Στρατός και κοινωνία στο ύστερο Βυζάντιο: το μεταρρυθμιστικό πρόγραμμα του Γεωργίου Γεμιστού Πλήθωνα

Army and Society in Late Byzantium: the reform program of George Plethon Gemistos In the early 15th century the Byzantine state was surrounded by the Ottomans, whereas the Peloponnese was the last defensive stronghold of the Byzantines in the Greek area. There, the need of defense became a major social issue and provided matter for discussion about the institutional and social function of the army. Plethon’ s proposals for the establishment of local professional army, as formulated in his texts addressed to the emperor Manuel II Palaeologus and the despot Theodore are associated with the social and economic reformation of the region and reflect the general need for the political reorganization of the Byzantine Empire. This paper examines Gemistos’ reform program regarding the military and political-economic conditions of the era. The thoughts of the philosopher of Mystras on the Byzantine army, which have occupied scientific research from time to time, re-evaluated in order to emphasize the role of the army in the society of the late Byzantine period. The latter remains as powerful as necessary in the contest of a revived Byzantine state.

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Indonesian Historical Writing after Independence

10.1093/oso/9780199225996.003.0029 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Ann Kumar

Keyword(s):

Social Sciences ◽

Historical Writing ◽

Dutch Version ◽

History Writing ◽

Academic History ◽

Artistic Representations ◽

The Social ◽

The Military ◽

Local Perspectives

This chapter discusses Indonesian historical writing after independence. At the time Indonesia became independent, knowledge of academic history-writing was virtually non-existent. Indonesian elites then faced the postcolonial predicament of having to adopt Western nationalistic approaches to history in order to oppose the Dutch version of the archipelago’s history that had legitimized colonial domination. Soon after independence, the military took over and dominated the writing of history in Indonesia for several decades. Challenges to the military’s view of history came from artistic representations of history, and from historians—trained in the social sciences—who emphasized a multidimensional approach balancing central and local perspectives. However, it was only after 2002 that historians could openly criticize the role of the military.

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The Phantom of Upgrading in Agricultural Supply Chains

10.5771/9783957102911 ◽

2021 ◽

Keyword(s):

Collective Action ◽

Case Studies ◽

International Organizations ◽

Single Case ◽

Economic Conditions ◽

Value Chains ◽

Small Farmers ◽

The Social ◽

Political Economic ◽

Social Upgrading

This book addresses the controversies surrounding smallholders’ opportunities for economic and social upgrading by joining global agricultural value chains (AVC). While international organizations encourage small farmers to become part of AVC, critics point out its risks. Unlike previous single case studies, researchers from three continents compared the influence of the characteristics of the crop (coffee, mango, rice), the end markets, and the national political economic contexts on the social and economic conditions for smallholders and agricultural workers. Their findings highlight the importance of collective action by smallholders and of a supportive state for economic and social upgrading. With contributions by Angela Dziedzim Akorsu, Do Quynh Chi; Francis Enu Kwesi, Daniel James Hawkins, Jakir Hossain, Khiddir Iddris, Clesio Marcelino de Jesus, Manish Kumar, Michele Lindner, Mubashir Mehdi, Rosa Maria Vieira Medeiros, Antonio Cesar Ortega, Thales Augusto Medeiros Penha, Bruno Perosa, Sérgio Schneider and Santosh Verma.

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Merarches in the thematic organization (9th-12th centuries)

Zbornik radova Vizantoloskog instituta ◽

10.2298/zrvi1350215c ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 215-234

Author(s):

Milos Cvetkovic

Keyword(s):

Historical Documents ◽

Military Organization ◽

Scholarly Literature ◽

Political Situation ◽

Byzantine Period ◽

The Subject ◽

Definition Of ◽

The Military ◽

Source Materials

The text cites the results of the study of the role of merarches, which were a part of the military organization of the Empire in the early Byzantine period. Later historical documents do not give any notion of this position for more than two centuries. The merarches became a part of the thematic organization in the middle of 9th century. Our ability to fully understand the nature of their function is limited due to the scarcity of source materials; this, however, may be overcome by taking into account, the general and political situation in the Empire, that is, by considering the military reforms executed in the 9th and 10th century. This paper focuses on the problem of the military-administrative competences of the merarches, which have been the subject of different interpretations in the modern, scholarly literature. One of the aims of this research is the definition of the timeframe within which the reestablishment of this rank in the Byzantine army occured.

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Australian English: Its Evolution and Current State

International Journal of Language Translation and Intercultural Communication ◽

10.12681/ijltic.11 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 75 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Peter Collins

Keyword(s):

Social Role ◽

Middle Eastern ◽

Structural Features ◽

External Pressure ◽

National Standard ◽

Font Size ◽

Current State ◽

The Social ◽

Australian English

This paper provides a critical overview of research on Australian English (‘AusE’), and of the vexing questions that the research has grappled with. These include: What is the historical explanation for the homogeneity of the Australian accent? Was it formed by the fi rst generation of native-born Australians in the ‘Sydney mixing bowl’, its spread subsequently facilitated by high population mobility? Or is the answer to be found in sociolinguistic reconstructions of the early colony suggesting that a uniform London English was transplanted to Australia in 1788 and that speakers of other dialects quickly adapted to it? How is Australia’s national identity embodied in its lexicon, and to what extent is it currently under the infl uence of external pressure from American English? What are the most distinctive structural features of AusE phonology, morphosyntax and discourse? To what extent do allegedly unique Australian features such as sentence-final but and yeah-no in discourse serve the social role of indexing ‘Australianness’? What is the nature and extent of variation – regional, social and ethnic – in contemporary AusE? Are such regional phonological differences as /æ/~/a/ variation increasing or diminishing? Does there exist a pan-ethnic variety of AusE that is particularly associated with younger Australians of second generation Middle Eastern and Mediterranean background? Has contemporary AusE consolidated its own norms as an independent national standard?

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Reinterpreting social harm

The Harms of Work ◽

10.1332/policypress/9781529204018.003.0002 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 13-32

Author(s):

Anthony Lloyd

Keyword(s):

Causal Power ◽

Social Harm ◽

Human Needs ◽

The Social ◽

Realist Interpretation ◽

The Subject ◽

Systemic Violence ◽

Political Economic ◽

Unintentional Action

This chapter states the case for a social harm perspective. Initially, the chapter outlines the emergence of social harm as an extension of criminological investigation through the suggestion that entirely legal processes and actions can engender harmful consequences. The strengths and limitations of harm perspectives are outlined before contemplating the question harm from what? This evidences Pemberton’s ‘human needs’, Yar’s ‘search for recognition’, and deviant leisure’s ‘ethical responsibility for the other’. Following this, an ultra-realist interpretation of society is proffered. Synthesising ultra-realism with social harm perspectives extends the social harm perspective by recognising the systemic violence of capitalism and neoliberalism, the negative motivation to harm, is complemented by the positive motivation to harm and the transcendental materialist subject. This emphasis on motivation delineates intentional and unintentional action and links the subject (micro) with organisational culture (meso) and political-economic ideology (macro). Finally, the crucial role of causative absence is outlined; negativity or absence has as much causal power as a positive or presence; both intentional and unintentional harms stem from problematic absences at a structural, cultural and interpersonal level.

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Wartime ties and the social logic of crime

Journal of Peace Research ◽

10.1177/0022343319897098 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 57 (4) ◽

pp. 536-550

Author(s):

Sarah Zukerman Daly ◽

Laura Paler ◽

Cyrus Samii

Keyword(s):

Criminal Behavior ◽

Social Ties ◽

Economic Conditions ◽

Economic Opportunity ◽

Opportunity Costs ◽

Post Conflict ◽

The Social ◽

Social Logic ◽

Original Survey

While ex-combatant reintegration is vital to successful transitions from war to peace, some former fighters turn to crime following demobilization. Such criminality undermines the consolidation of political order. Leading theories of crime participation emphasize the role of both individual economic opportunities and factors related to social ties. Yet, we still know little about the social logic of ex-combatant criminality and how social and economic factors relate as drivers of crime participation. This article presents a theory of how wartime social ties – namely, vertical ties to former commanders and horizontal ties to ex-combatant peers – influence ex-combatant crime on their own and via their relationship to economic opportunity costs. We use the theory to derive predictions in the context of Colombia, and then test them with a combination of administrative data and high-quality original survey data. We find that both vertical and horizontal wartime ties are powerful drivers of ex-combatant criminality. Our evidence indicates that wartime ties mitigate the risks of criminal behavior by facilitating the transmission of criminal capabilities and pro-crime social norms. We do not find that economic conditions moderate the effect of wartime times nor do we find any indication that economic opportunity costs, on their own, predict criminality. These findings underscore the importance of wartime ties – both vertical and horizontal – to understanding post-conflict transitions and designing reintegration interventions.

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The Role of the Law Graduate in the Political Elite of Imperial Brazil

Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs ◽

10.2307/174990 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 423-450 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Roderick Barman ◽

Jean Barman

Keyword(s):

Social Life ◽

Secular Trend ◽

Political Elite ◽

Standard Interpretation ◽

The Social ◽

Basic Characteristics ◽

Annales School ◽

The Military ◽

Analytical Approaches

By the application of fresh analytical approaches such as prosopography and the concepts of “secular trend” and “conjuncture” pioneered by the Annales school, historians are at last beginning to probe the social and political structures of Latin America in the national period. What before had been surmised or supposed, particularly in regard to the dominance of political and social life by elites, can now be quantitatively confirmed, while the identification of secular trends permits the historian to penetrate behind the confusion of the incidentals to the basic characteristics of the different nations and their evolution over time.The standard interpretation of Imperial Brazil (1822-1889) has until recently been that of a stable but anomalous monarchy dominated for most of its existence by its ruler Pedro II. The aging of the Emperor, the abolition of slavery on which the regime is conceived as being based, the discontents of the military, and the inevitable advance of Republicanism have been taken as the principal causes for the collapse of the Brazilian Empire on November 15, 1889.

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Role of the institutions of provincial government in resolving social problems of the population of the Belarusian provinces (1861–1914)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus Humanitarian Series ◽

10.29235/2524-2369-2020-65-3-307-317 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 65 (3) ◽

pp. 307-317

Author(s):

N. S. Motorova

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Social Policy ◽

Social Problems ◽

Legal Framework ◽

Local Economy ◽

Provincial Government ◽

Economic Conditions ◽

The Social ◽

Xix Century

The article describes the structure and powers of the provincial government in the implementation of the main directions of state social policy. It was noted that on theterritoryofBelarusthey played a major role in solving the social problems of the population due to the lack of zemstvos. The outdated legal framework and the lack of a clear division of functions hampered their effectiveness.In the mid 1880s regulatory committees were established in the structure of the provincial institutions. On the territory of the Belarusian provinces they played an important role in the implementation of social policy, as they controlled the financing of the ruralmedical part and partly public charity. However, the experience of the activities of the regulatory committees was unsatisfactory. In this regard, at the end of the XIX century the Interior Ministry proposed to eliminate them, as well as to abolish the provincial food commissions and departments of public charity. It was planned to transfer their functions to the zemstvos. This proposal was implemented partially, as a result of the introduction of the institutions of local economy in theVitebsk,MinskandMogilevprovinces in 1903.At the end of the XIX century in the structure of the provincial administration ofBelaruswere created the offices which were entrusted with the functions of monitoring compliance with the workers’ legislation, and then the insurance of workers. They were formed under the influence of new social demands. These offices corresponded to new social and economic conditions, in contrast to the provincial institutions, which managed public charity, national food and health care.

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K razumevanju ženskega dela v veliki vojni

Contributions to Contemporary History ◽

10.51663/pnz.55.2.06 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 55 (2) ◽

pp. 103-125

Author(s):

Urška Strle

Keyword(s):

World War I ◽

Western Europe ◽

Home Front ◽

War Economy ◽

Economic Role ◽

Active Population ◽

Slovenian Population ◽

The Social ◽

The Military

UNDERSTANDING WOMEN'S WORK DURING THE GREAT WARThe article deals with the intersection of war economy and women's workforce during World War I and pays a special attention to the Slovenian population. Using a variety of sources, the author tries to synthesise the generalities and specifics of the women’s involvement into the war economy in the so-called Slovenian lands. War economy is understood in the broadest sense and includes not only armament and war-related production, but also the acute issue of supplies for the military and civil sphere.The economic role of the Slovenian lands, peripheral within the Habsburg Monarchy, and the social structure of the Slovenian population profoundly affected the way how women were being included into the activities at the home front. The author argues that the sensational images from Western Europe, presenting a massive inclusion of women into the war industry, are not typical for the Slovenian space. However, the role of women in the war economy should not be underestimated, for they represented the majority of economically active population, supporting not only the civil society but also the army.

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Czech borrowings in the Old Belarusian and Old Ukrainian written languages

Movoznavstvo ◽

10.33190/0027-2833-317-2021-2-003 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 317 (2) ◽

pp. 36-54

Author(s):

H. V. Aleksiayevych ◽

Keyword(s):

Main Channel ◽

Song Of Songs ◽

Old Russian ◽

15Th Century ◽

Legal Texts ◽

Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽

Linguistic Relations ◽

The Military ◽

Language Influence

The article assesses the role of the Old Belarusian and the Old Ukrainian languages in the development of Czech-Eastern Slavonic linguistic relations in the 14th–18th centuries. There were both direct and indirect ways of Czech language influence on the Old Belarusian and the Old Ukrainian written languages. The 15th century saw favourable conditions for military-political alliance between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Bohemia. The emergence and development of these relations was accompanied by diplomatic activity: for instance, Grand Dukes Vitovt and Svidryhailo had correspondence in Latin and Old Czech with the Czech Hussites. Contacts in the military-political, socio-religious and cultural-educational spheres contributed to the development of Czech-East Slavic language ties. Translations of the Czech written texts into Old Belarusian and Old Ukrainian («The Life of Alexei the Man of God», «The Story of Apollo of Tyre», «Lucidarius», «The Song of Songs», «The Tale of Toadal», «The Tale of the Prophetess Sibylline», «The Trojan Story»), use of the Czech legal texts in writing Galicia-Volyn letters in the 14th and early 15th centuries. The use of Czech legal texts in Galicia-Volyn monuments (Norman Statute of 1438–1439, Statutes of 1529, 1566, 1588, Lithuanian Metric Acts) contributed to the direct penetration of Bohemianisms into the Old Belarusian and Old Ukrainian writing. Although there were channels through which Czech linguistic elements could be directly borrowed into Old-Belarusian and Old-Ukrainian, the main channel for their penetration was Polish. Through the Polish mediation Bohemian loanwords were borrowed from various lexical-semantic groups, mainly from religious, military, socio-political and economic, everyday life vocabulary. The similar conditions of borrowing of Bohemianisms in Old Belarusian and Old Ukrainian are obviously the main reason why Bohemianisms in both languages are close in number and chronology of written fixation. This similarity is especially noticeable against the background of Old Russian data, where bohemisms were recorded later and in smaller numbers

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