scholarly journals Effect of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) by-product on the quality and total phenol content of bread

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 548-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maroua Boubaker ◽  
Chokri Damergi ◽  
Chaima Ben Marzouk ◽  
Christophe Blecker ◽  
Nabiha Bouzouita
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Functional Foods ◽  
Total Phenol ◽  
Wheat Bread ◽  
Total Phenol Content ◽  
Bakery Products ◽  
Cynara Scolymus ◽  
Industrial Manufacture ◽  
Legume Flours

Legume flours, due to their phenol and fibre content, are ideal ingredients for improving the nutritional value of bakery products. In this study, artichoke stem powder (ASP) was used to substitute 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% of wheat flour for making breads. Proximate composition of wheat flour and ASP were determined. Bread qualities and total phenols content were analyzed and compared with those of wheat bread. Results show that ASP contained 10.37% moisture, 10.28% ash, 11.53% protein, 0.86% fat, 51.29% fibre and 1350 mg EAG/100g d.m. ASP addition considerably modified the bread quality: altered appearance and texture, darker crumb and more intense odour were observed. From the sensory evaluation, tastes of bread with higher content of ASP (7.5 and 10%) were the most acceptable for assessors. Total phenol contents of breads significantly increased with the addition of ASP. Therefore ASP may be considered as valuable ingredients for industrial manufacture of functional foods.

TECHNOLOGY AND RECIPES OF BAKERY PRODUCTS OF HIGH NUTRITIONAL VALUE BASED ON THE DEVELOPED COMPOSITE MIXTURES

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
В.Ю. АЙРУМЯН ◽  
Н.В. СОКОЛ ◽  
Е.А. ОЛЬХОВАТОВ
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Rice Flour ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Wheat Bread ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Bakery Products ◽  
Corn Flour ◽  
Degree Of Satisfaction ◽  
Rice Processing

Разработаны рецептуры и технологии производства хлебобулочных изделий с продуктами переработки риса в основе состава мучных композитных смесей для повышения их пищевой ценности. Исследованы образцы рисовой муки и мучки, муки кукурузной и пшеничной общего назначения М55-23 отечественных производителей. Контрольный образец – рецептура хлеба из пшеничной муки общего назначения. Опытные образцы состояли из композитных смесей (КС): I КС – мука пшеничная общего назначения и мучка рисовая в соотношении 90 : 10; II КС – мука пшеничная общего назначения, мука рисовая, мука кукурузная и мучка рисовая в соотношении 50 : 20 : 20 : 10. Целевым улучшителем предложен пектин яблочный. Определен максимальный удельный объем образцов формового хлеба, изготовленного с внесением 0,3% пектина в смеси с поваренной солью при последующем растворении полученного состава в воде, см3/100 г: контроль – 289; с I КС – 285; со II КС – 280. Пищевая ценность по белкам составила 8,12; 8,55; 9,12 г/100 г в образцах хлеба контрольном, «Лучик», «Мания» соответственно. Содержание витаминов, мг/100 г: В1 – 0,31; 1,36; 1,46; В2 – 0,26; 1,32; 1,52; РР – 0,47; 3,55; 4,02 в образцах хлеба контрольном, «Лучик», «Мания» соответственно. Установлено, что внесение КС на основе продуктов переработки зерна риса в состав рецептур пшеничного хлеба «Лучик» и «Мания» повышает содержание белков на 6 и 12%, жиров в 2–2,5 раза соответственно по сравнению с контролем. Внесение в рецептуру хлебобулочных изделий мучки рисовой, муки рисовой и муки кукурузной повысило содержание К и Р в 100 гготового продукта в 3–3,5 раза, Mg и Fe в 4–4,5 и 6–6,5 раз соответственно, витаминов В1 и В2 в 4,5–5,5 раз соответственно, витамина РР в 8 раз, что увеличило пищевую ценность по минеральным веществам в 2 раза, а по витаминам – в 7 раз по сравнению с контролем. Энергетическая ценность новых изделий повысилась в сравнении с контролем в среднем на 18%. Установлено, что при употреблении 250 гхлеба «Лучик» на основе I КС степень удовлетворения организма в белке для мужчин и женщин III группы активности в возрасте 30–39 лет и детей в возрасте 14-18 лет составила 26,8% суточной потребности; в минеральных веществах – 15,7; 16,7 и 18,9% соответственно. При употреблении 250 г хлеба «Мания» на основе II КС степень удовлетворения в белке составила 25,6; 30,8 и 28,5% суточной потребности соответственно. Выявлено, что содержание основных пищевых веществ – белка, пищевых волокон и минеральных веществ в вырабатываемом на основе II КС хлебе «Мания» выше на 8,0; 4,0 и 10,7% соответственно по сравнению с хлебом «Лучик». Recipes and technologies for the production of bakery products with rice processing products based on the composition of flour composite mixtures to increase their nutritional value have been developed. Samples of rice flour and flour, corn flour and wheat flour of general-purpose type M55-23 of domestic producers were studied. The control sample is a recipe for bread made from general-purpose wheat flour. The prototypes consisted of composite mixtures (CM): I CM – general-purpose wheat flour and rice flour in a ratio of 90 : 10; II CM – general-purpose wheat flour, rice flour, corn flour and grain rice processing products in a ratio of 50 : 20 : 20 : 10. The target improver is apple pectin. The maximum specific volume of samples of tin bread of adding 0,3% pectin in a mixture with table salt with subsequent dissolution of the resulting composition in water, cm3/100 g was defined: control – 289; with I CM – 285; with II CM – 280. The nutritional value of proteins was 8,12; 8,55; 9,12 g/100 g in the samples of bread control, «Luchik», «Maniya», respectively. Vitamin content, mg/100 g: B1 – 0,31; 1,36; 1,46; B2 – 0,26; 1,32; 1,52; PP – 0,47; 3,55; 4,02 inthe control bread samples, «Luchik», «Maniya», respectively. It was found that the introduction of CM based on rice grain processing products into the recipes of wheat bread «Luchik» and «Maniya» increases the protein content by 6 and 12%, fat by 2–2,5 times, respectively, compared to the control. Adding grain rice processing products, rice flour and corn flour to the recipe of bakery products was increased the content of K and P in 100 g of the finished product by 3–3,5 times, Mg and Fe by 4–4,5 and 6–6,5 times, respectively, vitamins B1 and B2 by 4,5–5,5 times, respectively, vitamin PP by 8 times, which was increased the nutritional value of minerals by 2 times, and vitamins by 7 times compared to the control. The energy value of new products increased by an average of 18% compared to the control. It was found that when using 250 g of bread «Luchik» on based the I CM, the degree of satisfaction of the body in protein for men and women of the III activity group aged 30–39 years and children aged 14–18 years was 26,8% of the daily requirement; in minerals – 15,7; 16,7 and 18,9%, respectively. When using 250 gof bread «Maniya» on based II CM, the degree of satisfaction in protein was 25,6; 30,8 and 28,5% of the daily requirement, respectively. It was found that the content of the main food substances-protein, dietary fiber and minerals in the bread «Maniya» produced on the basis of the II CM is higher by 8,0; 4,0 and 10,7%, respectively, compared with the bread «Luchik».

scholarly journals Functional components of non-traditional raw materials in the design of bakery products

2021 ◽  
pp. 7-13
Author(s):  
Yu. A. Betz ◽  
N. L. Naumova ◽  
I. N. Minashina
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Functional Food ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Peanut Flour ◽  
Wheat Bread ◽  
Bakery Products ◽  
Food Ingredients ◽  
Functional Components

 Wheat bread remains in the diet not only of Russians, but also of the population of other countries as a daily product, which makes it possible to consider it as an object for modifying the chemical composition and nutritional value in order to give it functional, dietary, or therapeutic and prophylactic properties. The purpose of the research is to study the composition of the functional components of non-traditional types of flour used in wheat bread technology in order to establish the effectiveness of their use. The objects of research were: bakery wheat flour of the highest grade, walnut flour, peanut flour, coconut flour. The analysis of organoleptic, physicochemical indicators and nutritional value of wheat bakery flour and various types of flour from walnut is carried out. An acceptable sensory compatibility of the studied raw material was established. Replacing a part of wheat flour in the recipe of bakery products with raw materials from peanuts or walnuts is a reasonable condition for eliminating the deficiency of dietary fiber in them. Increasing the biological value of products and the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in it due to the use of peanut and coconut flour is of undeniable nutritional value. The source of phosphorus and copper can be considered flour from walnuts and peanuts; iron and selenium – walnut and coconut flour; magnesium and calcium – walnut flour. In a practical way, the effectiveness of replacing wheat flour in the recipe of bakery products with raw materials from nut-bearing raw materials has been established to increase the content of functional food ingredients in finished products. 

DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY OF BREAD WITH ENHANCED NUTRITIONAL VALUE WITH THE ADDITION OF WHOLE-GROUND SAFFLOWER SEEDS

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
В.С. КУЦЕНКОВА ◽  
Н.В. НЕПОВИННЫХ ◽  
В.С. ГРИНЁВ ◽  
Е.В. ЛЮБУНЬ ◽  
А.А. ШИРОКОВ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Production Process ◽  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Bakery Products ◽  
Group B

Исследованы показатели качества и пищевой ценности хлеба с добавкой цельносмолотых семян сафлора (ЦСС). Хлеб вырабатывали согласно ГОСТ 2784288 на основе муки пшеничной, дрожжей, воды, сахара, соли, но вносили ЦСС в сухом виде взамен 10 пшеничной муки. Установлено, что потребление 100 г обогащенных хлебобулочных изделий обеспечит удовлетворение суточной потребности, : в белке на 11 жире, содержащем повышенное количество полиненасыщенных жирных кислот, на 4,5 углеводах на 13 пищевых волокнах на 19 минеральных веществах на 1,59,5 витаминах группы В на 6,810,9 незаменимых аминокислотах на 218. Показано, что использование измельченных семян сафлора в рецептуре хлебобулочных изделий способствует повышению их пищевой ценности за счет внесения незаменимых полиненасыщенных жирных кислот омега3 (1), омега6 (28), омега9 (4,8). Энергетическая ценность готового изделия составляет 246,8 ккал (1031,6 кДж). Разработана рецептура хлеба повышенной пищевой ценности с добавкой ЦСС. Отработаны параметры процесса производства. Показано, что добавка нетрадиционного вида сырья цельносмолотых семян сафлора позволяет улучшить органолептические и физикохимические показатели хлеба, повысить его пищевую ценность. Indicators of quality and nutritional value of bread with the addition of wholeground safflower seeds were investigated. Bread is produced according to GOST 2784288 on the basis of wheat flour, yeast, water, sugar, salt, but with the addition of wholeground safflower seeds in dry form instead of 10 wheat flour. It was found that the consumption of 100 g of enriched bakery products will ensure the satisfaction of daily needs, : in protein for 11 fat containing an increased amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids, for 4,5 carbohydrates for 13 dietary fiber for 19 minerals for 1,59,5 vitamins of group B for 6,810,9 essential amino acids for 218. It is shown that the use of crushed safflower seeds in the formulation of bakery products increases their nutritional value by introducing essential polyunsaturated fatty acids omega3 (1), omega6 (28), omega9 (4,8). The energy value of the finished product is 246,8 kcal (1031,6 kJ). The formulation of high nutritional value bread with the addition of wholeground safflower seeds is developed. Parameters of the production process worked out. It is shown that the use of additives of nontraditional raw materials wholeground safflower seeds can improve the organoleptic and physicalchemical characteristics of bread, increase its nutritional value.

scholarly journals Impact of agro-ecological conditions on protein synthesis in hexaploid wheat - spelt (Triticum spelta)

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-100
Author(s):  
Jela Ikanovic ◽  
Vera Popovic ◽  
Snezana Jankovic ◽  
Gordana Drazic ◽  
Slobodanka Pavlovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hexaploid Wheat ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Wheat Bread ◽  
Bakery Products ◽  
Triticum Spelta ◽  
Chemical Indicators ◽  
Technological Quality ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Technological quality of wheat is defined by physical and chemical indicators of quality and its baking properties. To make wheat a commodity, there are certain requirements to be met, defined by minimum values of trade quality indicators. As hexaploid wheat, spelt (Triticum spelta L.) belongs to a group of alternative cereal grains high in gluten, and its flour is therefore used for making most pastries. Due to its high nutritional value, spelt flour is used to enhance the quality or flavour of wheat bread and other bakery products. Two-year research was conducted during 2011 and 2012 to investigate protein content in crops grown on the Eutric Cambisol soil type. The research was conducted on two spelt cultivars: Hungarian Ek? 10 and Serbian NS Nirvana. The results showed that NS Nirvana averaged a statistically significantly higher proteins content (16.76%) than Hungarian cultivar Ek? 10 (15.65%). Climatic factors, temperatures, the intensity of light and duration of seed filling had an impact on the investigated parameter.

scholarly journals INVESTIGATION OF THE MOISTURE-RETAINING POWER OF RYE-WHEAT GLUTEN AND FLOUR WITH POLYFUNCTIONAL FOOD SUPPLEMENT “MAGNETOFООD”

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 67-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iryna Tsykhanovska ◽  
Victoria Evlash ◽  
Alexandr Alexandrov ◽  
Tetiana Lazareva ◽  
Karina Svidlo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Wheat Gluten ◽  
Practical Interest ◽  
Food Supplement ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Wheat Bread ◽  
Chain Model ◽  
Bakery Products ◽  
Indicator Method ◽  
Wheat Dough

The moisture-retaining power (WRP) of dough is one of main functional technological parameters, because it influences the output, structural-mechanical properties and quality characteristics of bread and bakery products. For increasing WRP of rye-wheat dough, the polyfunctional food supplement “Magnetofood” is offered. For determining, what component of rye-wheat dough plays the leading role in absorbing and retaining water – there was studied the influence of the polyfunctional food supplement “Magnetofood” on water-absorbing and water retaining power of rye-wheat gluten and rye-wheat flour. It was established, that adding the food supplement “Magnetofood” in amount 0,15 % for the mass of rye-wheat gluten and rye-wheat flour increases their water-retaining power by 2,0 % and by 2,5 % respectively. There were studied water binding forms in gluten and flour at implementing the food supplement “Magnetofood” by the indicator method and one of differential-thermal analysis (DTA). There were established the quantity ratios of free and bound moisture in gluten and flour with food supplement “Magnetofood”. It was established, that model systems, based on rye-wheat gluten and rye-wheat flour, enriched with “Magnetofood” supplement, demonstrate the increase of the amount of free and bound moisture in 1,3 and in 0,35 times in experimental samples of model systems based on gluten, respectively; in 1,2 and 0,29 times in experimental samples of model systems, based on flour, respectively. DTA method established the increase of the total content of adsorptively and osmotically bound moisture in experimental samples of model systems based on rye-wheat gluten and rye-wheat flour at adding the food supplement “Magnetofood”: – adsorptively bound moisture grows: from 15, 3% to 19,7% (samples of model systems based on rye-wheat gluten) and from 18,3% to 25,4% (for samples of model systems based on rye-wheat flour); – osmotically bond water grows: from 10, 3% to 14, 4% (for samples of model systems based on rye-wheat gluten) and for 14,5% to 17,0% (for samples of model systems based on rye-wheat flour). It was revealed, that the increase of the moisture-retaining power of rye-wheat gluten and rye-wheat flour, enriched with the food supplement “Magnetofood” is explained by the “cluster-loop-chain” model of hydration of gluten proteins at “Magnetofood” nanoparticles. The obtained experimental data may be used at elaborating the technology of rye-wheat bread, enriched with the polyfunctional food supplement “Magnetofood”; and also at elaborating innovative technologies of food systems with proteins as gliadin, glutenin and so on. The results of this study have the theoretical and practical interest for the world scientific society, because they may be used for decelerating hardening processes, prolongation of storage terms, increase of output and improvement of quality parameters of bread and bakery products.

scholarly journals Elaboration of By-Products of Cará (Dioscorea spp.) From Agroecological Experience

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 205
Author(s):  
Ana C. N. Lobato ◽  
Jane M. Leão ◽  
João B. D. Damaceno ◽  
Matheus M. Caniato ◽  
Kirk R. M. Soares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Sensory Evaluation ◽  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Target Audience ◽  
Bakery Products ◽  
Hedonic Scale ◽  
The One ◽  
By Products

Yam (Dioscorea spp.) is a tuberous plant of high energy and nutritional value, with great importance for the industry and as a food because of its composition. With the purpose of developing bakery products and determining its acceptability, cake, biscuit, pasta, pancake, bread, and pizza were prepared with 0 to 20% of starch in substitution for wheat flour. Yam starch was obtained when arriving at the industry in Caapiranga-AM, the flagship yam processing town in the region. Sensory evaluation was carried out by a target audience of 50 individuals, using a hedonic scale. For the statistical analysis, the Tukey’s test was used, and it was found that in the overall analysis, the best treatments were the control (no yam starch) and the one with 5% of yam starch. The production of these byproducts is viable, adding value to yam and delivering a product with better quality to consumers.

Rheological properties of doughs with buckwheat and quinoa additives

2009 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michala Jancurová ◽  
Lucia Minarovičová ◽  
Alexander Dandár
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Growth Time ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
Bakery Products ◽  
Time Level ◽  
Quinoa Flour ◽  
Buckwheat Flour

AbstractRheological properties of doughs prepared from wheat flour with buckwheat and quinoa flour addition (2.5 mass %, 5.0 mass %, 7.5 mass %, and 10 mass %) were investigated using a farinograph and compared with those of standard dough (without addition of pseudocereals). The following characteristics were determined: water absorption capacity, water consumption, dough growth time, level of dough softening, dough stability, mechanical resistance, and dough elasticity. Dough stability showed a linear decrease with the increasing content of pseudocereals. Doughs containing quinoa flour were more stable than those with buckwheat flour addition. Dough growth time was reduced with increasing amounts of buckwheat flour but it was not affected in the case of quinoa flour addition. From the comparison of the studied characteristics it can be concluded that an addition of lower amounts of quinoa (up to 5.0 mass %) to wheat flour will not significantly impair rheological properties of the dough but provides for enhanced nutritional value of the prepared bakery products.

scholarly journals Improvement of the technology of bakery products using the wholemeal spelt flour

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 00069
Author(s):  
Nadezhda Sanzharovskaya ◽  
Natalia Sokol ◽  
Olga Khrapko ◽  
Kyamran Mamedov
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Wheat Bread ◽  
Bakery Products ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Amylolytic Enzymes ◽  
Mass Consumption ◽  
Healthy Nutrition ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Bread is one of the most popular mass-consumption products in Russia and in the world. The improvement of the bread quality, the development of new varieties with increased nutritional and biological value will improve the nutrition patterns of the population in the most rational way. The objective of this study is to justify the use of wholemeal spelt flour in the formulation of wheat bread. Generally accepted standard research methods were used. It is experimentally proved that the addition of spelt flour to the flour blend increases the activity of amylolytic enzymes, as well as decreases the mass fraction of crude gluten in all dough samples. When adding the spelt flour in the proportion 40% of the flour weight, physical and chemical parameters did not deteriorate and fell within the normal range, compared with the control sample of wheat bread. It is proved that the use of spelt flour in the production of bakery products will increase the biological and nutritional value of products, as well as expand the range of products for healthy nutrition.

The effect of adding oat flour on the nutritional and sensory quality of wheat bread

2020 ◽  
Vol 122 (7) ◽  
pp. 2329-2339
Author(s):  
Barbara Krochmal-Marczak ◽  
Renata Tobiasz-Salach ◽  
Joanna Kaszuba
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Qualitative Evaluation ◽  
Wheat Bread ◽  
Phase Method ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Oat Flour

PurposeFlour from oat grain is characterised by a high content of protein and β-glucans, with a favourable amino acid composition and a substantial content of fat, including unsaturated fatty acids. Additives to bread that enrich its nutritional value can worsen physical properties. It is important to know how to develop recipes for healthy bread based on wheat flour, with the appropriate addition of oat flour. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence on the physical properties of bread made of wheat flour, following the addition of oat flour. The purpose was also to find a recipe for a new product with higher nutritional value, which would then be acceptable for consumers.Design/methodology/approachIn addition to wheat flour, flour made of oat grains, obtained from the naked Nagus variety (hulless oat), was added. The flour was analysed for moisture, dry matter, proteins and β-glucans, as well as total dietary fibre − soluble and insoluble. The dough was made with wheat flour according to a recipe, which included yeast, salt and water as well as extra oat flour in various proportions − 15, 25 and 30%, respectively. The bread was baked using a direct single-phase method developed by the Baking Institute in Berlin. Both the physicochemical and sensory evaluation were carried out on the bread.FindingsThe recipe for wheat bread that included 15% proportion of oat flour supplement was found to be the most acceptable in both the sensory (n = 30) and qualitative evaluation and would be suitable to produce nutritious bread. The use of 25% and 30% additions of oat flour resulted in a reduction in bread weight, volume and yield, which ultimately lead to an increase in overall baking losses.Originality/valueThis study proved that 15% oat flour could be used as an optimum addition for the production of wheat-oat bread. This bread may lead to a new assortment of bakery products with pro-health properties.

scholarly journals INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF USING HOP LEAVENS IN THE TECHNOLOGY OF WHEAT BREAD

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 61-68
Author(s):  
Valentina Rak ◽  
Vira Yurchak ◽  
Olena Bilyk ◽  
Vladimir Bondar
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Wheat Bread ◽  
Phase Method ◽  
Bakery Products ◽  
Life Activity ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Small Content

The use brews in preparing leavens provides yeast cells’ and lactbacteria’s life activity with nutrients. The process of sugaring of bitter brews depending on parameters of their preparation was studied, and it was established, that the most intensity of sugars accumulation takes place during 1 hour of sugaring at the moisture mass share in brew 78,0 %. It is recommended to use such developed bitter brew in the technology of rye-wheat bread with the small content of rye four (10…12 %) or wheat bread of sorted flour. It is recommended to use the four-phase method of preparing dough by the scheme: “sugared “bitter” brew → brew, fermented by homo-enzymatic thermophilic FMB L.Delbrükii‒76 → hop leaven, fermented by yeast of S. cerevisiae L-1 race and homo-enzymatic mesophilic LMB L. Plantarum-30 → dough». At using 25 % of leaven, the acidity of dough and ready products decreases by 2,0 degrees. That is why it is recommended to use this method of preparing bakery products of wheat flour. At that there is provided the better fluffiness and crumb state and prolongation of freshness of bakery products. According to the research results, there was developed the apparatus-technological productive scheme that can be introduced on special lines.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document