scholarly journals COVID-19 vaccination: an attempt to control the pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (37) ◽  
pp. 32-39
Author(s):  
Sabiha Armin ◽  
Anisa Wakil ◽  
James Tarbox ◽  
Kenneth Iwuji
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Mass Distribution ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Global Access

Background: Since the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 was discovered in December 2019, there have been tireless efforts by the medical and scientific community to understand its pathophysiology, treatment, and prevention. Discussion: In the last several months, several therapeutic treatments, including a corticosteroid, antiviral drugs, convalescent plasma, and several others, have been tried in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 with varying results. Pfizer and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines recently received approval for Emergency Use Authorization. Although COVID-19 vaccine is the first hurdle in an attempt to control the pandemic, the following challenges still remain: adequate vaccine doses, issues with mass distribution, global access, proper storage, and sufficient vaccine compliance. Summary: Vaccination, in addition to social distancing and wearing facemasks, will likely provide the best way to control the COVID pandemic. Healthcare professionals and government officials will need to address any concern or hesitancy the community has with the COVID vaccine to promote compliance. Keywords: coronavirus therapeutics, herd immunity, coronavirus vaccine, vaccine targets, clinical trials

COVID-19: Are Experimental Drugs Cure or Ill?

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bensu Karahalil ◽  
Aylin Elkama
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Antiviral Treatment ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Experimental Drugs ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
The World

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new strain of coronavirus. It is characterized by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It has quickly influenced all over the world since it spreads easily. Common symptoms are fever, cough, difficulty in breathing and muscle aches. Despite the urgent need to find an effective antiviral treatment, already available agents are being used alone or in combination all over the world. At the beginning of the pandemic, death rates of infection caused by COVID-19 are high but "is COVID-19 responsible for all deaths?", or “are there any contributions of the frequently used drugs in this period to these deaths?” Surely herd immunity plays a major role and has the contribution in the decline in mortality rates. Meanwhile, it is kept in mind that due to safety concerns, changes have also been made to the dosage and combined use of frequently used drugs. Objective: In this review, answers to two questions above and the safety of treatments, toxicities of agents involving chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, favipiravir, lopiravir/ritonavir, sarilumab, tocilizumab, siltuximab, corticosteroids and bromhexine which are the most frequently used in both Turkey and all over the world will be summarized. Conclusion: Among these drugs favipiravir seems the most promising drug due to more tolerable adverse effects. More clinical trials with large sample sizes are needed to find the most effective and safe drug for COVID-19 treatment.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): Why is it so lethal?

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-67
Author(s):  
Anika Tursa Promi ◽  
Sanzida Islam Bristi ◽  
Farhana Akhter ◽  
Rashed Noor
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Health Threat ◽  
Mass Public ◽  
Public Health Threat

COVID-19 pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has been the most dreadful mass public health threat for more than a year. An array of clinical trials with repurposed and repositioned drugs as well as with the candidate vaccines are being conducted with the aim of mitigation of COVID-19. While a few antiviral drugs and several candidate vaccines showed satisfactory results in the clinical trials, the side effects after vaccination and the evolution of new SARS-CoV-2 variants appear as a major challenge for the scientists. Present review focused on the possible reasons behind the lethality of SARS-CoV-2.

scholarly journals Evaluation of 19 antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2 Infection

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shufeng Liu ◽  
Christopher Z. Lien ◽  
Prabhuanand Selvaraj ◽  
Tony T. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Cytopathic Effect ◽  
Therapeutic Index ◽  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
Global Pandemic

AbstractThe global pandemic of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 or 2019-nCoV) has prompted multiple clinical trials to jumpstart search for anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapies from existing drugs, including those with reported in vitro efficacies as well as those ones that are not known to inhibit SARS-CoV-2, such as ritonavir/lopinavir and favilavir. Here we report that after screening 19 antiviral drugs that are either in clinical trials or with proposed activity against SARS-CoV-2, remdesivir was the most effective. Chloroquine only effectively protected virus-induced cytopathic effect at around 30 µM with a therapeutic index of 1.5. Our findings also suggest that velpatasvir, ledipasvir, ritonavir, litonavir, lopinavir, favilavir, sofosbuvir, danoprevir, and pocapavir do not have direct antiviral effect.

scholarly journals Medical treatment options for COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leen Delang ◽  
Johan Neyts
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Medical Treatment ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
Therapeutic Options ◽  
New Therapies ◽  
Human Coronaviruses

Therapeutic options for coronavirus disease 2019 are desperately needed to respond to the ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic. Both antiviral drugs and immunomodulators might have their place in the management of coronavirus disease 2019. Unfortunately, no drugs have been approved yet to treat infections with human coronaviruses. As it will take years to develop new therapies for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the current focus is on the repurposing of drugs that have been approved or are in development for other conditions. Several clinical trials have already been conducted or are currently ongoing to evaluate the efficacy of such drugs. Here, we discuss the potential of these therapies for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019.

An Overview on Covid-19: Clinical Features, Treatment and Prevention

Coronaviruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahid Ud Din Wani ◽  
Surya Prakash Gautam ◽  
Zulfkar Latief Qadrie
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wuhan City ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
The World ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Respiratory Droplets

Background: The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a transmissible illness produced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has now quickly expanded since its outbreak in Wuhan City of Hubei region of China to the other parts of the world. In accordance with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the spread of COVID-19 emerges typically human-to-humans through respiratory droplets within an area of 1-2 meters. Aim/ Objective: In the present perspective, we have discussed some of the measures taken to prevent and treat the patient suffering from COVID-19, and how to restrict the further spread of COVID-19 due to SARS-CoV-2. Findings/results: The general clinical properties are fever, cough, sore throat, headache, tiredness, myalgia and difficulty in breathing. Presently no approved treatments for COVID-19, as of now no pharmaceutical products have been revealed to be harmless & efficient for the management of COVID-19. Various anti-viral medicines e.g. ribavirin, lopinavir, and ritonavir have been utilized supported on the familiarity with SARS and MERS. Many drugs and vaccines are currently being studied in clinical trials, jointly with the (Solidarity trial) co-sponsored by the WHO. Conclusion: The use of a mask by fit people in community areas to guard against respiratory viral disease is presently recommended by WHO. Patients must be kept in individual rooms, the rooms, surfaces and equipment should go through standard sanitization possibly with sodium hypochlorite. Consequently, apart from restricting this epidemic, efforts should be made to plan wide-ranging procedures to thwart potential outbreaks of the zoonotic sources.

Repurposed Antiviral Drugs for the Treatment of COVID-19: Syntheses, Mechanism of Infection and Clinical Trials

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subha Sankar Paul ◽  
Goutam Biswas
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Small Molecule ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
Advanced Stage ◽  
Clinical Trial Results

: COVID-19 is a public health emergency of international concern. Although, considerable knowledge has been acquired with time about the viral mechanism of infection and mode of replication, yet no specific drugs or vaccines have been discovered against SARS-CoV-2, till date. There are few small molecule antiviral drugs like Remdesivir and Favipiravir which have shown promising results in different advanced stage of clinical trials. Chloroquinine, Hydroxychloroquine, and Lopinavir-Ritonavir combination, although initially was hypothesized to be effective against SARS-CoV-2, are now discontinued from the solidarity clinical trials. This review provides a brief description of their chemical syntheses along with their mode of action and clinical trial results available in Google and different peer reviewed journals till 24th October 2020.

Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): A Narrative Review Based on Current Status

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rina Das ◽  
Dinesh Kumar Mehta ◽  
Meenakshi Dhanawat
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
First Case ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Abstract:: A novel virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), appeared and expanded globally by the end of year in 2019 from Wuhan, China, causing severe acute respiratory syndrome. During its initial stage, the disease was called the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). It was named COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 February 2020. The WHO declared worldwide the SARS-CoV-2 virus a pandemic on March 2020. On 30 January 2020 the first case of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) was reported in India. Now in current situation the virus is floating in almost every part of the province and rest of the globe. -: On the basis of novel published evidences, we efficiently summarized the reported work with reference to COVID-19 epidemiology, pathogen, clinical symptoms, treatment and prevention. Using several worldwide electronic scientific databases such as Pubmed, Medline, Embase, Science direct, Scopus, etc were utilized for extensive investigation of relevant literature. -: This review is written in the hope of encouraging the people successfully with the key learning points from the underway efforts to perceive and manage SARS-CoV-2, suggesting sailent points for expanding future research.

scholarly journals The exosome journey: from biogenesis to uptake and intracellular signalling

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonam Gurung ◽  
Dany Perocheau ◽  
Loukia Touramanidou ◽  
Julien Baruteau
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Clinical Development ◽  
Intracellular Signalling ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Adequate Definition

AbstractThe use of exosomes in clinical settings is progressively becoming a reality, as clinical trials testing exosomes for diagnostic and therapeutic applications are generating remarkable interest from the scientific community and investors. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles secreted by all cell types playing intercellular communication roles in health and disease by transferring cellular cargoes such as functional proteins, metabolites and nucleic acids to recipient cells. An in-depth understanding of exosome biology is therefore essential to ensure clinical development of exosome based investigational therapeutic products. Here we summarise the most up-to-date knowkedge about the complex biological journey of exosomes from biogenesis and secretion, transport and uptake to their intracellular signalling. We delineate the major pathways and molecular players that influence each step of exosome physiology, highlighting the routes of interest, which will be of benefit to exosome manipulation and engineering. We highlight the main controversies in the field of exosome research: their adequate definition, characterisation and biogenesis at plasma membrane. We also delineate the most common identified pitfalls affecting exosome research and development. Unravelling exosome physiology is key to their ultimate progression towards clinical applications.

scholarly journals Targeting the Complement Cascade in the Pathophysiology of COVID-19 Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2188
Author(s):  
Nicole Ng ◽  
Charles A. Powell
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Organ Dysfunction ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Complement Cascade ◽  
Significant Morbidity ◽  
Immune Pathways ◽  
Complement Pathways

Severe coronavirus disease 2019 causes multi-organ dysfunction with significant morbidity and mortality. Mounting evidence implicates maladaptive over-activation of innate immune pathways such as the complement cascade as well as endothelial dysfunction as significant contributors to disease progression. We review the complement pathways, the effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on these pathways, and promising therapeutic targets in clinical trials.

Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave e a COVID-19 (SARS-Cov-2): uma revisão narrativa

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2.ESP) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Soraya Pereira Franco Adriano ◽  
Betânia Maria Pereira Santos ◽  
Carmem Gabriela Gomes de Figueiredo Figueiredo ◽  
Ana Carolina Bernardes Dulgheroff ◽  
Ronaldo Rodrigues Sarmento ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Scientific Production ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Disease Clinic ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Coronavirus Infections

Objetivo: Analisar a produção científica acerca da atual pandemia do novo coronavírus, destacando aspectos referentes às características do vírus, bem como a epidemiologia, o diagnóstico e tratamento da COVID-19 no intuito de fornecer informações aos profissionais de saúde e à comunidade científica. Método: Revisão narrativa, com busca nas bases de dados Scielo, Medline, Lilacs e Pubmed, referente ao período de fevereiro a maio de 2020, utilizando os descritores: “infecções por coronavírus” or “coronavirus infections”, “COVID-19”, “betacoronavirus”, “Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave”, “SARS-Cov-2”, “diagnóstico”, “diagnosis”. Resultados: Foram evidenciadas três categorias temáticas: aspectos referentes ao vírus; a epidemiologia e a clínica da doença; e aspectos do diagnóstico e tratamento. Conclusão: O Coronavírus sofreu mutações desde o início da pandemia, mas não se sabe se estas mutações afetaram seu poder de infecciosidade. Em diferentes partes do mundo a epidemiologia da COVID-19 foi diferente. Com relação ao tratamento, a droga que tem se mostrado mais promissora até o momento é o remdesivir. Sem uma vacina eficaz, a maior arma que dispomos é o isolamento social.Descritores: Infecções por Coronavírus; COVID-19; Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave. SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME AND COVID-19 (SARS-COV-2): A NARRATIVE REVIEWObjective: To analyze a scientific production on the current pandemic of new coronaviruses, highlighting aspects related to virus resources, as well as the epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 in order to provide information to health professionals and the scientific community. Method: Narrative review, searching the Scielo, Medline, Lilacs and Pubmed databases, for the period from February to May 2020, using the keywords: "coronavirus infections" or "coronavirus infections", "COVID-19", "Betacoronavirus", "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome", "SARS-Cov-2", "diagnosis", "diagnosis". Results: Three thematic categories were highlighted: aspects related to the virus; an epidemiology and disease clinic; and aspects of diagnosis and treatment. Conclusion: The Coronavirus has mutated since the beginning of the pandemic, but it is not known whether these mutations have affected its infectiousness. In different parts of the world the epidemiology of COVID-19 was different. Regarding treatment, a drug that has been shown to be more promising until recovery is needed. Without an effective vaccine, the biggest weapon that affects social isolation.Descriptors: Coronavirus Infections; COVID-19; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. SÍNDROME RESPIRATORIO AGUDO GRAVE Y COVID-19 (SARS-COV-2): UNA REVISIÓN NARRATIVAObjetivo: analizar una producción científica sobre la pandemia actual de nuevos coronavirus, destacando aspectos relacionados con los recursos del virus, así como la epidemiología, diagnóstico y tratamiento de COVID-19 para proporcionar información a los profesionales de la salud y la comunidad científica. Método: Revisión narrativa, buscando en las bases de datos Scielo, Medline, Lilacs y Pubmed, para el período de febrero a mayo de 2020, utilizando los descriptores: "infecciones por coronavirus" o "infecciones por coronavirus", "COVID-19", "Betacoronavirus", "Síndrome respiratorio agudo severo", "SARS-Cov-2", "diagnóstico", "diagnóstico". Resultados: se destacaron tres categorías temáticas: aspectos relacionados con el virus; una clínica de epidemiología y enfermedad; y aspectos de diagnóstico y tratamiento. Conclusión: el coronavirus ha mutado desde el comienzo de la pandemia, pero no se sabe si estas mutaciones han afectado su infecciosidad. En diferentes partes del mundo, la epidemiología de COVID-19 fue diferente. Con respecto al tratamiento, un medicamento que ha demostrado ser más prometedor hasta que se necesita recuperación. Sin una vacuna efectiva, el arma más grande que afecta el aislamiento social.Descriptores: Infecciones por Coronavirus; COVID-19; Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Severo.

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