Optimal Incentives for Teams

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 525-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeon-Koo Che ◽  
Seung-Weon Yoo
Keyword(s):  
Current Paper ◽  
Incentive Scheme ◽  
Work Organizations ◽  
Group Incentives ◽  
Repeated Interaction ◽  
Optimal Incentives

Much of the existing theory of incentives describes a static relationship that lasts for just one transaction. This static assumption is not only unrealistic, but the resulting predictions appear to be at odds with many work organizations. The current paper introduces possible long-term interaction among agents, and studies how the design of explicit incentives and work organizations can exploit, and interact with, the implicit incentives generated by the repeated interaction of the agents. The optimal incentive scheme is shown to display observed features of the increasingly popular “teams,” such as the use of low-powered, group incentives. (JEL D23, J33, J41, L23)

scholarly journals Treatment of the Fluoroquinolone-Associated Disability: The Pathobiochemical Implications

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Michalak ◽  
Aleksandra Sobolewska-Włodarczyk ◽  
Marcin Włodarczyk ◽  
Justyna Sobolewska ◽  
Piotr Woźniak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Gene Expression ◽  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Social Problem ◽  
Fenton Reaction ◽  
Current Paper ◽  
Bivalent Cations

Long-term fluoroquinolone-associated disability (FQAD) after fluoroquinolone (FQ) antibiotic therapy appears in recent years as a significant medical and social problem, because patients suffer for many years after prescribed antimicrobial FQ treatment from tiredness, concentration problems, neuropathies, tendinopathies, and other symptoms. The knowledge about the molecular activity of FQs in the cells remains unclear in many details. The effective treatment of this chronic state remains difficult and not effective. The current paper reviews the pathobiochemical properties of FQs, hints the directions for further research, and reviews the research concerning the proposed treatment of patients. Based on the analysis of literature, the main directions of possible effective treatment of FQAD are proposed: (a) reduction of the oxidative stress, (b) restoring reduced mitochondrion potential ΔΨm, (c) supplementation of uni- and bivalent cations that are chelated by FQs and probably ineffectively transported to the cell (caution must be paid to Fe and Cu because they may generate Fenton reaction), (d) stimulating the mitochondrial proliferation, (e) removing FQs permanently accumulated in the cells (if this phenomenon takes place), and (f) regulating the disturbed gene expression and enzyme activity.

scholarly journals A Contribution to the flora of Rajouri and Poonch districts in the Pir Panjal Himalaya (Jammu & Kashmir), India

Check List ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gh. Hassan Dar ◽  
Akhtar H. Malik ◽  
Anzar A. Khuroo
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Plant Diversity ◽  
Vascular Plant ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Current Paper ◽  
Himalayan Region ◽  
Plant Resources ◽  
Jammu And Kashmir

The current paper provides a taxonomic inventory of the vascular plant species collected by the authors during the last two decades from the Rajouri and Poonch districts, located along the Pir Panjal range in the Indian Himalayan State of Jammu and Kashmir. The inventory records a total of 352 species, which belong to 270 genera in 83 families. Of the total taxa, the angiosperms are represented by 331 species in 253 genera and 77 families; gymnosperms by 12 species in 9 genera and 3 families; and pteridophytes by 9 species in 7 genera and 3 families. Asteraceae is the largest family, contributing 42 species; while Artemisia is the largest genus, with 5 species. The inventory is expected to provide baseline scientific data for further studies on plant diversity in these two border districts, and can be used to facilitate the long-term conservation and sustainable use of plant resources in this Himalayan region.

scholarly journals The Enriching Interplay between Openness and Interest: A Theoretical Elaboration of the OFCI Model and a First Empirical Test

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Ziegler ◽  
Titus Schroeter ◽  
Oliver Lüdtke ◽  
Lena Roemer
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Current Paper ◽  
Theoretical Development ◽  
Specific Interest ◽  
Crystallized Intelligence ◽  
Micro Level

The Openness-Fluid-Crystallized-Intelligence (OFCI) model posits long-term relations between Openness and cognitive abilities and has been successfully tested with longitudinal data. However, research on the developmental interplay between cognitive abilities and personality exists only sparsely. The current paper focuses on a theoretical development of the OFCI model which suggests micro-level mechanisms underlying the long-term development. Specifically, within-situation relations between Openness, interests, situational perception, cognitive abilities, and emotions are proposed to explain longitudinal relations between Openness and cognitive abilities. Using experience sampling, selected parts of this elaboration were empirically scrutinized in a first test of the proposed ideas. Openness and specific interest both varied substantially across situations and covaried systematically. In interaction with an indicator of fluid intelligence, this covariation was related to an indicator of crystallized intelligence. The paper contributes to theorizing the intertwined development of personality and cognitive abilities, and highlights the importance of within-situation research for explaining long-term development.

scholarly journals Factors influencing performance within startup assistance organizations

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 264-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioana Ceaușu ◽  
Katrin Marquardt ◽  
Sven-Joachim Irmer ◽  
Elisa Gotesman
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Current Paper ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Public ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
The World ◽  
Successful Business ◽  
Start Ups ◽  
Relevant Factors

Abstract Startup assistance organizations, and especially business accelerators have gained a lot of traction in the last years, captioning not only the attention of the public, but most importantly that of investors and other stakeholders. It has become a challenge for many all around the world to develop such programs, but many have failed or did not have their expected results, meaning medium to long-term sustainable and profitable alumni start-ups. As high amounts of resources, both human and financial, are being invested in the design and development of such programs, it is important to understand what sets apart the successful business acceleration programs from the ones that fail. The current paper is reviewing the up-to-date theoretical literature and studies on the matter at hand, in order to identify the most relevant factors influencing startup assistance organizations’ performance. The objective behind identifying these factors is to get a better understanding of best practices of such successful programs and set the basis for future research regarding the development of a set of metrics for more accurately measuring their performance.

scholarly journals An ideological analysis of sustainable careers: identifying the role of fantasy and a way forward

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Matthijs Bal ◽  
Lee Matthews ◽  
Edina Dóci ◽  
Lucy P. McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Current Paper ◽  
Future Research ◽  
General Interest ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Individual Agency ◽  
The Individual

PurposeScholarly and general interest in sustainable careers is flourishing. Sustainable careers are focused on the long-term opportunities and experiences of workers across dynamic employment situations, and are characterized by flexibility, meaning and individual agency. The current paper analyzes and challenges the underlying ideological assumptions of how sustainable careers are conceptualized and advocates the inclusion of the ecological meaning of sustainability and the notion of dignity into the sustainable careers concept.Design/methodology/approachUsing Slavoj Žižek's (1989, 2001) conceptualization of ideology as fantasy-construction, the authors explore how the use of sustainable careers is influenced by fantasies about the contemporary workplace and the role of the individual in the workplace. This is a conceptual method.FindingsThe authors argue that the concept of sustainable careers is grounded in the neoliberal fantasy of the individual. The paper concludes by presenting an alternative concept of sustainable careers grounded in a dignity-perspective on sustainability, which offers an alternative theoretical understanding of sustainable careers in the contemporary workplace, sharpening its contours and usefulness in theorizing careers.Originality/valueThis paper is the first to systematically analyze the use and conceptualization of sustainable careers in the literate and to expose the ideological underpinnings of the concept. Propositions are developed to be explored by future research.

Unpublished Middle Minoan and Late Minoan I material from the 1962–3 excavations at Palaikastro, East Crete (PK VIII)

2007 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 153-217
Author(s):  
Carl Knappett ◽  
Anna Collar
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Preliminary Report ◽  
Good Evidence ◽  
Current Paper ◽  
Middle Bronze Age ◽  
The Town

Results of excavations in 1962–3 at the Minoan coastal town of Palaikastro were published in the Annual in 1965 and 1970, as PK VI and PK VII. While those publications did report on all excavated contexts, in some cases this took the form of a preliminary report pending fuller study. The current paper (PK VIII) fills in most of the main gaps, particularly where the Middle Minoan period is concerned, but also with some attention to the Early and Late Minoan periods. Contexts and deposits from different blocks in the town are presented, as well as from outside the main town towards the area known as Sarantari. These provide good evidence for the existence of particular phases of occupation in the town, notably throughout the Middle Minoan period (MM IA, IB, II, IIIA and IIIB), as well as in EM IIB and LM IB. Some of these phases are not very well known at Palaikastro, or in east Crete more generally. This paper thus contributes to a fuller characterisation of certain ceramic phases at the level of both the site and the region, as well as supplementing our knowledge of the long-term occupation of this important coastal town throughout the Middle Bronze Age.

scholarly journals Examining Succession and Replacement Planning in Work organizations

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peace Ifidon Gabriel ◽  
Chris Samuel Biriowu ◽  
Eli Legg-Jack Dagogo
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Succession Planning ◽  
Knowledge Capital ◽  
Work Organizations ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Specialty Area ◽  
Systematic Effort ◽  
And Training

Succession planning and replacement planning are both strategies that are incredibly important to the lifeline of any organization. Succession planning is a deliberate and systematic effort by an organization to ensure leadership continuity in key positions, retain and develop intellectual and knowledge capital for the future, and encourage individual advancement. Replacement planning is the process of identifying short-term and long-term emergency backups to fill critical positions or to take the place of critical people. This paper examines the role of succession and replacement planning in improving organizational performance. It established the importance; types; features and objectives of succession planning in the workplace. The paper juxtaposed replacement and succession planning in the workplace, established the development plan of replacement planning and examines how succession and replacement planning helps to improve on the performance of the organization. The paper identified that succession planning and replacement planning are two different strategies; succession planning is oriented around developing people through training, mentoring, coaching, while replacement planning is focused on meeting the demands of emergencies in the organization. The paper further identified that from the perspective of the workplace succession planning helps the organization to access the risk in key position, minimizes risk through appropriate compensation, recognition and management, and assuring the readiness of successors by identifying and training high potential employees. Replacement planning assumes a stable and unchanging organizational structure, which encourages silo-d thinking about talent since in most cases; replacements come from a specific specialty area. The paper concludes that these strategies are incredibly important to the lifeline of any organization as they both assists to improve organizational performance. The paper recommends that Organizations should make use of replacement planning and succession planning; together they can mitigate the risks of any organization going out of business.

scholarly journals Social Isolation and Sleep: Manifestation During COVID-19 Quarantines

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
June J. Pilcher ◽  
Logan L. Dorsey ◽  
Samantha M. Galloway ◽  
Dylan N. Erikson
Keyword(s):  
Social Isolation ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Work Organizations ◽  
Sleep Habits ◽  
The Past ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Health And Well Being

Although researchers have investigated the impact of social isolation on well-being, the recent quarantines due to COVID-19 resulted in a social isolation environment that was unique to any examined in the past. Because sleep is one of the endogenous drives that impacts short and long-term health and well-being, it is important to consider how social isolation during the COVID-19 government-mandated quarantines affected sleep and sleep habits. A number of researchers have addressed this question during the last 2 years by examining several concepts related to possible changes in sleep during the quarantines. To best understand these recent results, the current mini review provides a background on the pre-pandemic literature on the effects of social isolation and loneliness with a focus on sleep and then summarizes the recent literature on sleep and sleep habits. In general, sleep was negatively impacted for many people during the pandemics but not all. One group that seemed to benefit from the pandemic in terms of sleep patterns, were younger people who could more easily adapt their sleep times to match their internal chronobiology. Given the potential broad impact of sleep on health and well-being, better understanding how social isolation impacts sleep is an important consideration for individuals, work organizations, and governments.

The Effects of an Incentive Programme on SALC Service Engagement and Long-Term Intrinsic Motivation

Relay Journal ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 150-172
Author(s):  
Katherine Thornton
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
First Year ◽  
Incentive Scheme ◽  
Evaluation Theory ◽  
First Year Students ◽  
Cognitive Evaluation Theory ◽  
Service Engagement ◽  
Student Grades

Self-access language centres (SALCs) provide vital support for learner autonomy and language learning, but can struggle to attract students whose attention is divided between classes, assignments, clubs and societies, and paid work. While interested in using the facilities to improve their language skills, students may feel intimidated by an unfamiliar environment populated by people they perceive to be more confident or proficient in foreign languages than themselves, and confused about the services on offer and how to access them. To encourage these students, many self-access learning centres (SALCs) offer incentive programmes or reward schemes such as stamp cards for using the self-access facilities. These incentives can even be tied to class grades, effectively being a required element of the curriculum. This study investigates the effect of one such self-access incentive scheme through the lens of cognitive evaluation theory, a mini-theory from within self-determination theory, which addresses the role of rewards on intrinsic motivation to learn (Deci & Ryan, 2017). At one institution in Japan with a small SALC, an incentive scheme called the passport was introduced for first year students studying English as their major. Over three years, a differing level of incentive was offered, linked to student grades for a compulsory class. Data on service uptake in both the years students were offered the incentive and the following year are used to investigate the effect of introducing the incentives, and survey data from students provide some insights into their attitudes to using the passport.

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