scholarly journals Seedling growth, root development and nutrient use efficiency of Cypress clones in response to calcium fertilizer

Dendrobiology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 84 ◽  
pp. 39-48
Author(s):  
Zhen Zhang ◽  
Guoqing Jin ◽  
Zhichun Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Root Development ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Seedling Height ◽  
Fertile Soil ◽  
Npk Fertilizer ◽  
Accumulation Efficiency

Cypress (Cupressus funebris Endl.) is an important tree species in the subtropical regions of China; it is also a major tree species for afforestation and forest land restoration under low-fertility soil conditions. Cypress is considered a calcicolous tree, and its growth and development can be promoted significantly by exchangeable calcium (Ca2+) in the soil. However, most of the subtropical regions have low-fertility acidic soils, in which Ca2+ gradually becomes a limiting element for Cypress growth. In this study, different concentrations of Ca2+ fertilizer were added under fertile soil (3 g·kg-1 NPK fertilizer added) and low-fertility soil (0 g·kg-1 NPK fertilizer added) conditions. Cypress clones responded differently to Ca2+ addition in different soil conditions. The seedling height and dry matter quality of Cypress in fertile soil were significantly greater than those in low-fertility soil, but plant height and dry biomass did not differ significantly among Ca2+ treatments. The accumulation efficiencies of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and Ca all differed significantly among the Ca2+ treatments. In low-fertility soil, the addition of 3 g·kg-1 Ca2+ significantly promoted development of roots 0.5–2 mm in diameter, and both the C1 and C2 clones achieved their highest N, P and Ca accumulation efficiencies. When the Ca2+ concentration increased to 6 g·kg-1, the seedling height, dry matter quality and root development were lower than those of the 3 g·kg-1 Ca2+ treatment. In the fertile soil, the addition of Ca2+ significantly inhibited development of roots 0.5–1 mm in diameter. The highest N accumulation efficiency was achieved under the 0 g·kg-1 Ca2+ treatment, and the highest Ca accumulation efficiency was achieved under the 6 g·kg-1 Ca2+ treatment. Seedling height, root dry weight, roots 0–1.5 mm in diameter and Ca accumulation showed a significant interaction effect between NPK fertilizer and Ca2+. Therefore, Ca accumulation was more efficient in low-fertility soils. Under low-fertility soil conditions, the addition of CaSO4 can promote the root development of seedlings and advance and prolong the fast growth period of seedling height. Cypress clones can be used as an important tree species for afforestation under low-fertility soil conditions, especially under calcareous soil conditions.

scholarly journals Seedling growth, root development and nutrient use efficiency of Cypress clones in response to calcium fertilizer

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Zhang ◽  
Guoqing Jin ◽  
Zhichun Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Root Development ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Fertile Soil ◽  
Dry Biomass ◽  
Accumulation Efficiency ◽  
Infertile Soil

Abstract Background: Cypress (Cupressus funebris Endl.) is an important tree species in the subtropics of China, it is also a major tree species for afforestation and forest land restoration under infertile site conditions. Cypress is considered to be a calcicolous tree, whose there are growth and development can be promoted significantly by exchangeable Calcium (Ca2+) in the soil. However, most of the subtropical regions have infertile acidic soils, in which Ca2+ gradually becomes a limiting element for cypress growth. Results: In this study, different concentrations of Ca2+ fertilizer were added under fertile and infertile soil conditions. Cypress clones responded differently to Ca2+ addition in different soil conditions. In the infertile soil, the addition of 3 g•kg− 1 Ca2+ advanced and prolonged the fast-growing period of seedling height growth, increased plant height and dry biomass, promoted the development of fine roots ≤ 1.5 mm in diameter, and improved accumulation efficiencies of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and Ca by the roots in cypress clones; however, the addition of 6 g•kg− 1 Ca2+ inhibited height growth and root development of cypress. In the fertile soil, Ca2+ addition delayed and shortened the fast-growing period for cypress height growth, but plant height and dry biomass did not differ significantly between treatments; Ca2+ addition also inhibited the development of fine roots. The clone with fast height growth had a larger proportion of roots with a diameter ≤ 1.5 mm and achieved higher N accumulation efficiency, while Ca accumulation efficiency showed genotypic differences only in the fertile soil. Conclusions: An appropriate level of Ca2+ can be added to infertile soil to promote cypress seedling growth, and clones with fast height growth and developed fine roots can be selected for cultivation and promotion in the fertile soil without Ca2+ application.

scholarly journals Effects of CaO on the Clonal Growth and Root Adaptability of Cypress in Acidic Soils

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 922
Author(s):  
Zhen Zhang ◽  
Guoqing Jin ◽  
Tan Chen ◽  
Zhichun Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Acidic Soils ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
Npk Fertilizer ◽  
Dry Matter Weight ◽  
Diameter Classes ◽  
Area And Volume

Cypress (Cupressus funebris Endl.) is a major tree species planted for forestland restoration in low-fertility soil and in areas where rocky desertification has occurred. Calcium (Ca) fertilizer can adjust the pH of soil and has an important effect on the growth of cypress. Soil and water losses are serious in Southern China, and soil acidification is increasing, which results in high calcium loss. However, the adaptability of cypress clones to different concentrations of calcium in acidic soils has not been studied. In this investigation, a potted-plant experiment was set up with three concentrations of calcium oxide (CaO) fertilizer (0, 3, and 6 g·kg−1) added under local soil conditions with 0 and 3 g·kg−1 nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizer. The effects of CaO on the growth, root development, and nutrient uptake and utilization efficiency of cypress clones were analyzed. The growth, root development, and nutrient absorption and utilization of cypress differed when calcium fertilizer was applied to acidic soils with different degrees of fertility. In the soil with 0 g·kg−1 NPK fertilizer, the 3 and 6 g·kg−1 CaO treatments significantly increased the clonal growth of cypress seedling height, basal diameter, and dry-matter weight. In addition, the length, surface area, and volume of the roots less than 2.0 mm of root diameter also significantly increased, indicating that the fine cypress roots were somewhat able to adapt to differing Ca levels under lower fertility conditions. Moreover, the efficiency of N, P, and Ca accumulation was highest in the 3 g·kg−1 CaO treatment. After adding 3 g·kg−1 CaO fertilizer to the soil with 3 g·kg−1 NPK fertilizer, only the root dry-matter weight increased significantly, indicating that root development (including root length, surface area, and volume) in the D1–D3 diameter classes (≤1.5 mm in diameter) was significantly elevated. When CaO application reached 6 g·kg−1, the seedling height, basal diameter, and dry-matter weight of each organ decreased, as did the length, surface area, and volume of the roots in the all diameter classes, indicating that the addition of excessive CaO to fertile soil could inhibit the growth and root development of cypress. In Ca-deficient low-quality acidic soils, adding CaO fertilizer can promote the development of fine roots and the uptake and utilization of N, P, and Ca. The results of this study provide a basis for determining the optimal fertilization strategy when growing cypress in acidic soils in Southern China.

Lateral root formation and nutrients: nitrogen in the spotlight

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-Mathieu Pélissier ◽  
Hans Motte ◽  
Tom Beeckman
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Root System ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Root Formation ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽  
Lateral Root Formation ◽  
Lateral Root Development

Abstract Lateral roots are important to forage for nutrients due to their ability to increase the uptake area of a root system. Hence, it comes as no surprise that lateral root formation is affected by nutrients or nutrient starvation, and as such contributes to the root system plasticity. Understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating root adaptation dynamics towards nutrient availability is useful to optimize plant nutrient use efficiency. There is at present a profound, though still evolving, knowledge on lateral root pathways. Here, we aimed to review the intersection with nutrient signaling pathways to give an update on the regulation of lateral root development by nutrients, with a particular focus on nitrogen. Remarkably, it is for most nutrients not clear how lateral root formation is controlled. Only for nitrogen, one of the most dominant nutrients in the control of lateral root formation, the crosstalk with multiple key signals determining lateral root development is clearly shown. In this update, we first present a general overview of the current knowledge of how nutrients affect lateral root formation, followed by a deeper discussion on how nitrogen signaling pathways act on different lateral root-mediating mechanisms for which multiple recent studies yield insights.

scholarly journals Understanding nutrient imbalances in maize (Zea mays L.) using the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) approach in the Maize belt of Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamaluddin T. Aliyu ◽  
Jeroen Huising ◽  
Alpha Y. Kamara ◽  
Jibrin M. Jibrin ◽  
Ibrahim B. Mohammed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽  
Nutrient Balance ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Nutrient Imbalances ◽  
Nutrient Use ◽  
Result Show ◽  
Use Efficiency

AbstractLow nutrient use efficiency in maize as a result of imbalanced nutrition has been reported to drastically reduce yield. We implemented a nutrient omission experiment to assess the effect of nutrient application on maize yield and nutritional balance. Maize ear leaves were analyzed for nutrients, to identify nutrient balance status using the Diagnostic and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) approach. Results indicated that omission of N or P resulted in highly imbalanced DRIS indices respectively, and significantly lower grain yield. A strong inverse relationship between K ear leaf content with DRIS index suggests that K application negatively increases K imbalance in many situations. Imbalances of Mg, Ca and Cu were more associated with higher yielding treatments. A Which-Won-Where result show that nutrient imbalances in the diagnosis were systematically frequent when N was omitted. All the diagnosed nutrients were imbalanced even under the highest yielding NPKZn treatment; indicating further opportunity for yield increase with more balanced nutrition. Balanced nutrition of maize in the maize belt of Nigeria should target application of varying rates of N, P, K, Mg, S and Zn, depending on the soil conditions. But, because of complexities of nutrient interactions during uptake, it is hardly possible to realize a balanced nutrition. However, differentiating the application of antagonistic nutrients into foliar or soil-based methods is recommended for a more balanced maize nutrition.

Developmental stability, canalization and phenotypic plasticity in annual herbaceous species under different biotic and abiotic conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu Wang ◽  
Dao-Wei Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Developmental Stability ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Herbaceous Species ◽  
Fertile Soil ◽  
Plant Growth Stages ◽  
Positive Correlations

Abstract The relationships among developmental stability, canalization and phenotypic plasticity have not been well understood. Inconsistent conclusions from different studies suggested the complexity of their associations, probably depending on specific traits, environmental contexts and plant growth stages. To address this issue, we conducted three experiments (EXP I ~ III) with several annual herbaceous species, to investigate the relationships among leaf (or cotyledon) developmental stability, canalization and plasticity and their variations with different biotic and abiotic environmental conditions and plant growth stages, with comparisons among different species at their early growth stage. We analyzed variations in mean trait value, lamina fluctuating asymmetry (FA), coefficient of variation (CV) and plasticity (RDPIs) and their correlations for lamina size (LS) of individual plants, for LS, petiole length (PL) and petiole angle (PA) of different plant layers in Abutilon theophrasti at three densities in infertile and fertile (or only fertile) soil conditions at three (or two) stages, and for cotyledon size (CS) of five species in contrasting light conditions and seeding depths. High vs. low density decreased LS (with negative RDPIs), FA indexes and CVs, either for individual plants or different layers, especially in fertile soil. Shading was more likely to increase CS (except for A. therophrasti) and FA and decrease CV; deep seeding increased CS of some species in full light, but decreased CS and FA of other species in shading (except for A. therophrasti). FA indexes more likely had positive correlations with mean value, CV and RDPIs of traits; correlations between CV and RDPIs can be positive, negative or insignificant. Correlations among the three variables were more likely positive or insignificant for traits of LS, CS and PL, but more likely negative or insignificant for PA. High density and infertile soil may favor more positive over negative correlations among variables. Results suggested higher levels of lamina FA more likely indicate higher growth rates of plants or modules. Developmental stability was more likely to have positive correlations with canalization, and negative correlations with plasticity, indicating certain common mechanisms associated with them. Environmental stresses can lead to greater phenotypic variations at different levels, facilitating cooperation between the three processes in dealing with environmental challenges.

scholarly journals Effects of Moringa oleifera LAM, Leguminous Plants and NPK Fertilizer Comparatively on Orange Fleshed Sweet Potato in Alley Cropping System

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 24-35
Author(s):  
IN Abdullahi ◽  
PO Anyaegbu ◽  
D Aliagbor
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Alley Cropping ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Leguminous Plants ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Npk Fertilizer ◽  
Orange Fleshed Sweet Potato

The research work conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of University of Abuja was aimed at assessing the effect of Moringa oleifera, selected leguminous plants and inorganic fertilizer on the performance of orange fleshed sweet potato in Alley Cropping System. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) using five treatments with three replications was applied. Data collected include: percentage survival of sweet potato, length per vine (cm), number of leaves per vine, leaf area of sweet potato, weed dry matter (g/m2), yield of sweet potato roots. Highest number of leaves (28) per plant was recorded in the control plot while the plots with NPK fertilizer had the highest length per vine (94.55cm) though not significantly (p>0.05) different from others. Higher percent survival (88%) of sweet potato was recorded from control plots. Stands grown in Arachis hypogeae plots produced the highest leaf area (0.202m2) while plots in which NPK fertilizer was applied experienced highest weed dry matter (4.083g/m2) although highest root yield (1.2t/ha) was recorded from the plots with NPK fertilizer. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i3.11061 International Journal of Environment Vol.3(3) 2014: 24-35

Dry-matter yield ofLotusvarieties in grass-white clover mixtures in a low-fertility soil

2013 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 294-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Marshall ◽  
M. Fothergill ◽  
E. Rees ◽  
E. Sizer-Coverdale ◽  
R. P. Collins
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Dry Matter Yield

scholarly journals The Influence of Biochar, Slow-Release Molasses, and an Organic N:P:K Fertilizer on Transplant Survival of Pyrus communis ‘Williams’ Bon Chrétien’

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Schaffert ◽  
Glynn Percival
Keyword(s):  
Slow Release ◽  
Soil Amendments ◽  
Pyrus Communis ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Transplant Survival ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Growing Seasons

High mortality rates result from transplanting bare-rooted plants into urban landscapes where unsuitable soil conditions, such as low fertility and poor structure, often exist. Coupled with little aftercare, these losses can cause high economic losses to the industry. Previous studies have shown lowered transplant stress and higher survival rates through the addition of soil amendments at the time of planting to improve soil conditions. The efficacy of three soil amendments applied singly and in combination—biochar, slow-release molasses, and an organic N:P:K fertilizer—were investigated for their potential to reduce transplant losses of Pyrus communis ‘Williams’ Bon Chrétien. Results of this investigation showed that use of these soil amendments in virtually all cases had significant positive effects on tree growth and vitality across two growing seasons. For example, all amendments reduced mortality of Pyrus communis ‘Williams’ Bon Chrétien’ by 20% compared to none in treated controls, while increases in fruit yield and crown canopy coverage per tree ranged from 19.3% to 46.7% and 14.4% to 31.1% over non-amended soils when averaged over two growing seasons. Amendments of biochar with an organic N:P:K fertilizer and an organic N:P:K fertilizer alone showed, on average, the highest improvements in vitality and growth. Results indicate use of biochar, slow-release molasses, and organic N:P:K fertilizer amendments offer potential for increasing bare-root transplant survival and establishment of Pyrus communis ‘Williams’ Bon Chrétien.

scholarly journals The effect of cadmium contained in fertilizers on the cadmium content of vegetables

1979 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 158-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antti Jaakkola ◽  
Johan Korkman ◽  
Tuomo Juvankoski
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
The Other ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cadmium Content ◽  
Rye Grass ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Npk Fertilizer ◽  
Clear Increase ◽  
Range Of Variation

The aim of the study was to find out to what extent the cadmium contained in fertilizer influences the cadmium content of vegetables. For this purpose, highly cadmium-bearing batches of fertilizer were prepared from selected quantities of raw material with an exceptionally high cadmium content. To one such batch of fertilizer, an extra amount of cadmium was added at the mixing stage. In a two-year field experiment carried out in soil consisting of clayey fine sand and begun in 1977, 1000 kg/ha of NPK fertilizer with a cadmium content of either 57 or 81 mg/kg brought about a clear increase in the cadmium content of radish tops. The cadmium content of radish roots, spinach and lettuce appeared likewise to rise, but the differences registered were not, owing to the unevenness of the field, significant. The cadmium content of the dry matter of rye grass was lower than that of the other experimental plants, and it appeared to rise less with an increase in the cadmium content of the fertilizer. Owing to the wide range of variation, the cadmium uptake of the experimental plants could not be determined reliably, The spinach, however, appeared to have taken up the largest amount of cadmium, and the rye grass the least amount. The increase in the cadmium content of the spinach harvested in 1978 corresponded to 1.5‰ of the cadmium introduced into the ground during the two-year period through application of the fertilizer with the highest content of the metallic element.

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