scholarly journals Contractility and 45Ca fluxes in heart muscle of flounder at a lowered extracellular NaCl concentration

1984 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-207
Author(s):  
H. Gesser ◽  
A. Mangor-Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Positive Inotropic Effect ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Free Solution ◽  
Observable Effect ◽  
Resting Tension ◽  
Nacl Concentration ◽  
Extracellular Sodium ◽  
45Ca Efflux

The twitch force of isolated electrically paced ventricular strips of flounder, Platichthys flesus L., increased after lowering the extracellular sodium chloride concentration by 50 mmol l-1. This response was markedly reduced by replacing the sodium chloride with either Tris-HCl or sucrose, so that osmolarity was unchanged. The 45Ca efflux decreased and the 45Ca influx increased when the extracellular sodium concentration Nao+ was lowered. In contrast, changing only the osmolarity had no observable effect on these fluxes. An increased resting tension appeared in strips exposed to a Na+-, Ca2+-free solution. This was transient at an unchanged osmolarity but became permanent at an osmolarity lowered by 100 mosmol l-1. These results suggest that both a lowered Nao and a lowered osmolarity have a positive inotropic effect, due respectively to an increased cellular uptake of Ca2+ and a redistribution of cellular Ca2+.

scholarly journals Characterization of Virus Adsorption by Using DEAE-Sepharose and Octyl-Sepharose

2002 ◽  
Vol 68 (8) ◽  
pp. 3965-3968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia A. Shields ◽  
Samuel R. Farrah
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Electrostatic Interactions ◽  
Hydrophobic Interactions ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Sodium Chloride Concentration ◽  
Virus Adsorption ◽  
Nacl Concentration

ABSTRACT Viruses were characterized by their adsorption to DEAE-Sepharose or by their elution from octyl-Sepharose by using buffered solutions of sodium chloride with different ionic strengths. Viruses whose adsorption to DEAE-Sepharose was reduced most rapidly by an increase in the sodium chloride concentration were considered to have the weakest electrostatic interactions with the solids; these viruses included MS2, E1, and φX174. Viruses whose adsorption to DEAE-Sepharose was reduced least rapidly were considered to have the strongest electrostatic interactions with the column; these viruses included P1, T4, T2, and E5. All of the viruses studied adsorbed to octyl-Sepharose in the presence of 4 M NaCl. Viruses that were eluted most rapidly following a decrease in the concentration of NaCl were considered to have the weakest hydrophobic interactions with the column; these viruses included φX174, CB4, and E1. Viruses that were eluted least rapidly from the columns after the NaCl concentration was decreased were considered to have the strongest hydrophobic interactions with the column; these viruses included f2, MS2, and E5.

scholarly journals Regulation of Water and Some Ions in Gammarids (Amphipoda)

1971 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-369
Author(s):  
D. W. SUTCLIFFE
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Salinity Range ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Body Sodium ◽  
Total Body

1. A comparison was made of the body water contents and the concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride in the blood and body water of Gammarus zaddachi, G. locusta and Marinogammarus finmarchicus. 2. G. zaddachi had a slightly higher body water content than G. locusta and M. finmarchicus. 3. In all three species the blood chloride concentration was lower than the external chloride concentration in 80-113 % sea water, but the blood sodium concentration was equal to or slightly above the sodium concentration in the external medium. 4. The total body sodium concentration was always greater than the total body chloride concentration. In M.finmarchicus the ratio of body sodium/chloride increased from 1.2 to 1.3 over the salinity range 100-20% sea water. In G. zaddachi the ratio of body sodium/chloride increased from 1.08 at 100% sea water to 1.87 in 0.25 mM/l NaCl. 5. The total body potassium concentration remained constant. The potassium loss rate and the balance concentration were relatively high in G. zaddachi. 6. The porportion of body water in the blood space was calculated from the assumption that a Donnan equilibrium exists between chloride and potassium ions in the extracellular blood space and the intracellular space. In G. zaddachi the blood space was equivalent to 60% body H2O at 100% sea water, and equivalent to 50% body H2O at 40% sea water down to 0.5 mM/l NaCl. In M.finmarchicus the blood space was equivalent to 38-44% body H2O at salinities of 20-100% sea water. 7. The mean intracellular concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride were also calculated. It was concluded that for each ion its intracellular concentration is much the same in the four euryhaline gammarids. The intracellular chloride concentration is roughly proportional to the blood chloride concentration. The intracellular sodium concentration is regulated in the face of large changes in the blood sodium concentration.

scholarly journals Evaluating the influence of Citrullus lanatus seed extracts on electrolytes, urea and creatinine in Streptozotocin induced diabetic albino rats

2018 ◽  
pp. 87-94
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Colorimetric Method ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Diabetic Control ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Potassium Sodium ◽  
Group 1

The focus of current research study was to evaluate the influence of the seed extract of Citrullus lanatus on urea, creatinine, potassium, sodium, chloride and bicarbonate in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Eighteen male wistar albino rats were divided into six groups of three rats each, diabetes were induced in all the rats except group 1 by intraperitoneal injection of 45 mg/kg b.wt. of streptozotocin. Group 1 rats served as control and received standard feed and water daily; Group 2 rats received oral Glibenclamide (0.5 mg/kg bw); Group 3,4, and 5 received 200 mg/kg bw, 400 mg/kg bw and 600 mg/kg b.wt. of the ethanolic extract of Citrullus lanatus seed respectively; and group 6 served as diabetic group. Blood samples were collected and analysed for urea, creatinine, potassium, sodium, chloride and bicarbonate using urease-Berthelot colorimetric method, Jaffe’s colorimetric method and Ion selective electrode (ISE) method respectively. There was a significant decrease in (p<0.05) glucose concentration (mmol/L) of 3.90 in control compared to 8.07, 8.73, 14.67, 11.43 and 9.80 in albino rats treated with glibenclamide, STZ+CLS 200 mg, STZ+CLS 400 mg, STZ+CLS 600 mg and diabetic control respectively. In potassium concentration (meq/l) 6.51 in control compared with 4.97, 7.59, 7.28, 8.45 and 6.87 in albino rats treated with glibenclamide, STZ+CLS200 mg, STZ+CLS 400 mg, STZ+CLS 600 mg and diabetic control respectively. While in sodium concentration (meq/l) of 1.42 in control compared to 1.33, 1.30, 1.36, 1.42 and 1.36 in albino rats treated with glibenclamide, STZ+CLS 200 mg, STZ+CLS 400 mg, STZ+CLS 600 mg and diabetic control respectively. However, in chloride concentration (meq/l) of 1.06 in control compared to 99.10, 97.87, 1.04, 88.00, 1.04, 88.00 and 1.04 in albino rats treated with glibenclamide, STZ+CLS 200 mg, STZ+CLS 400 mg, STZ+CLS 600 mg and diabetic control respectively and also in bicarbonate concentration (meq/l) of 10.07 when compared with 17.30, 16.47, 15.40, 6.40 and 17.30 in albino rats treated with glibenclamide, STZ+CLS 200 mg, STZ+CLS 400 mg, STZ+CLS 600 mg and diabetic control respectively. In conclusion, this medicinal plant could be considered as a potential and alternative approach for the treatment of diabetes. Keywords: Keywords: Citrullus lanatus, Diabetes Mellitus, Renal

The Quantab strip in the measurement of urinary chloride and sodium concentrations.

1984 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 1705-1707 ◽  
Author(s):  
P J Sloan ◽  
G Beevers ◽  
F E Baxter
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Observer Variation ◽  
Salt Diet ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solutions ◽  
Urinary Chloride ◽  
Chemical Assay ◽  
Low Salt

Abstract The "Quantab" strip (Ames) measures chloride in fluids. For sodium chloride solutions and urine we found very good correlations between the Quantab reading and the chloride concentration as measured by chemical assay (r = 0.95 for chloride and r = 0.85 for sodium in urine). The strip gave reproducible results over the temperature range 4 to 37 degrees C. There was very little inter- and intra-observer variation in reading the strip. Although 10 to 23 min is required to complete the reaction, the strip reading is stable thereafter. We suggest that the strip could be useful in epidemiological studies of urinary sodium concentration and clinically in helping patients adhere to a low-salt diet.

scholarly journals How Sodium Chloride Concentration in the Nutrient Solution Influences the Mineral Composition of Tomato Leaves and Fruits

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 707-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Giuffrida ◽  
Marianna Martorana ◽  
Cherubino Leonardi
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Nacl Concentration ◽  
Electrical Conductivities ◽  
Linear Decline

Tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Durinta) were grown in an open soilless system to evaluate the effects of sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration in the nutrient solution on the ion compositions in plant tissues. The treatments were defined by a factorial combination of five NaCl concentrations and three leaves position/age and two fruits' position. Seedlings were transplanted in perlite and, 7 days after transplanting, five salinity treatments were imposed by adding 7, 21, 37, 49, or 64 mm of NaCl to the nutrient solutions; the final electrical conductivities were: 2.7, 4.5, 6.0, 7.5, and 8.6 dS·m−1, respectively. Increased salinity in the nutrient solution resulted in a reduction in tomato dry matter (from 534 to 375 g per plant) and in a linear increase in sodium (from 0.37% to 1.39%) and chloride (from 1.75% to 5.73%) in the leaves as well as in the fruit tissues (from 0.08% to 0.26% for sodium and from 0.63% to 1.34% for chloride). Leaf under the first cluster showed higher levels of sodium (+54%) and chloride (+32%) than leaf under the fifth cluster and old leaf accumulated more sodium (+15%) and chloride (+25%) than younger ones. The exposure of the tomato plants to increasing salinity resulted in a linear decline in nitrate (from 1.21% to 0.50%), total nitrogen (from 3.31% to 3.03%), sulphate (from 3.71% to 3.12%), and potassium leaves (from 2.76% to 1.51%); the potassium reduction was more evident in younger leaves than in older ones. All macronutrients, except calcium, decreased in the fruit tissues with increasing NaCl concentration in the nutrient solution. However, for phosphate, the reduction of the ion concentration was evident only in the fruit from the fifth cluster (–35%). The position of the fruit on the plant significantly affected the concentration of ion, which was higher for all determined ions in the fruit of the first truss. The levels of Na+ and Cl– found in the plant tissue seem to confirm the hypothesis that the plant dry biomass reduction may also be traced to the toxicity of these ions as a consequence of this high concentration. On the other hand, although generally influenced by antagonism with sodium and chloride, the amount of main macronutrients did not reach deficiency levels that influenced the growth processes, except in the case of potassium.

Early postglomerular plasma concentrations of chloride, sodium, and inulin in the rat kidney

1976 ◽  
Vol 231 (3) ◽  
pp. 822-831 ◽  
Author(s):  
SW Weinstein ◽  
J Szyjewicz
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Proximal Tubule ◽  
Blood Supply ◽  
Functional Relationship ◽  
Rat Kidney ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Proximal Tubular

Sodium, chloride, and inulin concentrations were measured in plasma collected from the terminal portions of long efferent vessels at the subcapsular surface of the rat kidney. Sodium concentration equaled and the concentrations of chloride and inulin were less than those in peripheral plasma. During benzolamide infusion, chloride concentration equaled while inulin concentration remained less than in peripheral plasma. In free-flow micropuncture samples collected randomly during control conditions, chloride concentration rose rapidly in the early proximal tubule and then remained elevated and constant throughout the remainder of the proximal tubule accessible to micropuncture. These experiments indicate that normally tubular reabsorbate low in chloride and inulin is added to the blood traversing the early postglomerular vessels before reaching the kidney surface. Bases on the analyses of proximal tubular fluid, this type of reabsorbate appears available only from the early proximal tubular segment. We conclude that a close functional relationship exists between the first segment of the proximal tubule and the early postglomerular blood supply characteristic of the superficial cortical nephron.

Effects of sodium chloride on seed germination and growth of two Chinese desert shrubs, Haloxylon ammodendron and H. persicum (Chenopodiaceae)

2000 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuo Tobe ◽  
Xiaoming Li ◽  
Kenji Omasa
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Sand Dunes ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Seedling Stage ◽  
Haloxylon Ammodendron ◽  
Desert Shrubs ◽  
Nacl Concentration ◽  
Germination And Growth ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol 6000 ◽  
Saline Land

The effects of sodium chloride (NaCl), polyethylene glycol-6000, temperature and light on germination and the effects of NaCl on growth were investigated in two Chinese desert shrubs, Haloxylon ammodendron (C.A.Mey.) Bunge and H. persicum Bunge ex Boiss. et Buhse. Both species occur in non-saline sand dunes; H. ammodendron also occurs in saline land, although it is not dominant there. Percentage germination of H. ammodendron and H. persicum in –3.0 MPa (667 mmol kg –1 ) NaCl was 91 and 64%, respectively. Hydroponic culture of each species for c. 3 months with NaCl solutions of 0, 200, 400 and 600 mmol kg –1 showed that the survival of H. ammodendron was highest (82.3%) at 400 mmol kg –1 NaCl, while that of H. persicum decreased with increasing NaCl concentration and was low (11.1%) at 400 mmol kg –1 NaCl. Sodium concentration in shoot tissues of 99-day-old seedlings grown at 400 mmol kg–1 NaCl exceeded 1000 mmol kg –1 in both species, while Na concentration in non-transpiring young seedlings grown in 400 mmol kg –1 NaCl was 240 and 350 mmol kg –1 for H. ammodendron andH. persicum, respectively. The results indicate that both species have relatively low adaptability to salinity at the older seedling stage compared with that at the germination and young seedling stage, and that H. ammodendron shows higher adaptability to salinity at the older seedling stage than H. persicum. It was concluded that salinity adaptability in the later developmental stage of these species determines their distribution with respect to salinity.

scholarly journals Mechanisms of Cholera Agent Persistence under Varying Osmolarity Conditions

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 225-233
Author(s):  
Svetlana P. Zadnova ◽  
N. A Plekhanov ◽  
N. I Smirnova
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Nacl Concentration ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Transcription Regulators ◽  
Mechanisms Of Adaptation ◽  
The Impact

During the lifecycle cholera agent, being human pathogen and natural reservoir inhabitant, is constantly exposed to varying osmolarity environments, induced by different sodium chloride content. However, Vibrio cholerae has created the mechanisms providingfor adaptation to changes of living surroundings. The review covers the data on the impact of NaCl on the survivability of toxigenic V. cholerae strains, and information on mechanisms of adaptation to varying osmolarity. It is demonstrated that at low NaCl contents expression of genes, necessary for cell wall formation and cell growth is elevated; under high NaCl concentration conditions for transcription of genes, encoding transport systems, removing sodium ions, and also responsible for biosynthesis of osmoprotectors, are increased. There is discussed the role of two transcription regulators, CosR and OscR, cooperatively altering gene expression in accordance with particular environmental osmolarity. Further studies into the mechanisms of V. cholerae adaptation to changes of sodium chloride concentration will extend the knowledge about biology and ecology of the pathogen.

scholarly journals Choline and NMDG directly reduce outward currents: reduced outward current when these substances replace Na+ is alone not evidence of Na+-activated K+ currents

2018 ◽  
Vol 120 (6) ◽  
pp. 3217-3233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey B. Thuma ◽  
Scott L. Hooper
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Potassium Channels ◽  
Normal Saline ◽  
Choline Chloride ◽  
Outward Current ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Outward Currents ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Retzius Cells ◽  
Extracellular Sodium

Choline chloride is often, and N-methyl-d-glucamine (NMDG) sometimes, used to replace sodium chloride in studies of sodium-activated potassium channels. Given the high concentrations used in sodium replacement protocols, it is essential to test that it is not the replacement substances themselves, as opposed to the lack of sodium, that cause any observed effects. We therefore compared, in lobster stomatogastric neurons and leech Retzius cells, the effects of applying salines in which choline chloride replaced sodium chloride, and in which choline hydroxide or sucrose was added to normal saline. We also tested, in stomatogastric neurons, the effect of adding NMDG to normal saline. These protocols allowed us to measure the direct effects (i.e., effects not due to changes in sodium concentration or saline osmolarity or ionic strength) of choline on stomatogastric and leech currents, and of NMDG on stomatogastric currents. Choline directly reduced transient and sustained depolarization-activated outward currents in both species, and NMDG directly reduced transient depolarization-activated outward currents in stomatogastric neurons. Experiments with lower choline concentrations showed that adding as little as 150 mM (stomatogastric) or 5 mM (leech) choline reduced at least some depolarization-activated outward currents. Reductions in outward current with choline chloride or NMDG replacement alone are thus not evidence of sodium-activated potassium currents. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We show that choline or N-methyl-d-glucamine (NMDG) directly (i.e., not due to changes in extracellular sodium) decrease outward currents. Prior work studying sodium-activated potassium channels in which sodium was replaced with choline or NMDG without an addition control may therefore be artifactual.

TURBIDITY OF SUSPENSIONS AND MORPHOLOGY OF RED HALOPHILIC BACTERIA AS INFLUENCED BY SODIUM CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION

1960 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 535-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinah Abram ◽  
N. E. Gibbons
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Halophilic Bacteria ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Abrupt Decrease ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Rigid Cell Wall

The optical densities of suspensions of cells of Halobacterium cutirubrum, H. halobium, or H. salinarium, grown in media containing 4.5 M sodium chloride, increase as the salt concentration of the suspending medium decreases, until a maximum is reached at about 2 M; below this concentration there is an abrupt decrease in optical density. The cells are rod shaped in 4.5 M salt and change, as the salt concentration decreases, through irregular transition forms to spheres; equal numbers of transition forms and spheres are present at the point of maximum turbidity, while spheres predominate at lower salt concentrations. Cells suspended in 3.0 M salt, although slightly swollen, are viable, but viability decreases rapidly with the more drastic changes in morphology at lower salt concentrations. Cells grown in the presence of iron are more resistant to morphological changes but follow the same sequence. Cells "fixed" with formaldehyde, at any point in the sequence, act as osmometers and do not rupture in distilled water although their volume increases 10–14 times. The results indicate that the red halophilic rods require a high sodium chloride content in their growth or suspending medium to maintain a rigid cell wall structure.

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