INFLUENCE OF LATE FODDER CROPS ON THE STANDING DENSITY  OF SWEET CLOVER PLANTS

The article discusses the questions of cover crop cultures influence on a density of standing of sweet clover plants. Maize, Sudan grass and millet are the most suitable for the sweet clover among late cover crops, which are developing very slowly in the spring and very early release the sweet clover from shading. Field germination, the number of seedlings obtained from the number of seeds sown in our field experiments during all the years of research was higher under the cover of maize and amounted to 38.4-39.2%, in millet and Sudan grass it was no higher than 37.6-38.8% and 37.5-37.9%. The greatest completeness of the seadling during all the years of research was during the early period sowing of sweet clover without covering, and on average for 2012-2015 it was more than 45.4%. The preservation of sweet clover up to the cut was largely dependent on meteorological conditions and amounted to 55.7-66.7, in more favorable weather conditions the safety of sweet clover plants was more higher and amounted to 72.9-82.8%. The resistance of the yellow sweet clover plants to the number of unfavorable weather conditions during overwintering was quite high in our experiments, and on average for all the years of research the winter hardiness was 44.3-88.1%. Late fodder cover crops, such as annual millet, Sudan grass and maize, oppressing yellow sweet clover, significantly reduced its safety. The greatest decrease in the safety of yellow sweet clover was revealed under the cover of Sudan grass, which, unlike other cover crops, was more oppressed the clover plant both in the initial growth phases and for the whole vegetation period of plants and the preservation of the sweet clover plants was 62.2%. In the variant under the cover of maize, which was much less oppressed plants, the sweet clover provided the best preservation of plants with 69.5%.

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INFLUENCE OF LATE FODDER CROPS ON THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF YELLOW SWEET CLOVER

Vestnik of Kazan state agrarin university ◽

10.12737/article_599ac99dc56497.34832657 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 22-25

Author(s):

Константин Григорьев ◽

Konstantin Grigor'ev ◽

Алексей Балыкин ◽

Aleksey Balykin ◽

Леонид Шашкаров ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cover Crops ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

First Year ◽

Sweet Clover ◽

Sudan Grass ◽

Fodder Crops ◽

Second Year ◽

First Year Of Life ◽

Sowing Period

The article deals with the influence of integumentary cultures on the growth and development of the sweet clover. Among the late cover prosoid cultures, corn, Sudan grass and millet are the most suitable for sweet clover, which develop very slowly in the spring and very early free the sweet clover from shading. But when sowing the yellow sweet clover under these later cultures, the sowing period is delayed and there is a danger of drying the soil. Acceleration of growth processes in coverslips was more intense, than in yellow sweet clover and to hay harvest all coverslips significantly exceeded the yellow sweet clover plants. The millet plants were 98 cm, Sudan grass was 153 cm and maize was 180 cm up to harvesting time for all the years of our research. However, in arid conditions of 2014, and with a strong clogging the corn height was 124 cm, which is significantly inferior to Sudan’s grass of 145 cm. The type and the sowing norm of the cover crop and especially the weather conditions had a significant effect on the linear growth of the sweet clover plants of the first year of life. Influence of the sowing norms of millet, Sudan grass and corn on the height of the sweet clover plants of the second year of life was poorly manifested, but the tendency to increase in the height of plants with a decrease in the norm of sowing cover crops by 25% was noticeable.

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Ecological trial of the winter wheat varieties of the ARC “Donskoy” in the area of dark chestnut soils of the Volgograd region

Grain Economy of Russia ◽

10.31367/2079-8725-2021-78-6-88-94 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 88-94

Author(s):

V. L. Sapunkov ◽

A. V. Solonkin ◽

A. V. Guzenko

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Vegetation Period ◽

Field Trials ◽

Wheat Varieties ◽

Chestnut Soils ◽

Volgograd Region ◽

Moisture Supply ◽

Favorable Weather ◽

Winter Wheat Varieties

The current paper has presented the trial results of the winter wheat varieties developed by the ARC “Donskoy” in 2018 -2020. Currently, the farmers have bred a lot of different wheat varieties, but they are not able to take into account all the peculiarities of their cultivation. The purpose of the current work was to study the features of the autumn and spring-summer vegetation periods of the winter wheat varieties developed by the ARC “Donskoy” in the area of dark chestnut soils of the Volgograd region. There have been selected 10 winter wheat varieties for the trials. The field trial was laid down on dark chestnut soils of the lands of the Serafimovichsky district in the Volgograd region. The study was carried out according to the generally accepted B.A. Dospekhov’s methodology. The field trials showed that the germination of winter wheat was influenced by a seeding depth, which was 7-9 cm. The best germination was found among the varieties ‘Asket’, ‘Etyud’, ‘Lilit’, ‘Donskaya Step’ and ‘Zhavoronok’. During the trials, the formation of a productive stand was greatly influenced by the weather (the length of a spring tillering period, precipitation in May), as well as the traits of the variety. The winter wheat varieties ‘Etyud’, ‘Shef’, ‘Donskaya Step’, ‘Krasa Dona’ were able to form a large number of productive stems under favorable weather conditions. Under insufficient moisture supply, the largest number of productive stems was formed by the varieties ‘Lidiya’ and ‘Lilit’. The highest tillering intensity during an autumn vegetation period was shown by the variety ‘Lidiya’ (4.7–6.2 shoots), including the varieties ‘Zhavoronok’ (4.2–5.4 shoots) and ‘Etyud’ (4.0–5.3 shoots). The largest productivity was produced by the varieties ‘Donskaya Step’ (4.97 t/ha), ‘Zhavoronok’ (4.95 t/ha), ‘Krasa Dona’ (4.90 t/ha) over three years.

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Use of the Cover Crop Weed Index to Evaluate Weed Suppression by Cover Crops in Organic Citrus Orchards

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.43.1.27 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

pp. 27-34 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Jose Linares ◽

Johannes Scholberg ◽

Kenneth Boote ◽

Carlene A. Chase ◽

James J. Ferguson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cover Crops ◽

Weed Management ◽

Cover Crop ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Assessment Tool ◽

Single Species ◽

Organic Production ◽

Weed Suppression ◽

Initial Growth ◽

Arachis Glabrata

Citrus is one of the most important crops in Florida. During the past decade, increased international competition and urban development, diseases, and more stringent environmental regulations have greatly affected the citrus industry. Citrus growers transitioning to organic production may benefit from premium prices, but they also face many challenges, including development of effective weed management strategies. Cover crops (CC) may constitute an environmentally sound alternative for improved weed management in organic systems. Two field experiments were conducted at Citra in north central Florida from 2002 to 2005, to evaluate the effectiveness of annual and perennial CC to suppress weeds in organic citrus groves. To quantify and compare the effectiveness of CC to suppress weed growth, a new weed suppression assessment tool, the cover crop/weed index (CCWI), was developed using the ratio of biomass accumulation of CC and weeds. Annual summer CC accumulated more biomass in comparison with winter CC. Sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea L.), hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta L.), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.), and alyceclover (Alysicarpus vaginalis L.) all provided excellent weed suppression, which was superior to tillage fallow. Single-species winter CC did not always perform consistently well. Use of winter CC mixtures resulted in more consistent overall CC performance, greater dry matter production, and more effective weed suppression than single species of CC. Initial perennial peanut (PP) growth was slow, and summer planting of PP (Arachis glabrata Benth.) was determined to be the most effective date in terms of weed suppression, which was improved gradually over time, but all planting dates resulted in slow initial growth compared with annual CC. For both PP and annual CC, weed biomass typically was inversely related to CC dry weight accumulation resulting from competition for resources. The CCWI was a suitable tool to quantify CC performance in terms of weed suppression.

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Effect of genotype and contrasting climate conditions on physical and chemical characteristics of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill)

Biuletyn Instytutu Hodowli i Aklimatyzacji Roślin ◽

10.37317/biul-2021-0009 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 3-16

Author(s):

Lech Boros ◽

Anna Wawer ◽

Magdalena Wiśniewska ◽

Danuta Boros

Keyword(s):

Seed Yield ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Vegetation Period ◽

Climate Conditions ◽

Average Temperature ◽

Phenolic Components ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Chemical Traits ◽

Physical And Chemical

Global warming has increased interest in growing soya in Poland. Variable weather conditions during the vegetation seasons, however, still make its cultivation potentially risky. In this study we wanted to assess how contrasting climate conditions influence on seed yield, 1000 seed weight and other important physical traits, as well as on contents of nutrients, dietary fibre constituents, trypsin inhibitor and phenolic components in nine soybean genotypes of different earliness. The field experiments were conducted in two consecutive vegetation seasons at Radzików, located in central Poland. Comprehensive seed characteristics of physical and chemical traits allowed to identify the best varieties for different end-uses, food or feed. A significant effect of variety and year of cultivation were observed for all evaluated traits. With the exception for the length of vegetation period, seed yield, seed coat and soluble non-starch polysaccharide content, significant interactions between variety and year of cultivation were found for the remaining traits. Weather conditions, such as very low precipitation with an average temperature above the multi-year average temperature in the month of July, when pod and seed is in full development, had a negative effect on all seed traits evaluated, regardless of variety earliness.

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Influence of Plastic Covering on the Microclimate in Vineyards in the São Francisco River Valley Region

Revista Brasileira de Meteorologia ◽

10.1590/0102-77863230007 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 399-407 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mário de Miranda Vilas Boas Ramos Leitão ◽

Pedro Vieira de Azevedo ◽

Paulo César da Silva Lima ◽

Gertrudes Macário de Oliveira ◽

Carlos Antonio Costa dos Santos

Keyword(s):

Field Experiments ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

River Valley ◽

Net Radiation ◽

Suitable Alternative ◽

Sao Francisco River ◽

São Francisco River ◽

Abstract Data ◽

Favorable Weather

Abstract Data from field experiments conducted in table grape vineyards variety of Festival in Petrolina-PE in the period from September 19 to October 12, 2010 were used to evaluate the influence of plastic cover on microclimate conditions of vineyards in São Francisco River Valley region. Three treatments were studied: canopies without plastic cover (WC); with plastic cover positioned at 50 cm (PC50), and at 100 cm (PC100) above canopy. The results indicate that the plastic cover prevented the passage of about 40% of the global and net radiation, retained the relative humidity inside the canopy, generated an increase of air temperature and marked reduction in wind speed over the canopy of treatment PC50. However, treatment PC100 had a higher incidence of short wavelength and net radiation under canopy (on the berries) than WC and PC50 treatments, resulting in more favorable weather conditions, providing about 40% greater productivity in this treatment. Therefore, the vineyard with plastic cover placed at 100 cm above canopy represents a more suitable alternative to the climatic conditions of the region of the São Francisco River Valley.

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CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF OAT GRAINS OF ULOV AND VYATSKIY VARIETIES

Vestnik of Kazan state agrarin university ◽

10.12737/3825 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 126-129 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Фатыхов ◽

Ildus Fatykhov ◽

Колесникова ◽

Vera Kolesnikova ◽

Тихонова ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Food Production ◽

Chemical Elements ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Vegetation Period ◽

Raw Material ◽

Farm Animals ◽

Economic Significance ◽

National Economic ◽

Favorable Weather

Oat grain has a great national economic significance. Firstly, it is a concentrated feed for farm animals. Secondly, it is the raw material for food production, most of all, for baby diet. In this regard, when used for feed purpose or for food production, it is necessary to knowledge the chemical composition of the oat grain. Our results demonstrated that by the content of chemical elements, among 70 species the differences were in membranous and hull-less oats. The grain of membranous oat of Ulov variety contained more silicon, potassium and calcium, comparing with the content of hull-less oat grains of Vyatkskiy variety. In a relatively favorable weather conditions of 2010 year, the Ulov oat grains contained more boron, sodium, aluminum, potassium, calcium. Vyatskiy hull-less oat grains at relatively favorable weather conditions of 2011 year, have a higher content of magnesium, phosphorus, calcium, manganese and zinc. Chemical composition of Ulov and Vyatskiy oat grain according to the 70 element have differs and depends on the meteorological conditions of the vegetation period. The membranous and hull-less oat grains did not contain heavy metals above the permissible values, regulated by Sanitary rules and norms 2.3.2.1078-01.

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Relevant issues of land reclamation development in Non-black Earth area

Melioration and Water Management ◽

10.32962/0235-2524-2020-3-5-13 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 5-13

Author(s):

Georgiy Gulyuk ◽

Aleksey Ivanov ◽

Yuri Yanko

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Land Reclamation ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Vegetation Period ◽

Nature Management ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Forage Crops ◽

Edible Roots ◽

Social Economic Development

Current situation and agricultural management on the non-black earth area of Russia arebeing gradually worsen by the negative natural factors such as a significant increase of weather based climatic abnormal risks, deterioration of agro-meliorative conditions of agricultural lands because of colonization by tree and shrubbery vegetation and secondary bog formation, hidden degradation of soil fertility. When combined with functional loss of ameliorative complex and meliorative systems amortization, regional agriculture adaptation possibilities were rapidly limited. Production shortfall due no abnormal weather conditions for particular field crops was 19…48% during last five years, level of business realization of bioclimatic potential on a field was decreased by 7…12%.The complete realization of regional agricultural adaptive potential to weather based climatic changes and limitation of greenhouse gases emissions is possible on a basis of regeneration ofalll functions and aspects of ameliorative complex management. Toward this goal the coordinated actions of federal and regional management of Agricultural Complex, Scientific and Educational institutions, project foundations and managers are needed in a relation to human resources, scientific and regulatory supply. Any incomplete treatment in these fields inherent in visual negative consequences for food security and social economic development of rural areas of non-black earth zones not only at the current historical moment, but in a future also. Fundamental influence of solving of these problems deserves to scientific supply of innovative ameliorative complex, renewal of which should be based on principals of resources and energy preservation, nature management, computerization and digitalization management. During a long term research it was established that increase of average vegetation period temperature by lоСhas increased productivity of winter wheat, barley and summer wheat in average on 0,7 tons per ha, winter wheat and oat on 0,4 tons per ha, potatoes – 8,2 tons per ha, edible roots-6,4 tons per ha, cabbage 9,8 tons per ha, dry basis of herbage of multi and one age grasses–0,5 and 0,7 tons per ha. Increase of СО2 Concentration from 0,35 to 0,45% during last twenty years contributed into grow of yield in regional agriculture which can be estimated as 0,3 tons per ha per measure; searching remedy for agroclimatical risks decreasing production became drainage and irrigation systems (decrease 3…5 times);new method of reclamation of abandoned areas with transformation of biomass of tree and shrubbery vegetation into biochar makes it possible to decrease СО2 emissions up to times and get an adverse balance of СО2;secondary reclamation of lands covered by trees and shrubbery on area of 22ha used for vegetables and area of 37ha used for forage crops could supply a farmer with work and revenue sufficient for maintenance of one child what is on the major facts of population declaim in rural areas.

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Irrigation regime and water consumption of potatoes in the Republic of Bashkortostan, depending on the reclamation condition of lands

Melioration and Water Management ◽

10.32962/0235-2524-2019-6-13-19 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 0 (6) ◽

pp. 13-19

Author(s):

Guzel Gumerova ◽

Georgiy Gulyuk ◽

Dmitry Kucher ◽

Anatoly Shuravilin ◽

Elena Piven

Keyword(s):

Water Consumption ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Growing Season ◽

Vegetation Period ◽

Forest Steppe ◽

Total Water ◽

Total Water Consumption ◽

Republic Of Bashkortostan ◽

Irrigated Lands ◽

The Republic

Data of long-term researches (2015–2018) in southern forest-steppe zone of the Republic of Bashkortostan, is justified theoretically and experimentally the mode of irrigation of potatoes on leached chernozems of unsatisfactory, satisfactory and good ameliorative condition of irrigated lands. For the growing periods of potatoes with different heat and moisture supply, the number of watering, the timing of their implementation, irrigation and irrigation norms are established. On lands with unsatisfactory meliorative state the number of irrigation depending on weather conditions of potato vegetation period varied from 0 to 3 (1.5 on average) with average irrigation norm – 990 m3/ha. With satisfactory meliorative state of lands the number of irrigation on average increased from 0 to 4 (2.3 on average) with irrigation norm – 1305 m3/ha. On lands with good meliorative state the number of irrigation was the highest – from 1 to 5 (3 on average) with average irrigation irrigation norm is 1653 m3/ha. It was noted that in the dry periods of potato vegetation the greatest number of watering was carried out (3–5 watering), and in the wet periods (2017) watering was not carried out except for the area with a good reclamation state, where only one irrigation was carried out by the norm of 550 m3/ha. Water consumption of potato was studied in dynamics as a whole during the growing season and the months of the growing season depending on weather conditions of vegetation period and land reclamation condition of irrigated lands, as well as in the control (without irrigation). The lowest total water consumption was in the area without irrigation and averaged 226.8 mm. In irrigated areas, its values increased to 319-353.4 mm. The average daily water consumption varied from 2.12 to 3.3 mm. The highest rates of potato water consumption were observed in June and July, and the lowest – in May and August. In the total water consumption of potatoes on the site without irrigation, the largest share was occupied by atmospheric precipitation and in addition to them the arrival of moisture from the soil. Irrigation water was used in irrigated areas along with precipitation, the share of which was 30.2–46.1 %.

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Optimizing genotype-environment-management interactions to ensure silage maize production in the Chinese Maize Belt

Climate Research ◽

10.3354/cr01599 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 80 (2) ◽

pp. 133-146

Author(s):

L Zhang ◽

Z Zhang ◽

J Cao ◽

Y Luo ◽

Z Li

Keyword(s):

Field Experiments ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Growth Cycle ◽

High Energy ◽

Risk Level ◽

Energy Yield ◽

Maize Production ◽

Early Date ◽

Environment Management ◽

Silage Maize

Grain maize production exceeds the demand for grain maize in China. Methods for harvesting good-quality silage maize urgently need a theoretical basis and reference data in order to ensure its benefits to farmers. However, research on silage maize is limited, and very few studies have focused on its energetic value and quality. Here, we calibrated the CERES-Maize model for 24 cultivars with 93 field experiments and then performed a long-term (1980-2017) simulation to optimize genotype-environment-management (G-E-M) interactions in the 4 main agroecological zones across China. We found that CERES-Maize could reproduce the growth and development of maize well under various management and weather conditions with a phenology bias of <5 d and biomass relative root mean square error values of <5%. The simulated results showed that sowing long-growth-cycle cultivars approximately 10 d in advance could yield good-quality silage. The optimal sowing dates (from late May to July) and harvest dates (from early October to mid-November) gradually became later from north to south. A high-energy yield was expected when sowing at an early date and/or with late-maturing cultivars. We found that Northeast China and the North China Plain were potential silage maize growing areas, although these areas experienced a medium or even high frost risk. Southwestern maize experienced a low risk level, but the low soil fertility limited the attainable yield. The results of this paper provide information for designing an optimal G×E×M strategy to ensure silage maize production in the Chinese Maize Belt.

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Optimum harvest date of maize for biogas and silage purposes

Acta Agronomica Hungarica ◽

10.1556/aagr.57.2009.2.3 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 57 (2) ◽

pp. 119-125

Author(s):

G. Hadi

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Biogas Production ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Vegetation Period ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Matter Content ◽

Harvest Date ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

Dry Matter Yield ◽

Vegetative Organs

The dry matter and moisture contents of the aboveground vegetative organs and kernels of four maize hybrids were studied in Martonvásár at five harvest dates, with four replications per hybrid. The dry matter yield per hectare of the kernels and other plant organs were investigated in order to obtain data on the optimum date of harvest for the purposes of biogas and silage production.It was found that the dry mass of the aboveground vegetative organs, both individually and in total, did not increase after silking. During the last third of the ripening period, however, a significant reduction in the dry matter content was sometimes observed as a function of the length of the vegetation period. The data suggest that, with the exception of extreme weather conditions or an extremely long vegetation period, the maximum dry matter yield could be expected to range from 22–42%, depending on the vegetation period of the variety. The harvest date should be chosen to give a kernel moisture content of above 35% for biogas production and below 35% for silage production. In this phenophase most varieties mature when the stalks are still green, so it is unlikely that transport costs can be reduced by waiting for the vegetative mass to dry.

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