scholarly journals Preclinical Acute Toxicity Assessment of a Crude Polysaccharide Isolated from the Stem of Solanum Nigrum: A Preliminary Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 2131-2139
Author(s):  
Faizan Naeem Razali ◽  
Nur Syahirah Izzati Rani ◽  
Muhammad Imran Kamil Mazian ◽  
Ahmad Naeem Mohd Nafi ◽  
Siti Hajar Musa
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Preclinical Study ◽  
Toxicity Assessment ◽  
Treatment Session ◽  
Solanum Nigrum ◽  
Single Treatment ◽  
Group A ◽  
Crude Polysaccharide

The polysaccharide isolated from Solanum nigrum was proven to possess an immunomodulatory effect and able to suppress the progression of tumor cells by proxy. However, data on the toxicity profile is still limited. The present preclinical study was conducted to investigate the toxicity potential of the crude polysaccharide sample. The acute toxicity experimental design was adapted from OECD 423 guideline. Nine female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into 3 groups, 3 mice per group (n=3). Mice in group A (first-step treatment) were orally administered with a single treatment of crude polysaccharide sample at concentration 2,000 mg/kg/bw (300 µL). Mice in group B (second-step treatment) were received the single treatment after 24 hours, depending on the observation of mice in group A. Mice in group C served as control. Mortality and clinical signs associated with toxicity were observed within 24 hours of treatment session and for the subsequence 14 days for delay-death detection. Mice body weight was recorded starting at day-0 until day-14 prior to sacrificing at day-15. Blood, liver, and kidney were harvested for toxicology assessment. Within 24 hours of treatment, 1 mouse in group A was found to died, while no mortality and delay-death were observed in groups B and C. Referring to OECD 423, it was estimated that the LD50 of the treated sample was 2,500–5,000 mg/kg/bw. No significant changes (p<0.05) were detected in terms of body weight and organ weight indexes of the treated mice as compared to control. The polysaccharide treatment also revealed no significant elevation in mice serum glucose levels. The present findings indicated that the treatment of crude polysaccharide sample exerted a very mild acute toxicity effect when orally administered at 2,000 mg/kg/bw, with no delay-death.

scholarly journals Acute toxicity assessment for TiO2 photocatalyst (GST) made from wastewater using TiCl4 in rat

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. e2021019
Author(s):  
Ja Kyung Seol ◽  
Myeongkyu Park ◽  
Jae Min Im ◽  
Heung Sik Seo ◽  
Hee Ju Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Toxicity Assessment ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Weight Changes

TiO2 was a photocatalyst that used to the most common product because of the high efficiency. TiO2 (P-25, commercial nanomaterial product) is the most typical photocatalyst product and TiO2 (GST) was a sludge recycling product. This study was reported to evaluate an acute toxicity of TiO2 (P-25 and GST) according to OECD test guideline 402 and 423 in Sprague-Dawley (SD) female rats via route of oral and dermal. There was investigated the lethal dose (LD50), and mortality, clinical signs, body weight changes and gross findings were continually monitored for 14 days following the single administration. After administration, TiO2 (P-25) was calculated that LD50 was considered to be a dose of over 2000 mg/kg body weight for both different route of exposure, and TiO2 (GST) was the same. Other items were no observed an adverse effect between P-25 and GST; no mortality and clinical signs, accidental body weight loss, no gross findings. On the basis of the above results, the toxicity of the GST was almost equal to that of the commercial product, P-25 and there was no toxicological evidence.

Acute and subacute toxicity assessment of Madhulai Manappagu (Siddha herbal syrup formulation) in animal model

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Meenakshi Sundaram Malayappan ◽  
Gayathri Natarajan ◽  
Logamanian Mockaiyathevar ◽  
Meenakumari Ramasamy
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Toxicity Assessment ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Gross Pathology ◽  
Toxicity Studies

Abstract Objectives Madhulai Manappagu – a well-known sastric and widely prescribed Siddha herbal syrup formulation indicated for treating Veluppu Noi (Anaemia especially Iron deficiency Anaemia) has been in day today practice in Tamil Nadu for a quite longer decades. The syrup is a herbal preparation which has a sweet pleasant odour and a palatable taste, contain the juice of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) as the main ingredient. Though the formulation is a fruit juice, the safety profile of the syrup is not established and is being marketed without toxicological evaluation. The study is aimed at ascertaining the acute and sub-acute toxicity assessment of Madhulai Manappagu in Wistar Albino rats. Methods The acute and sub-acute (28day repeated oral) toxicity studies were performed as per the guidelines mentioned in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 423 (adopted on December 2001) and TG 407 (adopted on October 2008) with slight modifications respectively. For acute toxicity study, three female rats were randomly selected as control; three female rats were randomly selected and were administered a single dose of 5,000 mg/kg body weight per oral route. For sub-acute (28day repeated oral) toxicity studies, three doses of test drug MM of 500 mg/kg/day (low dose), 750 mg/kg/day (intermittent dose) and 1,000 mg/kg/day (high dose) were selected for administration. Both sexes of Wistar Albino rats were randomized into four groups of 10 animals each (five males, five females). Group I was kept as control group. Group II, III and IV served as low, intermittent and high doses of MM respectively. Animals were observed for mortality, morbidity, body weight changes, feed and water intake. Haematology, clinical biochemistry, electrolytes, gross pathology, relative organ weight and histopathological examination were performed. Results In the acute toxicity study, rats showed no toxicological signs on behavior, gross pathology and body weight of rats when treated with a single dose of 5,000 mg/kg body weight per oral route. In the subacute (28 days repeated oral) toxicity study, rats have showed no significant changes on behavior, gross pathology, body weight, and hematological and biochemical parameters when treated with Madhulai Manappagu in three different doses. Conclusions The toxicity studies which include both acute and 28 days repeated (subacute) oral toxicity studies, revealed no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of Madhulai Manappagu in animals. Thus the safety of the drug in human usage was ensured.

scholarly journals TOCOSH FLOUR (Solanum tuberosum L.): A Toxicological Assessment of Traditional Peruvian Fermented Potatoes

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 719
Author(s):  
Jonas Roberto Velasco-Chong ◽  
Oscar Herrera-Calderón ◽  
Juan Pedro Rojas-Armas ◽  
Renán Dilton Hañari-Quispe ◽  
Linder Figueroa-Salvador ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Toxicological Assessment ◽  
Hematological And Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Histopathological Studies

Potato tocosh is a naturally processed potato for nutritional and curative purposes from traditional Peruvian medicine. The aim of this study was to investigate the acute and sub-acute toxicity of tocosh flour (TF). For sub-acute toxicity, TF was administered orally to rats daily once a day for 28 days at doses of 1000 mg/kg body weight (BW). Animals were observed for general behaviors, mortality, body weight variations, and histological analysis. At the end of treatment, relative organ weights, histopathology, hematological and biochemical parameters were analyzed. For acute toxicity, TF was administered orally to mice at doses of 2000 and 5000 mg/kg BW at a single dose in both sexes. Body weight, mortality, and clinical signs were observed for 14 days after treatment. The results of acute toxicity showed that the median lethal dose (LD50) value of TF is higher than 2000 g/kg BW but less than 5000 mg/Kg BW in mice. Death and toxicological symptoms were not found during the treatment. For sub-acute toxicity, we found that no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAEL) of TF in rats up to 1000 g/kg BW. There were statistically significant differences in body weight, and relative organ weight in the stomach and brain. No differences in hematological and biochemical parameters were observed when compared with the control group. For sub-acute toxicity, histopathological studies revealed minor abnormalities in liver and kidney tissues at doses of 5000 mg/Kg. Based on these results, TF is a traditional Peruvian medicine with high safety at up to 1000 mg/kg BW for 28 days in rats.

Acute and sub-acute toxicity assessment of aqueous leaves extract of Crassocephalum crepidioides (Asteraceae) in Wistar rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwige Laure Nguemfo ◽  
Armel Junior Mbock ◽  
Calvin Zangueu Bogning ◽  
Annie Laure Magne Fongang ◽  
Philippe Belle Ebanda Kedi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Toxicity Assessment ◽  
Repeated Treatment ◽  
Structural Disorders ◽  
Phytochemical Compounds ◽  
Significant Change

Abstract Objectives Several studies establish the therapeutic properties of various plants which are sometimes a source of minerals, vitamins and phytochemical compounds. However, many studies evoked potential toxic of some. In Cameroon, Crassocephalum crepidioides (C.c) is used in folk medicine to treat several diseases, but there are not much informations about its toxicity. This study evaluate its acute and sub-acute toxicity. Methods Our study was undertaken to evaluate acute and sub-acute toxicity of aqueous leaves extract of C.c. The study was conducted using the OECD guidelines about oral toxicity’s study. For acute toxicity, rats were administrated single oral dose of 5,000 mg/kg body weight (b.w) and monitored for death and weight impairment during seven days. In sub-acute toxicity, experimental rats received daily doses of 250,500 and 1,000 mg/kg b.w during 28 consecutive days. The toxics effects of the extract were assessed using anthropometric, haematological, biochemical parameters as well as histology of vital body’s organs (liver, kidneys, lungs and spleen). Results lethal dose 50 (LD50) was find to be greater than 5,000 mg/kg b.w in rats. In sub-acute toxicity, we observed significant increase of body weight, food and water consumption with the maximums of 15.14, 24.52 and 28.86% respectively at 1,000 mg/kg b.w. There was no significant change in haematological parameters. However, we observed significant change in biochemical parameters. Furthermore, structural disorders were noticed in liver and kidneys of animals treated with C.c. Conclusion Data obtained suggesting that C.c extract could be safe in single administration, but with toxic effects in repeated treatment.

scholarly journals Single Oral Acute Toxicity of Banhasasim-Tang and Its Antiobesity Effect on Diet-Induced Obese Mice and 3T3-L1 Adipocytes

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sae-Rom Yoo ◽  
Soo-Jin Jeong ◽  
Mee-young Lee ◽  
Hyeun-Kyoo Shin ◽  
Chang-Seob Seo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Obese Mice ◽  
Triglyceride Accumulation ◽  
Sd Rats

We had tested antiobesity effect of 52 traditional herbal formulas in 3T3-L1 adipocyte, and Banhasasim-tang (BHSST) was chosen as one of the effective medications to inhibit triglyceride accumulation. We investigated the antiobesity effect of BHSST on 3T3-L1 adipocytes and high-fat diet- (HFD-) induced obese mice. In addition, we evaluated the acute toxicity of BHSST in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Differentiated 3T3-L1 cells were treated with various concentrations of BHSST for 8 days. Accumulated triglyceride level and the expressions of adipogenesis-related genes and proteins were subsequently investigated. To evaluate the single oral toxicity of BHSST, the SD rats of each sex were administered a single dose (5000 mg/kg) of BHSST via oral gavage; the control group received vehicle only. After a single administration, the mortality, clinical signs, gross findings, and body weight were monitored for 15 days. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed HFD for 4 weeks to induce obesity and randomly received 50 mg/kg of Orlistat (n=12, OR), 200 mg/kg of BHSST (n=12, B200), and 1000 mg/kg of BHSST (n=12, B1000) for another 8 weeks. BHSST suppressed the triglyceride contents and lipid accumulation in a dose-dependent manner in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. BHSST also downregulated the adipogenesis-related gene levels and protein expression compared with those in undifferentiated adipocytes. In a single oral dose toxicity study, there was no adverse effect on mortality, clinical signs, body weight changes, and gross findings in the treatment group. HFD-fed mice treated with BHSST showed significantly reduced body weight gain, food efficiency ratio, and white adipose tissue weight. The medial lethal dose (LD50) of BHSST was 5000 mg/kg/day body weight for each sex in the rats. BHSST decreased the body weight gain in HFD-fed obese mice and inhibited triglyceride accumulation via a cascade of multiple factors at the mRNA and protein levels in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

scholarly journals ACUTE TOXICITY EVALUATION OF PROTODIOSCIN RICH EXTRACT OF TRIGONELLA FOENUM-GRAECUM L IN RATS

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 152
Author(s):  
Vijaykumar Kunvarji Parmar ◽  
Ketan Variya ◽  
Sandip Patel
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Oral Gavage ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Trigonella Foenum Graecum ◽  
Biochemical Analyses ◽  
Histopathological Studies ◽  
Trigonella Foenum Graecum L

ABSTRACTObjectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the acute toxicity of standardized protodioscin rich extract (PRE) of Trigonella foenumgraecumL (26.63% w/w; PRE).Methods: To evaluate the toxicity of PRE, the acute toxicity of the extract on adult rats were investigated. A fixed large dose of 2 g/kg body weight ofPRE was administrated by a single oral gavage, and 1 g/kg body weight of PRE was administered by intravenous according to the Organisation forEconomic Co-operation and Development guidelines.Results: In 2 weeks, PRE showed no obvious acute toxicity. There were no deaths in either group and no change in the clinical signs. The hematologicaland biochemical analyses showed some changes that returned to reference levels without impairment of homeostasis. The treatment did not induceuntoward changes in organs as shown by histological studies. The in vivo results showed that has low toxicity.Conclusion: PRE is safe and can be potentially used as an aphrodisiac in future studies.Keywords: Protodioscin, Aphrodisiac, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Toxicity,Histopathological studies.

scholarly journals Comparative acute toxicity of supramolecular complexes of Fenbendazole with Different Polymers used for targeted Delivery

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-87
Author(s):  
A. I. Varlamova ◽  
I. A. Arkhipov
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Preclinical Study ◽  
Postmortem Examination ◽  
Supramolecular Complexes ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Comparative Acute Toxicity ◽  
Major Drug

The purpose of the research is studying acute toxicity of supramolecular complexes of fenbendazole with different polymers obtained by mechanochemical technology as compared to the substance of the drug when administered to the stomach of white mice. Materials and methods. The acute toxicity parameters of supramolecular complexes of fenbendazole (SMCF) with different polymers were studied under the “Guide to experimental (preclinical) study of new pharmacological substances” and other rules. The drugs were administered once to the stomach of white mice of both genders with a body weight of 16–18 g at doses of 7,000, 10,000, 15,000 and 20,000 mg/kg by the drug. Each dose was tested on 10 white mice. For 14 days, we observed the general condition and behavior of animals, symptoms of intoxication and possible death. Postmortem examination was performed for the dead animals. Acute toxicity was determined by Litchfield and Wilcoxon (M. D. Belenky, 1963). Results and discussion. LD50 of the SMCF and the major drug of fenbendazole could not be established due to low toxicity. LD50 of the SMCF administered to the stomach of white mice was 20 000 mg/kg.

scholarly journals ACUTE TOXICITY TEST OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF Acalypha hispida LEAVES IN FEMALE RATS: A PHYSIOLOGICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL STUDY

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamzah Alfarisi ◽  
Mawar Subangkit ◽  
Siti Sa’diah ◽  
Tutik Wresdiyati
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Toxicity Test ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Acute Toxicity Test ◽  
Glomerular Cell ◽  
Eosinophilic Cytoplasm

This research aims to evaluate the safety of ethanolic extract of Acalypha hispida (A. hispida) leaves with acute toxicity test using 15 female rats strain Sprague-Dawley. A single dose of different doses of extract (2, 4, 8, and 16 g/kg body weight) was administrated orally, and theobservation was conducted for 14 days. The results revealed that the ethanolic extract of A. hispida leaves was relatively harmless (LD50 16 g/kg BW), did not affect body weight, and did not show clinical signs of toxicity during the observation periods. The parameters of blood serumbiochemistry of all extract-treated groups (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine, and urea) did not change significantly  compared to the control group. The histological observation of the liver showed a significant increase in eosinophilic cytoplasm and basophilic nuclei at all doses. However, the ethanolic extract of A. hispida leaves did not significantly affect glomerulus/Bowman’s capsule ratio, glomerular cell density, and the proportion of normal cell tubule. In conclusion, the ethanolic extract of A. hispida leaves was relatively harmless with LD5016 g/kg BW and seems to be safe in low doses (2 g/kg BW).

scholarly journals Acute and Subacute Oral Toxicity Assessment of European Cranberrybush (Viburnum opulus L). Fruit Extract

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 355-355
Author(s):  
Gizem Ozan ◽  
Alev Cumbul ◽  
Engin Sümer ◽  
Dilara Baban ◽  
Ahmet Aydın ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Viburnum Opulus ◽  
Fruit Extract ◽  
Subacute Toxicity

Abstract Objectives The intake of the high dose of polyphenols might cause adverse health effects on humans, in such cases, toxicological testing may be required to ensure safe levels of intake. In the present study, acute and subacute oral toxicity studies of polyphenol-rich European cranberrybush (Viburnum opulus L.) (ECB) fruit extract were evaluated to ensure the safe use of this extract. Methods In acute toxicity, freshly prepared ECB extract dissolved in distilled water was administrated to Sprague-Dawley rats by oral gavage at a single dose of 2000 mg/kg and signs of toxicity and mortality was observed. In subacute toxicity, Balb-c mice were administrated orally at 500 (low dose) and 2000 mg/kg (high dose) of ECB extract for 28 days and their mortality, clinical signs and, body weight were recorded on a daily and weekly basis, respectively. At the end of 28 days, while blood samples from each animal were taken for hematological and biochemical analysis, vital organs were taken for histopathological examination. Results In acute toxicity study, ECB extract showed no toxicological signs observed on behavioral change and body weight of rats after 14 days indicating that the lethal dose (LD50) of the ECB fruit extract might be higher than 2000 mg/kg. No death and no abnormal clinical signs were also recorded in subacute toxicity study. However, the increment in body weight of administrated high dose of ECB extract animals were significantly lower than control (P &gt; 0.05). High dose of ECB fruit extract induced the level of in some hematological parameters. Even amylase and lipase values were lower than normal ranges at high dose animals, other biochemical parameters results were not significantly different from the controls. In histopathological examination, the total histopathological scores ECB extract administrated mice at both doses were showed normal histological features in many tissues compared to control. However, administrated with a high dose of ECB extract showed significant changes in kidney, liver, and adipose tissue that were alterations (edema, infiltration, and bleeding) compared to control. Conclusions These findings indicated that polyphenol-rich ECB extract might show a toxic effect at a high dose (2000 mg/kg) and no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of ECB extract was 500 mg/kg ECB fruit juice. Funding Sources This study was supported by Yeditepe University.

scholarly journals In Vivo Antiplasmodial Activities and Acute Toxicity Assessment of Two Plant Cocktail Extracts Commonly Used Among Southwestern Nigerians.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Omagha ◽  
E.T. Idowu ◽  
C.G. Alimba ◽  
A.O Otubanjo ◽  
E.O. Agbaje
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Plasmodium Berghei ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Toxicity Assessment ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Test Models ◽  
Level Of Significance

Abstract Discovering and developing the desired antimalarials continue to be a necessity especially due to treatment failures, drug resistance, limited availability and affordability of pharmaceutical antimalarials, costs and logistical problems especially in poor malarious countries. This study investigated the efficacies of two plant cocktails; CtA and CtB, selected based on their traditional usage. Activities of the cocktail extracts, chloroquine and pyrimethamine against Plasmodium berghei berghei were evaluated using the suppressive, curative and prophylactic test models, after oral and intraperitoneal acute toxicity determination of the plant cocktails in accordance with Lorke method. Data was analyzed using SPSS software version 23.0 with level of significance set at P<0.05. The median lethal dose was determined to be higher than 5000 mg/kg body weight orally for both CtA and CtB; and 316.23 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally for CtA. Each cocktail exhibited high dose dependent Plasmodium berghei berghei inhibition which was 96.95%, 99.13% in the CtA800 mg/kg, CtB800 mg/kg doses in the curative groups respectively, 96.46%, 78.62% for CtA800mg/kg, CtB800mg/kg doses in the suppressive groups respectively, and 65.05%, 88.80% for CtA800mg/kg, CtB800mg/kg doses in the prophylactic groups respectively. Throughout the observation periods, the standard drugs, chloroquine phosphate and pyrimethamine maintained higher inhibitions up to 100%. These findings demonstrate that CtA and CtB possess good antimalarial abilities and calls for their development and standardization as effective and readily available antimalarial options. The acute toxicity results obtained underscore the importance of obtaining information on toxicities of medicinal plant remedies before their administration in both humans and animals.

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