scholarly journals Gender Segregation in Education: Evidence From Higher Secondary Stream Choice in India

Demography ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soham Sahoo ◽  
Stephan Klasen
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Unobserved Heterogeneity ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Gender Segregation ◽  
Gender Disparity ◽  
School Level ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Secondary Stream

Abstract This paper investigates gender-based segregation across different fields of study at the senior secondary level of schooling in a large developing country. We use a nationally representative longitudinal data set from India to analyze the extent and determinants of gender gap in higher secondary stream choice. Using fixed-effects regressions that control for unobserved heterogeneity at the regional and household levels, we find that girls are about 20 percentage points less likely than boys to study in science (STEM) and commerce streams as compared with humanities. This gender disparity is unlikely to be driven by gender-specific differences in cognitive ability, given that the gap remains large and significant even after we control for individuals' past test scores. We establish the robustness of these estimates through various sensitivity analyses: including sibling fixed effects, considering intrahousehold relationships among individuals, and addressing sample selection issues. Disaggregating the effect on separate streams, we find that girls are most underrepresented in the study of science. Our findings indicate that gender inequality in economic outcomes, such as occupational segregation and gender pay gaps, is determined by gendered trajectories set much earlier in the life course, especially at the school level.

scholarly journals The consequences of unemployment on diet composition and purchase behaviour: a longitudinal study from Denmark

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (03) ◽  
pp. 580-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sinne Smed ◽  
Inge Tetens ◽  
Thomas Bøker Lund ◽  
Lotte Holm ◽  
Annemette Ljungdalh Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Diet Composition ◽  
Unobserved Heterogeneity ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Food Purchase ◽  
Duration Of Unemployment ◽  
Food Expenditure ◽  
Total Fat

AbstractObjectiveTo explore and describe quantitatively the effect over time of unemployment on food purchase behaviour and diet composition.DesignLongitudinal data from 2008–2012, with monthly food purchase data aligned with register data on unemployment measured as a dichotomous indicator as well as a trend accounting for the duration.SettingA household panel which registers daily food purchases combined with detailed nutritional information and registration of the duration of unemployment at individual level. The structure of the data set facilitates the detection of effects or associations between duration of unemployment and diet composition, purchase behaviour in terms of food expenditure, and share of food purchased on offer and in discounters while controlling for important confounding factors.SubjectsDanish households of working age (n3440) adjusted to household equivalents. We use fixed-effects econometric methods to control for unobserved heterogeneity.ResultsIn the short run, unemployment led to substitution in favour of discount stores and increases in food expenditure and in consumption of saturated fat, total fat and protein due to increased consumption of animal-based foods. In the medium run food expenditure declined together with consumption of fresh animal-based foods and saturated fat, total fat and protein. In the even longer run these nutrients were substituted by carbohydrates and added sugar.ConclusionsUnemployment has a substantial influence on diet composition, but effects vary with duration of the unemployment period, which may have potential health implications. This ought to be taken into consideration in evaluations of existing reforms and in future reforms of welfare systems.

Profit sharing and firm profitability

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2/3) ◽  
pp. 191-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Strifler
Keyword(s):  
Instrumental Variables ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Unobserved Heterogeneity ◽  
Profit Sharing ◽  
Set Covering ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Firm Profitability ◽  
Instrumental Variables Approach

Purpose This purpose of this paper to examine how profit sharing depends on the underlying profitability of firms. More precisely, motivated by theoretical research on fair wages and unionized labor markets, profit sharing is estimated for six different profitability categories: positive, increasing, positive and increasing, negative, decreasing and negative or decreasing. Design/methodology/approach The paper exploits a high-quality linked employer–employee data set covering the universe of Finnish workers and firms. Endogeneity of profitability and self-selection of firms in different profitability categories are accounted for by an instrumental variables approach. The panel-structure of the data is used to control for unobserved heterogeneity (spell and individual fixed effects). Findings Profits are shared if firms are profitable or become more profitable. The wage-profit elasticity varies between 0.03 and 0.13 in such firms. However, profits are not shared if firms make losses or become less profitable. There is no downward wage adjustment. Research limitations/implications Because of the instrumental variables approach the question of external validity arises. Further empirical research on profit sharing with an explicit focus on firm profitability is warranted. The results of the paper indicate a connection between rent sharing and wage rigidity, as suggested by union and fair wage theory. Originality/value This is the first paper to consistently estimate the extent of profit sharing depending on the underlying profitability of firms.

Child schooling in India: the role of gender

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Itismita Mohanty ◽  
ANU RAMMOHAN
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Large Sample Size ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Child Schooling ◽  
Years Of Schooling

Purpose – This paper aims to analyse factors that influence child schooling outcomes in India, specifically the role of gender. Design/methodology/approach – This paper uses data from the nationally representative Indian National Family Health Surveys 1995-1996 and 2005-2006 and estimates Heckman sample selection, cluster fixed-effects and household fixed-effects econometric models. The dependent variables are the child’s enrolment status and conditional on enrolment child’s years of schooling. Findings – This analysis finds statistically significant evidence of male advantage both in schooling enrolment as well as years of schooling. However, using a cluster fixed-effects model, our analysis finds that within a village, conditional on being enrolled, girls spend more years in school relative to boys. Other results show that parental schooling has a positive and statistically significant impact on child schooling. There is statistically significant wealth effect, community effect and regional disparities between states in India. Originality/value – The large sample size and the range of questions available in this data set, allows us to explore the influence of individual, household and village level social, economic and cultural factors on child schooling. The role of gender on child schooling within a village, intrahousehold resource allocation for schooling and regional gender differences in schooling are important issues in India, where education outcomes remain poor for large segments of the population.

scholarly journals Understanding the Gender Gap Further: The Case of Turn-of-the-Century Swedish Compositors

2020 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-206
Author(s):  
Joyce Burnette ◽  
Maria Stanfors
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Firm Characteristics ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Labor Market Discrimination ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Rich Data ◽  
Average Individual

To better understand the historical gender wage gap, we investigate the wages of Swedish compositors circa 1900 using a rich data set of matched employer-employee information with national coverage. In line with previous findings, women earned about 70 percent of men’s wages on average. Individual and job characteristics explain much of this shortfall. Firm characteristics or firm fixed effects, on average, explain 17 percent of the gap, though the firm mattered more for the gender gap in big cities than elsewhere. Sorting across firms is thus an important part of understanding historical gender wage gaps. While most studies conclude that a significant portion of the gender gap is unexplained, suggesting labor market discrimination, this may result from a lack of information on the distribution of men and women across firms.

An Empirical Comparison of Statistical Models for Value-Added Assessment of School Performance

2004 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen D. Tekwe ◽  
Randy L. Carter ◽  
Chang-Xing Ma ◽  
James Algina ◽  
Maurice E. Lucas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
School Performance ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Subject Area ◽  
School Level ◽  
Learning Gains ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Value Added Measures

Hierarchical Linear Models (HLM) have been used extensively for value-added analysis, adjusting for important student and school-level covariates such as socioeconomic status. A recently proposed alternative, the Layered Mixed Effects Model (LMEM) also analyzes learning gains, but ignores sociodemographic factors. Other features of LMEM, such as its ability to apportion credit for learning gains among multiple schools and its utilization of incomplete observations, make it appealing. A third model that is appealing due to its simplicity is the Simple Fixed Effects Models (SFEM). Statistical and computing specifications are given for each of these models. The models were fitted to obtain value-added measures of school performance by grade and subject area, using a common data set with two years of test scores. We investigate the practical impact of differences among these models by comparing their value-added measures. The value-added measures obtained from the SFEM were highly correlated with those from the LMEM. Thus, due to its simplicity, the SFEM is recommended over LMEM. Results of comparisons of SFEM with HLM were equivocal. Inclusion of student level variables such as minority status and poverty leads to results that differ from those of the SFEM. The question of whether to adjust for such variables is, perhaps, the most important issue faced when developing a school accountability system. Either inclusion or exclusion of them is likely to lead to a biased system. Which bias is most tolerable may depend on whether the system is to be a high-stakes one.

Gender gap in STEM education and career choices: what matters?

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Verena Tandrayen-Ragoobur ◽  
Deepa Gokulsing
Keyword(s):  
Stem Education ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Gender Disparity ◽  
School Level ◽  
Women In Stem ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Behavioural Factors ◽  
Degree Choice

PurposeThe paper innovates on the existing literature by assessing the gender gap in Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths (STEM) tertiary education enrolment and career choice in a small country setting and by extending on Master and Meltzoff (2016) theoretical framework to provide a holistic explanation of the gender disparity through a mix of personal, environmental and behavioural factors. The study first probes into the existence of potential gender disparity in STEM tertiary enrolment in Mauritius. Second, in contrast with existing studies where selective factors are used to measure the gender gap in STEM education, this paper investigates into a combination of personal, environmental and behavioural factors that may influence participation in STEM education and career.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses a survey of 209 undergraduates enroled in the main public university and investigates into the existence of a gender gap in STEM tertiary education enrolment and the reasons behind this disparity. Consistent with the theoretical model, the empirical analysis also investigates into the work environment (which cannot be measured from the survey), via semi-structured interviews of 15 women in STEM professions.FindingsThe logit regression results first reveal the existence of a gender disparity in the choice of STEM-related degrees. The probability of a female student to enrol in a STEM degree is lower than that of a male student, after controlling for all the personal, environmental and behavioural factors. The most important set of reasons influencing the student's STEM degree choice are self-efficacy and the student's academic performance in STEM subjects at secondary school level. The findings also demonstrate that young women are relatively more likely to choose STEM degrees than their male counterparts when they are supported by their family, school and teachers. There is further evidence of lower participation of women in STEM professions as well as significant challenges which women in STEM careers face compared to their male colleagues.Originality/valueThis study adopts a holistic framework to assess the factors that hinder women's participation in STEM tertiary education and career in Mauritius.

scholarly journals Global cargo gravitation model: airports matter for forecasts

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian Baier ◽  
Peter Berster ◽  
Marc Gelhausen
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Distance Effect ◽  
Gravity Models ◽  
Economic Forecast ◽  
Air Cargo ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Long Run

AbstractThe reliability of forecast models in the aviation sector is an important factor for industry and policy makers likewise. Expanding airports and fleets usually is a cost and time intensive process, and in order to maintain efficient market behavior, accurate anticipation of future demand and structural changes is attempted. We present a new quantitative approach to air cargo forecasts utilizing global airport-dyadic ICAO CASS data in general linearized airport fixed effects gravity models. While the strong explanatory power of our time invariant constant model has its natural difficulties predicting a variety of smaller indicators from previous models found in literature, we achieve very good results for selected time variant variables as gross domestic product per capita or kerosene prices. This makes our model a perfect tool for forecast simulations: extrapolating general economic forecast data provided by IHS Markit yield similar results to Boeing cargo forecasts (2020), with a slight decrease in the long run. Additionally, we do not need to split or control our sample in regional groups due to airport fixed effects, which makes the model on the other hand suitable for country- and airport level forecasts as well. The utilization of a large unique bilateral freight data set also helps answering classical gravity model questions in aviation: we track the distance effect to a matter of sample selection, finding no significant interaction following state of the art gravity econometrics.

scholarly journals The Gender Gap in Top Corporate Jobs

ILR Review ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Bertrand ◽  
Kevin F. Hallock
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Segregation ◽  
Female Executives ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Top Executive ◽  
Compensation Gap ◽  
High Level ◽  
Rule Out

Using the ExecuComp data set, which contains information on the five highest-paid executives in each of a large number of U.S. firms for the years 1992–97, the authors examine the gender compensation gap among high-level executives. Women, who represented about 2.5% of the sample, earned about 45% less than men. As much as 75% of this gap can be explained by the fact that women managed smaller companies and were less likely to be CEO, Chair, or company President. The unexplained gap falls to less than 5% with an allowance for the younger average age and lower average seniority of the female executives. These results do not rule out the possibility of discrimination via gender segregation or unequal promotion. Between 1992 and 1997, however, women nearly tripled their participation in the top executive ranks and also strongly improved their relative compensation, mostly by gaining representation in larger corporations.

Gender digital divide in India: a case of inter-regional analysis of Uttar Pradesh

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shashi Bala ◽  
Puja Singhal
Keyword(s):  
Digital Divide ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Regional Analysis ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Gender Disparity ◽  
Second Order ◽  
North India ◽  
Access Time ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type

Purpose This study aims to endeavor to explore the extent of gender digital divide(GDD) in Uttar Pradesh (U.P., IT-Hub of North India), a most populous state of India, with a particular focus on the first and second order of digital divide, including availability, access time and use of the internet. Design/methodology/approach The authors have adopted stratified multistage sampling procedure for this research and conducted an empirical study on the data set of 600 respondents of six districts of U.P. to perform the inter-regional analysis. Furthermore, χ2 method has been used to reveal the factors responsible for the GDD among selected districts of UP. Findings Statistical results clearly indicate that out of 12 sub-districts, most of the districts suffered from first order as well as second order of GDD, and this gender disparity within an increasing digitization environment is due to the existence of exclusion from basic technological skills, social norms and financial constraints. Practical implications The results have implications for the U.P. Government in general and policymakers behind digitization projects in particular as well as the promoters of gender equality including researchers and fellows. Originality/value This study is the first to illustrate the orders of the digital gender gap in a developing economy such as India and to gain an insight into the factors behind it. This research will also consider a promising avenue for future work.

scholarly journals Measuring the effect of gender segregation on the gender gap in time-related underemployment

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Acosta-Ballesteros ◽  
María del Pilar Osorno-del Rosal ◽  
Olga María Rodríguez-Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Gender Segregation ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Labour Force Survey ◽  
Gender Typing ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Workers ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThis paper focuses on the impact that gender segregation in the labour market exerts on the underemployment gender gap for young adult workers in Spain. In order to analyse the relative importance of segregation in this gap, we develop a methodology based on two counterfactual simulations that provides a detailed decomposition of the gap into endowments and coefficients effects as well as the interaction of these effects. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to perform a decomposition using bivariate probit models with sample selection. Using annual samples of the Spanish Labour Force Survey 2006–2016, the results show that working in female-dominated occupations or industries hinders working as many hours as desired, especially for women. Furthermore, we conclude that the gender gap in underemployment is mainly due to the different distribution of male and female workers across occupations and industries. Additionally, the different impact by gender that working in the same gender-typing jobs exerts on the risk of underemployment contributes to widening the gap.

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