to the overall substrate and module (SiP) height. Resistor values can vary from 5 ohm to 50 Kohm with tolerances from 5 to 20% and areas as small as 0.2 mm2. The embedded resistors can be laser trimmed to a tolerance of &lt;5% for applications that require tighter tolerance. The electrical properties of embedded capacitors fabricated from polymer-ceramic nanocomposites showed a stable capacitance and low loss over a wide frequency and temperature range. A few test vehicles were assembled to do system level analysis. Manufacturing methods and materials for producing advanced organic substrates and flex along with ultra fine pitch assemblies are discussed. A case study detailing the fabrication of a flexible substrate for use in an intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) catheter demonstrates how the challenges of miniaturization are met. These challenges include use of ultra-thin polymer films, extreme fine-feature circuitization, and assembly processes to accommodate die having reduced die pad pitch. In addition, new technologies for embedding a variety of active chips are being developed. A variety of active chips, including a chip having dimensions of one millimeter square, have been embedded and electrically connected to develop high performance packages.

Does a plasma level of chlorpromazine help?

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 729-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore van Putten ◽  
Philip R. A. May ◽  
Donald J. Jenden
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Level ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Therapeutic Window ◽  
Fixed Dose ◽  
Speed Of Response ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dose Period ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients

SynopsisForty-eight newly admitted schizophrenic patients were treated with a fixed, conservative (6·6 mg/kg) dose of chlorpromazine (CPZ) for 28 days. CPZ plasma levels were measured by a gas chromatography mass spectrometry method (GCMS) using 2H6-chlorpromazine as an internal standard. At the end of the fixed-dose period, ‘responders’ had the same plasma levels as ‘non-responders’, suggesting that lack of response is primarily a matter of the illness' sensitivity to CPZ, not to a plasma level below some therapeutic window. After the fixed-dose period, the dosage of CPZ was increased in the ‘non-responders’ by physician's choice. Improvement occurred over a wide range of 10–225 picomoles (3–72 ng)/ml. Above 300 picomoles (95 ng/ml) 4 inaccessible patients eventually became much worse, suggesting psychotoxicity. It is in the inaccessible patient whose illness is only minimally, or not at all, sensitive to CPZ that a plasma level might be especially useful.Interpretation of plasma levels is complicated by the speed of response: some initial non-responders improved by the 56th day of treatment on very conservative plasma levels.

scholarly journals ICON 2019—International Scientific Tendinopathy Symposium Consensus: There are nine core health-related domains for tendinopathy (CORE DOMAINS): Delphi study of healthcare professionals and patients

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (8) ◽  
pp. 444-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bill Vicenzino ◽  
Robert-Jan de Vos ◽  
Hakan Alfredson ◽  
Roald Bahr ◽  
Jill L Cook ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Delphi Study ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Sensory Modality ◽  
Consensus Meeting ◽  
Response Options ◽  
Patient Rating ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Health Related

BackgroundThe absence of any agreed-upon tendon health-related domains hampers advances in clinical tendinopathy research. This void means that researchers report a very wide range of outcome measures inconsistently. As a result, substantial synthesis/meta-analysis of tendon research findings is almost futile despite researchers publishing busily. We aimed to determine options for, and then define, core health-related domains for tendinopathy.MethodsWe conducted a Delphi study of healthcare professionals (HCP) and patients in a three-stage process. In stage 1, we extracted candidate domains from clinical trial reports and developed an online survey. Survey items took the form: ‘The ‘candidate domain’ is important enough to be included as a core health-related domain of tendinopathy’; response options were: agree, disagree, or unsure. In stage 2, we administered the online survey and reported the findings. Stage 3 consisted of discussions of the findings of the survey at the ICON (International Scientific Tendinopathy Symposium Consensus) meeting. We set 70% participant agreement as the level required for a domain to be considered ‘core’; similarly, 70% agreement was required for a domain to be relegated to ‘not core’ (see Results next).ResultsTwenty-eight HCP (92% of whom had >10 years of tendinopathy experience, 71% consulted >10 cases per month) and 32 patients completed the online survey. Fifteen HCP and two patients attended the consensus meeting. Of an original set of 24 candidate domains, the ICON group deemed nine domains to be core. These were: (1) patient rating of condition, (2) participation in life activities (day to day, work, sport), (3) pain on activity/loading, (4) function, (5) psychological factors, (6) physical function capacity, (7) disability, (8) quality of life and (9) pain over a specified time. Two of these (2, 6) were an amalgamation of five candidate domains. We agreed that seven other candidate domains were not core domains: range of motion, pain on clinician applied test, clinical examination, palpation, drop out, sensory modality pain and pain without other specification. We were undecided on the other five candidate domains of physical activity, structure, medication use, adverse effects and economic impact.ConclusionNine core domains for tendon research should guide reporting of outcomes in clinical trials. Further research should determine the best outcome measures for each specific tendinopathy (ie, core outcome sets).

Computer Investigations of Features of RHEED Oscillations for GaAs and for Ge

2013 ◽  
Vol 203-204 ◽  
pp. 347-350
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Mitura
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Beam Epitaxy ◽  
Molecular Beam ◽  
Incident Beam ◽  
Diffraction Theory ◽  
Oscillation Phase ◽  
Dynamical Diffraction ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Glancing Angle ◽  
Scattering Potential ◽  
Experimental Findings

During molecular beam epitaxy regular oscillations of the intensity of the specularly reflected beam often occur. The phenomenon of such oscillations is still theoretically explained only partially. For example it is not clear why usually the oscillation phase depends strongly on the glancing angle of the incident beam. However, quite recently interesting results were shown in the literature on the features of RHEED oscillations observed during the growth of Ge layers. The phase of oscillations practically stays constant for a wide range of angles. So in this paper, we show results of RHEED dynamical calculations for Ge. They are presented together with results of calculations for GaAs to make analysis executed more complete. It is concluded that experimental findings for Ge for off-symmetry azimuths can be explained using dynamical diffraction theory employing the proportional model (for which the scattering potential of the layer is determined as the potential of the completed layer multiplied by the coverage).

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF IDEALLY-EXPANDED SUPERSONIC JETS WITH NONEQUILIBRIUM HOMOGENEOUS CONDENSATION

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (05) ◽  
pp. 1350024
Author(s):  
M. M. A. ALAM ◽  
T. SETOGUCHI ◽  
S. MATSUO
Keyword(s):  
Present Report ◽  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Supersonic Jets ◽  
Droplet Growth ◽  
Nozzle Throat ◽  
Free Jets ◽  
Homogeneous Condensation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Growth Equations ◽  
Nonequilibrium Condensation

Steam or moist air is used as working gas in a wide range of engineering applications of supersonic jets. In these cases, nonequilibrium homogeneous condensation may occur at the downstream of nozzle throat. The surrounding gas will be heated by the release of latent heat of condensation, and may results a change in the flowfield. The present report will describe numerical investigations predicting the effect of nonequilibrium condensation on the flow characteristics of ideally-expanded supersonic free jets. A TVD numerical method is applied to solve RANS and droplet growth equations. The predicted results are compared with the experimental data.

Swirl Brake Effect on the Rotordynamic Stability of a Shrouded Impeller

1999 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Baskharone
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Analysis ◽  
Stability Margin ◽  
Adverse Impact ◽  
Leakage Flow ◽  
Pressure Perturbation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
Comparative Examination ◽  
Important Design

The swirling motion of the shroud-to-housing leakage flow in pumps is known to have an adverse impact on the impeller rotordynamic stability. Swirl brakes, under such circumstances, would enhance the stability margin by reducing or, ideally, eliminating, the prerotation at the leakage passage inlet station. The numerical analysis outlined in this paper provides a quantitative means of predicting the effectiveness of such devices. The computed results also illustrate the mechanism with which the fluid/rotor interaction, with the aid of a typical brake, is altered towards relative overall rotordynamic stability. This is done through a comparative examination of the pressure perturbation distribution over the shroud surface for a wide range of backward and forward impeller-whirl frequencies. The conclusions in this study are consistent with recent experimental findings and have important design implications.

scholarly journals Assessing visual requirements for social context-dependent activation of the songbird song system

2008 ◽  
Vol 276 (1655) ◽  
pp. 279-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erina Hara ◽  
Lubica Kubikova ◽  
Neal A Hessler ◽  
Erich D Jarvis
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Sensory Modality ◽  
Brain Activation ◽  
Visual Input ◽  
Related Area ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Context Dependent ◽  
The Brain

Social context has been shown to have a profound influence on brain activation in a wide range of vertebrate species. Best studied in songbirds, when males sing undirected song, the level of neural activity and expression of immediate early genes (IEGs) in several song nuclei is dramatically higher or lower than when they sing directed song to other birds, particularly females. This differential social context-dependent activation is independent of auditory input and is not simply dependent on the motor act of singing. These findings suggested that the critical sensory modality driving social context-dependent differences in the brain could be visual cues. Here, we tested this hypothesis by examining IEG activation in song nuclei in hemispheres to which visual input was normal or blocked. We found that covering one eye blocked visually induced IEG expression throughout both contralateral visual pathways of the brain, and reduced activation of the contralateral ventral tegmental area, a non-visual midbrain motivation-related area affected by social context. However, blocking visual input had no effect on the social context-dependent activation of the contralateral song nuclei during female-directed singing. Our findings suggest that individual sensory modalities are not direct driving forces for the social context differences in song nuclei during singing. Rather, these social context differences in brain activation appear to depend more on the general sense that another individual is present.

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