scholarly journals Zum variationslinguistischen Verhältnis von Stadt und Land.

2021 ◽  
Vol 110 (5) ◽  
pp. 293-329
Author(s):  
Simon Pickl ◽  
Simon Pröll ◽  
Stephan Elspaß
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Crowd Sourcing ◽  
Topological Relationships ◽  
Regional Language ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Exact Relationship ◽  
Topological Models

In this paper, we explore the geolinguistic relationship between urban and rural areas through the conceptualisation and modeling of spatial topologies. Geolinguistic topologies concern the structure of the mutual linguistic relationship between localities. They can be defined either deductively or on the basis of empirical data and represent the linguistic similarities or distances between localities. We operationalise and apply several such topological models to Austrian data from the Atlas zur deutschen Alltagssprache (AdA), a linguistic atlas documenting colloquial German using crowd-sourcing methods. The results are evaluated on the basis of statistical examination and of visualisations of the topological relationships predicted by the models. It is confirmed that linguistic similarity is determined both by geographical distance and by the distribution of population, but the exact relationship is complex: Not only do smaller geographic distances on the one hand and higher population numbers on the other hand bring about increased linguistic similarity; the relevance of these two factors for linguistic similarity varies with population size, too, such that linguistic relationships between cities are determined more by their size and less by their distance, while for smaller locations the opposite is true. Hence, no single topological model can be identified as superior; instead, the individual models emphasise different aspects of the linguistic relationship between urban and regional language usage.

scholarly journals HUMAN BEHAVIORAL CHANGES AND ITS IMPACT IN DISEASE MODELING

2015 ◽  
Vol 77 (33) ◽  
Author(s):  
Teoh Shian Li ◽  
Jane Labadin ◽  
Phang Piau ◽  
Ling Yeong Tyng ◽  
Shapiee Abd Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Uniform Distribution ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Disease Modeling ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Individual Based Model ◽  
Preventive Actions ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

One of the threats of the world health is the infectious diseases. This leads to the raise of concern of the policymakers and disease researchers. Vaccination program is one of the methods to prevent the vaccine-preventable diseases and hence help to eradicate the diseases. The impact of the preventive actions is related to the human behavioral changes. Fear of the diseases will increase one’s incentive in taking the preventive actions to avoid the diseases. As human behavioral changes affecting the impact of the preventive actions, the individual-based model is constructed to incorporate the behavioral changes in disease modeling. The agents in the individual-based model are allowed to move randomly and interact with each other in the environment. The interactions will cause the disease viruses as well as the fearfulness to be spread in the population. In addition, the individual-based model can have different environment setups to distinguish the urban and rural areas. The results shown in this paper are divided into two subsections, which are the justification of using uniform distribution as random number generator, and the variation of disease spread dynamics in urban and rural areas. Based on the results, the uniform distribution is found to be sufficient in generating the random numbers in this model as there is no extreme outlier reported in the experiment. We have hypothesized the individuals in urban area to have higher level of fearfulness compared to those in rural area. However, the preliminary results of the survey conducted show a disagreement with the hypothesis. Nevertheless, the data collected still show two distinct classes of behavior. Thus, the distinction does not fall into the samples taken from rural or urban areas but perhaps more on the demographic factors. Therefore, the survey has to be study again and demographic factors have to be included in the survey as we could not distinguish the level of fearfulness by areas.  

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Hedgerows in Urban Areas

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Paullyne Charllotte Gonçalves Celestino ◽  
Lúcia de Fatima de Carvalho Chaves ◽  
André Luiz Alves de Lima Galdino ◽  
Jéssica de Oliveira Souza ◽  
Uaine Maria Félix Dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Architectural Elements ◽  
The People ◽  
Ecological Importance ◽  
Homogeneous Composition ◽  
Composition Structure ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The One

The research aimed to analyze the maintenance, composition, pruning, planting aspects and architectural elements on urban hedgerows. This study was carried out in an area of Imbiribeira, Recife, PE, Brazil, during six months. The survey was conducted in an area of 30 city blocks (37.024 hectares). The application of the questionnaire was directed to people residing, working, or owning real estate that contained hedgerows. Maintenance (person with the responsibility of pruning and maintenance of the hedge and types of maintenance performed on the hedges); Plant species aspects (species used were classified into groups of plant species: arboreal, shrub, herbaceous and climbing plants); Composition (homogeneous or heterogeneous); Pruning (maintenance or topiary); Planting aspects (planting alignment, spacing rhythm and dimensions of the hedge). In the study area, 30 blocks were sampled, where the presence of hedgerows was observed in 18 of them. The people responsible for the maintenance and management of hedgerows were mostly non-professional workers. The practice of watering hedgerows was found in 95.24% of the visited properties. The use fertilizer was found in 28.57% of the cases and only 4.76% of the properties use pesticide products due to phytosanitary problems. Most of the hedgerows had a homogeneous composition. Topiary pruning is the most practiced treatment on the hedgerows, with a frequency of 82.28% in the study area. The quincux planting with no definite spacing rhythm was the most found. The most observed Planting Alignment in the study area was in line. The most observed Spacing Rhythm was the one with no rhythm of planting. Although hedgerows are widely used in urban and rural areas, studies on their maintenance, composition, structure, ecological importance and relevance to biodiversity conservation are scarce.

scholarly journals Cities and villages in the religious conflict circle: Socio-demographic factors of communal and sectarian conflict in West Java, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adon N. Jamaludin
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Religious Conflict ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
West Java ◽  
Sectarian Conflict ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Socio Demographic Factors ◽  
The One

This article analyses the forms of religious conflict in cities (urban areas) and villages (rural areas) in Indonesia. The main locus of this study is in 11 regencies and cities in West Java, a province with the highest ranking of violations of religious freedom in Indonesia for the last two decades (2000–2020). These regencies and cities include: Bekasi Regency, Bekasi City, Bogor Regency, Bogor City, Tasikmalaya Regency, Bandung Regency, Bandung City, Kuningan Regency, Garut Regency, Cianjur Regency and Cimahi City. The study confirms that the sociological characteristics of urban and rural areas influence the tendency of different forms of conflict in both areas. On the one hand, heterogeneous urban social conditions tend to have an impact on the forms of conflict between religious communities – Muslims and Christians. On the other hand, the homogeneous rural social conditions affect the forms of conflict that are internal to religious communities or fellow Muslims. This study shows that religious conflict in a region cannot be generalised because each region has different socio-demographic conditions. Therefore, knowledge of differences in socio-demographic conditions in each region is very important because it will determine the form, causes and the ways to handle the conflicts in each region.Contribution: This study contributes to mapping the different sociological characteristics of religious conflict in cities and villages in West Java. It can be used as an illustration for other regions in Indonesia and Southeast Asia.

scholarly journals Well-Being of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual Youth: The Influence of Rural and Urban Contexts on the Process of Building Identity and Disclosure

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Agueli ◽  
Giovanna Celardo ◽  
Ciro Esposito ◽  
Caterina Arcidiacono ◽  
Fortuna Procentese ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Interpersonal Relationship ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Lgb Youth ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Bisexual Youth ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Individual

The study investigates how the territorial community can influence the individual and social well-being of lesbian, gay, bisexual (LGB) youth and especially the recognition of their feelings and the construction of their own identity as well as their needs to be socially recognized. This research focuses on the experiences of 30 LGB individuals (23 males and 7 females), with a mean age of 25.07 years (SD = 4,578), living in urban and rural areas of Southern Italy. Focalized open interviews were conducted, and the Grounded Theory Methodology, supported by the Atlas.ti 8.0 software, was used for data analysis. The textual material was first coded, and then codes were grouped into five macro-categories: Freedom of identity expression in the urban and rural context, identity construction and acceptance process, need of aggregation and identification with the LGB community, role of the interpersonal relationship in the process of identity acceptance, socio-cultural context, and LGB psychological well-being. The results showed a condition common to the two contexts that we can define as “ghettoization.” The young LGB is alone in the rural area due to a lack of places and people to identify with and greater social isolation. On the contrary, although there are more opportunities in the urban area, young people feel stigmatized and ghettoized because “their places” are frequented exclusively by the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transexual, queer (LGBTQ) community. The work will extensively discuss the limitations of the research, future proposals, and the practical implications of the results.

scholarly journals З історії розвитку скотарства на Полтавщині (кінець ХІХ – початок ХХ століття)

2015 ◽  
pp. 69-73
Author(s):  
О. М. Бондаренко
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Work Productivity ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Land Cultivation ◽  
Pulling Force ◽  
The One ◽  
High Calorie

На основі літературних першоджерел розгляда-ються окремі аспекти з історії розвитку скотарст-ва на Полтавщині в кінці ХІХ – на початку ХХ сто-літь. На розведення великої рогатої худоби особливийвплив мали два фактори – збільшення чисельностіміського населення й інтенсифікація обробітку землі.Ріст товарного землеробства, що вимагав підвищен-ня продуктивності праці, приводив, з одного боку, добільш посиленого розведення робочої худоби, ніжпродуктивної, а з іншого, внаслідок розшарування населі, – до росту поголів’я лише в заможної частиниселянства, що мала тяглову силу. Для Полтавщинирозведення великої рогатої худоби на усіх етапахісторичного розвитку відігравало вкрай важливе зна-чення, забезпечуючи населення висококалорійноюм’ясо-молочною продукцією.              Some aspects of the history of the cattle breeding development in Poltava region in the end of XIX – beginning of XX century are considered on the basis of literary sources. Two factors had special influence on the breeding of cattle: the increase of urban population and the intensification of land cultivation. The growth of commercial agriculture, which demanded the increase of work productivity, resulted, on the one hand, to more enhanced working cattle breeding than productive, and on the other, due to stratification in rural areas, growth of livestock only in the affluent part of the peasantry, which had a pulling force. For Poltava region breeding cattle at all stages of historical development was very important, providing the population with high-calorie meat and dairy products.

Introduction

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Morgan ◽  
Terry Marsden ◽  
Jonathan Murdoch
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Ecological Integrity ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Ripple Effect ◽  
Food Cultures ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Private Matter ◽  
The One ◽  
The Uk

When Guillermo Vargas from Costa Rica visited the British House of Commons in 2002 to publicize Fairtrade Fortnight, he delivered a stark message. ‘When you buy Fairtrade’, he said, ‘you are supporting our democracy’. It is hard to imagine a more powerful testament to the ripple effect of our food choices. Buying food may be a private matter, but the type of food we buy, the shops or stalls from where we buy it, and the significance we attach to its provenance have enormous social consequences. Our food choice has multiple implications—for our health and well-being, for economic development at home and abroad, for the ecological integrity of the global environment, for transport systems, for the relationship between urban and rural areas and, as the Fairtrade story shows, for the very survival of democracy in poor, commodity-producing countries. Although food consumption habits show considerable differences between countries, and between social classes within countries, a number of generic trends have emerged in recent years, some of which have been attributed to the globalization of style and taste. In the processed food cultures of the US and the UK, for example, the key trends include the increasing popularity of convenience foods, the decreasing amount of time devoted to preparing meals, the falling share of money devoted to food in the household budget, the primacy of price when buying food, and, more recently, burgeoning concerns among all classes of consumer about the quality and safety of food. Some of these trends appear to be contradictory, particularly the emphasis on cheap food on the one hand and the growing demand for healthy food on the other. Another example might be the growing interest in local food, which is often equated with fresh and wholesome produce, and ‘global sourcing’, which aims to transcend the constraints of locality and seasonality. Conventional food retailers are acutely conscious of the need to accommodate these conflicting signals, as a trade body in the UK freely acknowledged when it said that ‘the industry challenge is to find a balance between supporting British farmers and reducing food miles, and satisfying consumer demand for year round availability of an increased number of products, at ever lower prices’ (IGD, 2002).

Measuring Geographic Distribution for Political Research

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Wook Lee ◽  
Melissa Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Modifiable Areal Unit Problem ◽  
Areal Unit ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Comparing Distributions ◽  
Political Units ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Unit Of Observation

Political scientists are increasingly interested in the geographic distribution of political and economic phenomena. Unlike distribution measures at the individual level, geographic distributions depend on the “unit question” in which researchers choose the appropriate political subdivision to analyze, such as nations, subnational regions, urban and rural areas, or electoral districts. We identify concerns with measuring geographic distribution and comparing distributions within and across political units. In particular, we highlight the potential for threats to inference based on the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP), whereby measuring concepts at different unit aggregations alters the observed value. We offer tangible options for researchers to improve their research design and data analysis to limit the MAUP. To help manage the measurement error when the unit of observation is unclear or appropriate data are not available, we introduce a new measure of geographic distribution that accounts for fluctuations in the scale and number of political units considered. We demonstrate using Monte Carlo simulations that our measure is more reliable and stable across political units than commonly used indicators because it reduces measurement fluctuations associated with the MAUP.

scholarly journals Well-Being in Alpine Space: How Subjective Determinants Affect Urban and Rural Areas. A Case Study Analysis in South Tyrol, Italy

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 301
Author(s):  
Federica Vigano ◽  
Enzo Grossi ◽  
Giorgio Tavano Blessi
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Psychological Well Being ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Socio Demographic Factors ◽  
Autonomous Province ◽  
The Individual

<p><em>The paper analyzes urban-rural difference on the individual psychological well-being of residents living in the Autonomous Province of Alto Adige, region on the border between Italy and Austria. Data comes from a cross-sectional survey undertaken in 2010 on a statistical representative sample, based on the PGWBI, an instrument specifically used to measure individual subjective well-being. The study examines the influence of socio-demographic factors, as well as cultural determinants, on the PGWBI. Urban inhabitants were found to perceive higher level of psychological well-being compared to rural ones, while the determinants affecting individual subjective had a greater impact on the rural one.</em></p>

A Study on Mutual Fund Investors Behaviour with Specific Reference to Akola

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dnyandeo Vishvanath Ingle
Keyword(s):  
Mutual Funds ◽  
Mutual Fund ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Risk Tolerance ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Past Performance ◽  
Fund Industry ◽  
Mutual Fund Industry ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Individual

Mutual funds have emerged as an important segment of financial markets and have delivered value to the investors. Mutual funds investment is not very much risky as compared to investment in stock market. Indian mutual fund industry provides reasonable options for an ordinary man to invest in the share market. The surplus of schemes provides variety of options to suit the individual objective whatever their age, financial position, risk tolerance, and return expectations. Important outcome of the study is investors fund selection varies as per age and villages not affected by education level and occupation. The factors that make impact on decision making are past performance and reputation of fund, withdrawal facility and company services. Investors are overconfident in term that they have selected best scheme. Investor acknowledges gains are due to better result of investing companies and losses are the effect of incorrect information provided by the friends. As of now big challenge for the mutual fund industry is on investor awareness and to spread further to the semi-urban and rural areas.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study on Factors Leading To Early Weaning Among Urban and Rural Mothers of Infants in Selected Community Areas at Mangalore

2016 ◽  
Vol 06 (04) ◽  
pp. 60-67
Author(s):  
Teena J. Jose ◽  
Sujatha R.
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Early Weaning ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The One ◽  
Rural Mothers

AbstractEarly weaning is considered as one of the major health issue and it is recognized as the one of the leading cause of mortality and morbidity of infants in many developing countries. A comparative study was done to identify the factors leading to early weaning among mothers of infants in selected areas at Mangalore. Non probability sampling technique and purposive sampling method was used to select 70 early weaned mothers from 300 screened mothers residing at urban area and 50 early weaned mothers from 300 screened mothers of children less than 1 year of age from rural areas at Mangalore. The findings of the study show that there is a significant difference in the number of early weaned mothers of infant when comparing to the urban and rural areas. Hence it is concluded that the early weaning is more common in urban area than in the rural area.

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