scholarly journals 862 Bacterial Infections in Children Under 14 and Detection of Antibiotics Resistance Patterns of Isolates in Hamadan

2010 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 432-432
Author(s):  
Yousefi R Mashouf ◽  
F Eghbalian ◽  
M Koshki
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Antibiotics Resistance ◽  
Resistance Patterns

scholarly journals Emerging Options for the Diagnosis of Bacterial Infections and the Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 456
Author(s):  
Simone Rentschler ◽  
Lars Kaiser ◽  
Hans-Peter Deigner
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Adequate Treatment ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Detection And Diagnosis ◽  
Patient Prognosis ◽  
Point Of Care Detection

Precise and rapid identification and characterization of pathogens and antimicrobial resistance patterns are critical for the adequate treatment of infections, which represent an increasing problem in intensive care medicine. The current situation remains far from satisfactory in terms of turnaround times and overall efficacy. Application of an ineffective antimicrobial agent or the unnecessary use of broad-spectrum antibiotics worsens the patient prognosis and further accelerates the generation of resistant mutants. Here, we provide an overview that includes an evaluation and comparison of existing tools used to diagnose bacterial infections, together with a consideration of the underlying molecular principles and technologies. Special emphasis is placed on emerging developments that may lead to significant improvements in point of care detection and diagnosis of multi-resistant pathogens, and new directions that may be used to guide antibiotic therapy.

Screening of heavy metal and antibiotic resistance among Proteus vulgaris isolates from hospital wastewater of Northern India

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manzar Alam ◽  
Mohd Imran ◽  
Syed Sayeed Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Heavy Metal Resistance ◽  
Metal Resistance ◽  
Antibiotics Resistance ◽  
Proteus Vulgaris ◽  
Resistance To Antibiotics ◽  
Transfer Frequency ◽  
Resistance Patterns

Background: Microbial resistance to antibiotics and heavy metals is a rising problem in the world today. All the Proteus vulgaris isolates showed their MIC in between 50-1600 µg/ml. Of 70% and 46% of the isolates showed their MIC at 800-1200 µg/ml against Zn2+ and Cu2+ while 80% of the isolates showed their MIC at 100-200 µg/ml against Ni2+, respectively. All Proteus vulgaris isolates also exhibited multiple resistance patterns (2-7 heavy metals) in different combination of metals. The Multi metal resistance Index (MHMR) ranges were found (0.04-0.5). Methods: A high level of antibiotics resistance was observed against Methicillin (100%) and least to Oflaxicin (6%), Gentamycine and Neomycin (10%). All Proteus vulgaris isolates also showed multiple drug resistance patterns (2-12 antibiotics) in different combination of antibiotics. The MAR index ranges were found (0.02-0.7). Of 98%, 84% and 80% of the total isolates showed urease, gelatinase and amylase activity. Results: The Proteus vulgaris isolates contained plasmid of size ranging from 42.5 to 57.0kb and molecular weight of plasmids ranged from 27.2 to 37.0 MD. Incidences of resistance transfer, 7 pairs of isolates were assessed for the transfer of the antibiotic/ heavy metal resistance markers. The higher (4.4x10-1 and 3.4x10-1) transfer frequency was observed among antibiotic and heavy metal while lower transfer frequency were (5.0x10-2 and 1.0x10-2) showed against antibiotic and heavy metal in both the medium from the entire site tested, respectively. Conclusion: Indicating the high threat of environmental pollution and appearance of heavy metal resistance which may support the enlargement of resistance to antibiotics among the pathogens.

scholarly journals Influence of Fara-darmani Consciousness Field on Bacterial Population Growth

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Ali Taheri ◽  
Gholamreza Zarrini ◽  
Sara Torabi ◽  
Noushin Nabavi ◽  
Farid Semsarha
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Bacterial Strain ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Clinical Microbiology ◽  
Bacterial Population ◽  
Antibiotics Resistance ◽  
Healthy Population ◽  
Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Colony Counting ◽  
Population Survival

The treatment of bacterial infections and the rising challenges of antibiotics resistance are global concerns and the primary topics in basic science and clinical microbiology. In the present study, the effectiveness of treatment of selected populations of bacteria using an immaterial and non-energetic method called Fara-darmani Consciousness Field treatment is investigated. Population growth was assessed by turbidimetry, colony counting and tetrazolium chloride reduction assays in non-treated control and Fara-darmani-treated groups. Our results suggest effectiveness of the Fara-darmani Consciousness Field on reducing various types of bacterial strain growth rates (up to 46%). In addition, along with a decrease in bacterial population, evidence of increased survival can be seen in the larger healthy population (up to about 60%). Thus, in this study, we confirm the effects of the Consciousness Field on bacterial population survival. This study also warrants additional research.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in Women with Positive Urine Culture: Does Menopausal Status Make a Significant Difference?

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pawel Miotla ◽  
Katarzyna Romanek-Piva ◽  
Michal Bogusiewicz ◽  
Ewa Markut-Miotla ◽  
Aneta Adamiak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Urine Culture ◽  
Menopausal Status ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Resistance Testing ◽  
Antimicrobial Drug Resistance ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Resistance Patterns

Aim. Urinary tract infection (UTI) is considered one of the most common bacterial infections in women. The aim of this study was to investigate the types of uropathogens present, as well as the degree of antimicrobial drug resistance seen among premenopausal (n=2748) and postmenopausal (n=1705) women with uncomplicated UTI. Methods. Urinary samples (n=4453) collected from women with UTI were analyzed in terms of uropathogens present. These were considered as positive if bacterial growth was ≥105 colony forming units (CFUs)/mL. Susceptibility and resistance testing for commonly used antibiotics was subsequently assessed. Results. The most common uropathogens cultured from urine samples were Escherichia coli (65.5%), followed by Enterococcus faecalis (12.2%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (4.7%), and Proteus mirabilis (4.2%). The resistance to ampicillin exceeded 40%, independently of menopausal status. Of note, resistance to ciprofloxacin exceeded 25% among postmenopausal patients. Moreover, resistance of all uropathogens to commonly used antimicrobials was significantly higher in postmenopausal women. Conclusion. Due to the high resistance rate, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, and the trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole combination should be avoided in treating postmenopausal women affected by UTI without being indicated by initial urine culture report. Finally, cephalexin and cefuroxime are promising alternatives as initial treatment in postmenopausal women.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the impact of antimicrobial use protocols in PRRS virus infected swine on phenotypic antimicrobial resistance patterns

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carissa A. Odland ◽  
Roy Edler ◽  
Noelle R. Noyes ◽  
Scott A. Dee ◽  
Joel Nerem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

A longitudinal study was conducted to assess the impact of different antimicrobial exposures of nursery-phase pigs on patterns of phenotypic antimicrobial resistance in fecal indicator organisms throughout the growing phase. Based on practical approaches used to treat moderate to severe PRRSV-associated secondary bacterial infections, two antimicrobial protocols of differing intensity of exposure [44.1 and 181.5 animal-treatment days per 1000 animal days at risk (ATD)] were compared with a control group with minimal antimicrobial exposure (2.1 ATD). Litter-matched pigs (n = 108) with no prior antimicrobial exposure were assigned randomly to the treatment groups. Pen fecal samples were collected nine times during the wean-to-finish period and cultured for Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted using NARMS gram-negative and gram-positive antibiotic panels. Despite up to 65-fold difference in ATD, few and modest differences were observed between groups and over time. Resistant patterns at marketing overall remained similar to those observed at weaning, prior to any antimicrobial exposures. Those differences observed could not readily be reconciled with the patterns of antimicrobial exposure. Resistance of E. coli to streptomycin was higher in the group exposed to 44.1 ATD, but no aminoglycosides were used. In all instances where resistance differed between time points, the higher resistance occurred early in the trial prior to any antimicrobial exposures. These minimal impacts on AMR despite substantially different antimicrobial exposures point to the lack of understanding of the drivers of AMR at the population level and the likely importance of factors other than antimicrobial exposure. IMPORTANCE Despite a recognized need for more longitudinal studies to assess the effects of antimicrobial use on resistance in food animals, they remain sparse in the literature, and most longitudinal studies of pigs have been observational. The current experimental study had the advantages of greater control of potential confounding, precise measurement of antimicrobial exposures which varied markedly between groups and tracking of pigs until market age. Overall, resistance patterns were remarkably stable between the treatment groups over time, and the differences observed could not be readily reconciled with the antimicrobial exposures, indicating the likely importance of other determinants of AMR at the population level.

scholarly journals Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance phenotypes of Salmonella species recovered at various stages of broiler operations in Hathazari, Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
pp. 158-164
Author(s):  
Ferdausi Ali ◽  
Tazriyan Noor Silvy ◽  
Tanim Jabid Hossain ◽  
Md. Kamal Uddin ◽  
Mohammad Seraj Uddin
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Antibiotics Resistance ◽  
Broiler Meat ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Meat Samples

Background and Aim: Dissemination of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella through food chains has serious health implications, with higher rates of morbidity and mortality. Broiler meat remains a major reservoir of Salmonella contamination. The lack of proper hygiene in local broiler operations has, therefore, prompted this research into the assessment of Salmonella contamination in local shops and associated antimicrobial resistance (AMR) phenotypes. Materials and Methods: A total of 55 broiler samples including skin, meat, and swab samples from chopping and dressing sites were included in the study. The samples were collected from broiler shops in Hathazari, Bangladesh, and screened for the presence of Salmonella strains using culture-based methods. The isolates were biochemically characterized and further tested for AMR to eight common antibiotics using the disk diffusion technique. Results: Salmonella contaminations were identified in 29% (16/55) of the broiler samples. Swab samples collected from the chopping sites appeared to be contaminated in higher proportions (33%) than those collected from the dressing areas (25%). On the other hand, the skin samples (50%) were detected with a higher percentage of contamination than the meat samples (25%). All Salmonella isolates showed resistance toward at least one of the eight antibiotics used. Although none of the isolates was resistant to all antibiotics, 18.75% showed resistance to a maximum of seven antibiotics. Resistance to nalidixic acid was most prevalent (87.5%), followed by sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (81.25%), erythromycin (81.25%), tetracycline (75%), streptomycin (56.25%), ampicillin-clavulanic acid (50%), chloramphenicol (43.75%), and cefotaxime (18.75%). The resistance patterns of the isolates were found to be highly diverse. The most frequently observed pattern was the following: Ampicillin-clavulanic acid-sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim-nalidixic acid-tetracycline-chloramphenicol-streptomycin-erythromycin. Conclusion: The relatively high prevalence of MDR strains in the samples underlies an urgent need for surveillance and control measures concerning hygiene and antibiotic use in local broiler operations.

scholarly journals Regional Dissemination of a Carbapenemase-encoding Plasmid: Plasmidome analysis Reveals Diverse Adaptations of Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryuichiro Abe ◽  
Yukihiro Akeda ◽  
Yo Sugawara ◽  
Dan Takeuchi ◽  
Yuki Matsumoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Complete Sequence ◽  
Surveillance Study ◽  
Single Point Mutation ◽  
Chromosomal Integration ◽  
Carbapenemase Gene ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Horizontal Spread

Abstract Background. The global dissemination of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) threatens human health by limiting the range of usable antibiotics even against common bacterial infections. The spread of CRE is primarily due to the transmission of carbapenemase genes located on plasmids. However, few studies have comprehensively identified regionally spreading carbapenemase-encoding plasmids because of the difficulty to determine the complete sequence of a plasmid encoding carbapenemases. In a CRE surveillance study of 1,507 patients from 43 hospitals in northern Osaka, Japan, we previously found that 12% of the patients carried CRE and 95% of CRE isolates were IMP-6 producers. This result suggested a vast horizontal spread of a clonal plasmid carrying blaIMP-6 among Enterobacteriaceae in this region. In the current study, we aimed to describe the dynamics of this regional horizontal plasmid transmission.Results. We systematically analysed the plasmids of 230 CRE isolates carrying blaIMP obtained in our previous surveillance study by using whole genome sequencing and Southern blotting. We detected a major population (187 out of 230 blaIMP-positive CRE isolates, 85.6%) that carried blaIMP-6 on the IncN plasmid pKPI-6, along with diverse minor subpopulations. Among the subpopulations, we identified a novel cluster carrying an IncF plasmid that leads to heteroresistance due to amplification of blaIMP-6, resulting in covert transmission of blaIMP-6 or occasional chromosomal integration of blaIMP-6. In addition, we detected one isolate that harboured blaIMP-1, which is identical to blaIMP-6 except for a single point mutation, on pKPI-6 and thus had acquired a broader range of antimicrobial resistance. Conclusions. Carbapenemase-encoding plasmid tracking revealed the clonal dissemination of pKPI-6 among chromosomally distinct isolates. Focusing on the mode of carbapenemase gene carriage is helpful for monitoring of horizontal spread of CRE isolates that is difficult to trace only by the comparisons of the whole genomes. A seemingly clonal horizontal dissemination of the predominant plasmid had embraced heterogenous subpopulations that contribute to diverse adaptations including covert transmission, stable chromosomal integration of blaIMP-6, or broadened antimicrobial resistance patterns, ultimately leading to treatment failure.

scholarly journals Trends, Epidemiology, and Management of Multi-Drug Resistant Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections in the Hospitalized Setting

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Morris ◽  
Elizabeth Cerceo
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Evolution Of Resistance ◽  
Current Guidelines

The increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance is a threat to human health, particularly within vulnerable populations in the hospital and acute care settings. This leads to increasing healthcare costs, morbidity, and mortality. Bacteria rapidly evolve novel mechanisms of resistance and methods of antimicrobial evasion. Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter baumannii have all been identified as pathogens with particularly high rates of resistance to antibiotics, resulting in a reducing pool of available treatments for these organisms. Effectively combating this issue requires both preventative and reactive measures. Reducing the spread of resistant pathogens, as well as reducing the rate of evolution of resistance is complex. Such a task requires a more judicious use of antibiotics through a better understanding of infection epidemiology, resistance patterns, and guidelines for treatment. These goals can best be achieved through the implementation of antimicrobial stewardship programs and the development and introduction of new drugs capable of eradicating multi-drug resistant Gram-negative pathogens (MDR GNB). The purpose of this article is to review current trends in MDR Gram-negative bacterial infections in the hospitalized setting, as well as current guidelines for management. Finally, new and emerging antimicrobials, as well as future considerations for combating antibiotic resistance on a global scale are discussed.

Antibiotics resistance in Sub Saharan Africa; literature review from 2010 – 2017

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 35-45
Author(s):  
A. Balala ◽  
T.G. Huong ◽  
S.G. Fenwick
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotics Resistance ◽  
Published Data ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Sub Saharan

Antibiotics saves millions of lives in human and animal from bacterial infections, but resistance has been occurred and spreading borderless which pose health and economic problems. This study aimed to describe epidemiology (prevalence) of antibiotic resistant bacteria in human and animals and describing risk factors with strategic control efforts in Sub-Sahara Africa countries. Total 72 articles published from 2010 to 2017 were reviewed which reported on bacterium resistance to commonly-used antibiotics of different groups. Majority of isolated bacteria were highly resistant to b-lactams, Tetracycline and Sulphonamide, moderate resistant to Gentamycine and Aminoglycoside with low resistant to cephalosporin and quinolones for bacteria isolated from human while isolates from animal have high resistance to majority of antibiotic. High antibiotic resistant was associated by presence of weak/no regulation and irrational antibiotics use in Animal and Human health system, despite there is paucity of published data from central and southern African countries, lack of data sharing among laboratories and presence of few initiatives on control strategies of antimicrobial resistance while most of them are faced by resource limitations (skilled personnel, Equipments and Fund allocation). This study recommend that awareness on rational antibiotic use must be created, strong regulation to limit accessibility of antibiotics over the counter prescription, strengthening laboratory based diagnosis and surveillance, Infection control and prevention in hospitals with strong biosafety and biosecurity in animal farms are crucial. Adoption of “One Health Approach” is very important through multisectoral involvement, information sharing and networking.

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