scholarly journals Short Communication: The resistance of Styrax sumatrana wood of varying growth sites and stem axial positions to subterranean termite (Coptotermes curvignathus) attack

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Apri Heri Iswanto ◽  
Joel Tambunan ◽  
Arida Susilowati ◽  
Rudi Hartono ◽  
Atmawi Darwis
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Short Communication ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Test Sample ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Subterranean Termite ◽  
Natural Durability ◽  
Termite Attack

Abstract. Iswanto AH, Tambunan J, Susilowati A, Hartono R, Darwis A. 2021. Short Communication: The resistance of Styrax sumatrana wood of varying growth sites and stem axial positions to subterranean termite (Coptotermes curvignathus) attack. Biodiversitas 22: 3192-3198.  As mega-biodiversity country, Indonesia consists of a large number of flora and fauna, including wood-destroying organisms such as termites.  One of the native trees known as a resin producer is Tobanese incense (Styrax sumatrana). The existence of this species has been studied for several wood properties such as physical, mechanical, and chemical properties, while its natural durability against termite attack has not been studied. As a country known as a haven for termites, the study on incense wood durability is very important for further utilization.  The objective of this research was to analyze the natural durability of S. sumatrana wood from two growing locations and different stem positions using a graveyard test. The Graveyard test method was used to investigate the mass loss and percentage of damage of the sampled woods. The test sample used is 2x2x20 cm3 in size. The sample is buried as deep as 15 cm and leaving 5 cm of the part that is above the soil surface. The distance between the samples is 60 cm. The results obtained from this study indicated that the incense wood originating from Pakpak Bharat and North Tapanuli districts can be classified as durable class V (Vulnerable category) and severely damaged (E category) with the respective mass loss percentages ranging from 22.03-31.70% and 18.46-20.79% and damage percentages ranging from 86.55-96.27% and 78.02-86.32%. In conclusion, the positions of the stem and the sites where it grows caused a difference in the natural durability value of Styrax sumatrana wood. The incense wood originating from North Tapanuli District had slightly better durability against subterranean termite attacks than that from Pakpak Bharat District, although overall the samples from these two sites fell into the same durability class.

scholarly journals Natural durability of raru wood (Cotylelobium melanoxylon) against subterranean termite attack

2020 ◽  
Vol 1542 ◽  
pp. 012051
Author(s):  
A H Iswanto ◽  
A Susilowati ◽  
A R Putra ◽  
D Nopriandi ◽  
E Windra
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Termite ◽  
Natural Durability ◽  
Termite Attack

scholarly journals Studi Mutu Kayu Jati di Hutan Rakyat Gunungkidul. VII. Ketahanan terhadap Rayap Tanah

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Ganis Lukmandaru ◽  
Pito Wargono ◽  
Arsy Rahman Mohammad ◽  
Vendy Eko Prasetyo
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Subterranean Termite ◽  
Extractive Content ◽  
Natural Durability ◽  
Colour Properties ◽  
Termite Resistance ◽  
Community Forests ◽  
Teak Wood

Kayu jati telah digunakan untuk bermacam produk karena sifat ketahanan alami di atas rata-rata serta keindahan serat dan warna kayunya. Meski demikian, terdapat variasi untuk sifat ketahanan alami di antara pohon yang tumbuh di tempat tumbuh yang berbeda. Penelitian sebelumnya telah mendeskripsikan sifat kimia kayu jati tumbuh di zona ekologis yang berbeda (Nglipar, Panggang, dan Playen). Sebagai lanjutan, penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan sifat ketahahan alami terhadap rayap pada kayu jati yang tumbuh di hutan rakyat Gunungkidul dan mengeksplorasi faktor yang berkorelasi terhadap sifat tersebut yaitu sifat kimia dan warna kayu. Tujuan lainnya adalah membandingkan data yang diperoleh dengan data kayu yang tumbuh di hutan tanaman Perhutani (Randulatung). Uji pengumpanan tanpa pilihan menggunakan rayap tanah Coptotermes curvignathus terhadap sampel kayu dari tiga tempat tumbuh tersebut. Sifat warna tiap sampel diukur dengan sistem diukur menggunakan sistem CIELAB(L*, a*, b*). Data sifat kimia dan warna kemudian dihubungkan dengan kehilangan berat dan persen hidup rayap setelah 13 hari pengumpanan. Kayu gubal dan teras dari semua pohon menunjukkan aktivitas anti rayap. Perbedaan nyata diamati dalam persen hidup dalam interaksi faktor tempat tumbuh dan arah radial pohon. Sampel dari Panggang menunjukkan ketahanan alami yang lebih tinggi didasarkan persen hidup rayapnya. Selanjutnya, bagian teras dari sampel Playen dan Panggang menunjukkan aktivitas anti rayap yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan sampel dari Randublatung. Pengukuran warna menghasilkan tidak adanya beda nyata untuk kecerahan (L*) antara teras bagian luar dan dalam. Berdasar tempat tumbuhnya, sampel Playen memberikan warna kayu yang paling cerah. Apabila data di bagian teras dan gubal digabungkan, nilai kehilangan berat berhubungan positif dengan nilai kelarutan dalam air panas serta nilai kehilangan berat berhubungan negatif dengan nilai kadar ekstraktif etanol-toluena. Selain itu, nilai pH berkorelasi secara moderat dengan persen hidup rayap selama 8 hari pengamatan. Untuk sifat warna, diamati nilai kemerahan (a*) yang semakin tinggi diiringi oleh kenaikan kehilangan berat di bagian teras. Study of Teakwood Quality from Community Forests in Gunungkidul. VII. Natural Subterranean Termite ResistanceAbstractTeak wood has been used for various uses because of its excellent natural durability as well as beautiful grain and colour of its heartwood. However, variability in natural durability exists between trees of different geographical zones. The previous paper in this series reported on the chemical properties of teak wood from different zones (Nglipar, Panggang, and Playen). In this study, as a continuation, natural termite resistance of teak wood grown in community forests of Gunungkidul and the factors correlating to the termite resistance i.e. chemical and colour properties, were determined. Further, the data obtained here were compared with that of wood samples from Perhutani forest plantation (Randublatung site). No-choice termite feeding test by using a subterranean termite Coptotermes curvignathus were conducted on wood samples taken from three trees of three planted sites. The colour properties of each sample were measured using the CIELAB (L*, a*, b*) system. The chemical and colour characteristics results then were correlated with the mass loss of wood and survival rate of termites after 13 days of feeding. The heartwood and sapwood of all of the trees tested exhibited antitermitic activities. Significant differences were found in survival rate of termites due to interaction of the site and radial position. Samples from Panggang had larger termite resistance judging by its survival rate of termites. Further, the heartwood regions of Panggang and Playen sites exhibited higher antitermite activities than those of Randublatung samples. Measurements of colour showed that no significant differences were found between outer and inner heartwood parts. Samples from Playen showed the lightest on the basis of the sites. In the combined sapwood and heartwood data, mass loss was positively associated with hot-water solubility levels and negatively with ethanol-toluene extractive content. In addition, pH values moderately correlated with survival rate on 8-day observation. With regard to colour properties, it was measured that larger a* values (redness) induced larger mass loss of heartwood.

An evaluation of ECT sample height for small flute board grades and Box Manufacturer’s Certification compliance

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 24-28
Author(s):  
CORY JAY WILSON ◽  
BENJAMIN FRANK
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Compressive Load ◽  
Test Sample ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Sample Height ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Corrugated Fiberboard

TAPPI test T811 is the specified method to ascertain ECT relative to box manufacturer’s certification compliance of corrugated fiberboard under Rule 41/ Alternate Item 222. T811 test sample heights were derived from typical board constructions at the time of the test method’s initial development. New, smaller flute sizes have since been developed, and the use of lighter weight boards has become more common. The T811 test method includes sample specifications for typical A-flute, B-flute, and C-flute singlewall (and doublewall and triplewall) structures, but not for newer thinner E-flute or F-flute structures. This research explores the relationship of ECT sample height to measured compressive load, in an effort to determine valid E-flute and F-flute ECT sample heights for use with the T811 method. Through this process, it identifies challenges present in our use of current ECT test methods as a measure of intrinsic compressive strength for smaller flute structures. The data does not support the use of TAPPI T 811 for ECT measurement for E and F flute structures, and demonstrates inconsistencies with current height specifi-cations for some lightweight B flute.

IDENTIFIKASI JENIS JAMUR PATOGEN UNTUK PENGENDALIAN RAYAP TANAH Coptotermes sp.

PERENNIAL ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Astuti Arif ◽  
. Syahidah ◽  
Sitti Nuraeni
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Subterranean Termite ◽  
The World ◽  
Identification Of Fungi ◽  
Screening And Identification ◽  
Termite Attack ◽  
Penicillium Brevicompactum ◽  
Aspergillus Sp

Fungi have a great diversity and wide distribution at the world. It can be used as the alternative technology for controlling of subterranean termite attack, particularly genus Coptotermes knowned as the wooden destructive organism, by using entomophatogenic fungi. For the purpose of the study, several isolate sources were taken from some locations. The results show that eight numbers of pathogenic fungi was founded by screening and identification of fungi taken from 19 numbers of isolate sources. The pathogenic fungi were Beauveria sp., Penicillium brevicompactum, P. rubrum, Paecilomyces fulvus, Fusarium verticolloides, Pythium sp., and Aspergillus sp. Key words: Jamur entomopatogen, Coptotermes sp.

scholarly journals Technosols Development in an Abandoned Mining Area and Environmental Risk Assessment

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 6982
Author(s):  
Chiara Ferronato ◽  
Gilmo Vianello ◽  
Mauro De Feudis ◽  
Livia Vittori Antisari
Keyword(s):  
Central Italy ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Mining Area ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Mine Tailing ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Soil Features

The study of Technosols development, spatial distribution and physicochemical characteristics is becoming more and more important in the Anthropocene Era. The aim of the present study was to assess soil features and potential heavy metal release risk of soils developed on different mine tailing types after the waste disposal derived from mining activity in Central Italy. Soils were analyzed for their morphological, physical and chemical properties, and a chemical sequential extraction of heavy metals was performed. The investigated soils were classified as Technosols toxic having in some layer within 50 cm of the soil surface inorganic materials with high concentrations of toxic elements. Our findings showed that the bioavailability of potentially toxic element concentrations in the soil changed according to the origin of the mine tailing. However, because of the acidic pH, there is a serious risk of metals leaching which was reduced where the soil organic matter content was higher.

scholarly journals Color change and termite resistance of fast-growing tropical woods treated with kesambi (Schleichera oleosa) smoke

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusuf Sudo Hadi ◽  
Muh Yusram Massijaya ◽  
Dodi Nandika ◽  
Wa Ode Muliastuty Arsyad ◽  
Imam Busyra Abdillah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Color Change ◽  
Acacia Mangium ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Subterranean Termite ◽  
Subterranean Termites ◽  
Schleichera Oleosa ◽  
Termite Attack ◽  
Wood Resistance ◽  
Tropical Woods ◽  
Anthocephalus Cadamba

Abstract Smoke treatment can be used to enhance wood resistance to subterranean termite attack. In this study, kesambi (Schleichera oleosa) wood was pyrolyzed to produce charcoal. The smoke produced as a by-product of pyrolysis was used to treat sengon (Falcataria moluccana), jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba), mangium (Acacia mangium), and pine (Pinus merkusii) wood samples for 1, 2, or 3 weeks. Following the smoke treatment, the wood specimens were exposed to subterranean termites (Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren) according to the Indonesian standard 7207-2014 in a laboratory. The color change caused by smoke treatment was observed, and chemical analysis of smoke was also done. The results showed that chemical compounds of kesambi smoke predominantly consisted of acetic acid, phenol, ketones, amines, and benzene. The color of smoked wood became darker, less yellow, and a little redder, while a longer smoking period produced a darker color which was more resistant to termite attack. Smoke treatment enhanced the resistance of wood to subterranean termite attack, and the resistance levels were not significantly different based on the duration of the smoke treatment.

Hydrogen Sulfide Stress Cracking in a Q345R Welded Joint

2021 ◽  
Vol 1035 ◽  
pp. 486-491
Author(s):  
Yan Han ◽  
Jing Bin Luo ◽  
An Qing Fu ◽  
Cheng Xian Yin
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Welded Joint ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Hydrogen Atoms ◽  
Stress Cracking ◽  
Micro Cracks ◽  
Sulfide Stress ◽  
Macroscopic Observation ◽  
Metal Microstructure

In this paper the failure reason of Q345R Welded Joint was studied through macroscopic observation, chemical properties, metallurgical analysis, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and EDS test method. The results showed that there were a large number of micro-cracks in the fracture surface. The reason of cracking is severe banded structure in base metal microstructure, which provided opportunity for hydrogen atoms to enter into the internal of steel when contact with wet hydrogen sulfide environment. The existence of tensile stress promotes the entry of hydrogen atoms and the propagation of cracks. The welding products of this procedure are not suitable for use under sour conditions.

Amelioration of subsurface acidity in sandy soils in low rainfall regions .2. Changes to soil solution composition following the surface application of gypsum and lime

Soil Research ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 847 ◽  
Author(s):  
CDA Mclay ◽  
GSP Ritchie ◽  
WM Porter ◽  
A Cruse
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Ion Pairs ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
First Year ◽  
Solution Composition

Two field trials were sampled to investigate the changes to soil solution chemical properties of a yellow sandplain soil with an acidic subsoil following the application of gypsum and lime to the soil surface in 1989. The soils were sandy textured and located in a region of low annual rainfall (300-350 mm). Soil was sampled annually to a depth of 1 m and changes in soil solution composition were estimated by extraction of the soil with 0.005 M KCl. Gypsum leaching caused calcium (Ca), sulfate (SO4) and the ionic strength to increase substantially in both topsoil and subsoil by the end of the first year. Continued leaching in the second year caused these properties to decrease by approximately one-half in the topsoil. Gypsum appeared to have minimal effect on pH or total Al (Al-T), although the amount of Al present as toxic monomeric Al decreased and the amount present as non-toxic AlSO+4 ion pairs increased. Magnesium (Mg) was displaced from the topsoil by gypsum and leached to a lower depth in the subsoil. In contrast, lime caused pH to increase and Al to decrease substantially in the topsoil, but relatively little change to any soil solution properties was observed in the subsoil. There was an indication that more lime may have leached in the presence of gypsum in the first year after application at one site. Wheat yields were best related to the soil acidity index Al-T/EC (where EC is electrical conductivity of a 1:5 soil:water extract), although the depth at which the relationship was strongest in the subsoil varied between sites. The ratio Al-T/EC was strongly correlated with the activity of monomeric Al species (i.e. the sum of the activities of Al3+, AlOH2+ and Al(OH)+2 in the soil solution. An increase in the concentration of sulfate in the subsoil solution (which increased the ionic strength, thereby decreasing the activity of Al3+, and also increased the amount of Al present as the AlSO+4 ion pair) was probably the most important factor decreasing Al toxicity to wheat. The results indicated that gypsum could be used to increase wheat growth in aluminium toxic subsoils in sandy soils of low rainfall regions and that a simple soil test could be used to predict responses.

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