scholarly journals Cross-sectional association of Toxoplasma gondii exposure with BMI and diet in US adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. e0009825
Author(s):  
Joel Cuffey ◽  
Christopher A. Lepczyk ◽  
Shuoli Zhao ◽  
Nicholas M. Fountain-Jones
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Risky Behaviors ◽  
Risk Tolerance ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health Eating

Toxoplasmosis gondii exposure has been linked to increased impulsivity and risky behaviors, which has implications for eating behavior. Impulsivity and risk tolerance is known to be related with worse diets and a higher chance of obesity. There is little known, however, about the independent link between Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) exposure and diet-related outcomes. Using linear and quantile regression, we estimated the relationship between T. gondii exposure and BMI, total energy intake (kcal), and diet quality as measured by the Health Eating Index-2015 (HEI) among 9,853 adults from the 2009–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Previous studies have shown different behavioral responses to T. gondii infection among males and females, and socioeconomic factors are also likely to be important as both T. gondii and poor diet are more prevalent among U.S. populations in poverty. We therefore measured the associations between T. gondii and diet-related outcomes separately for men and women and for respondents in poverty. Among females <200% of the federal poverty level Toxoplasmosis gondii exposure was associated with a higher BMI by 2.0 units (95% CI [0.22, 3.83]) at median BMI and a lower HEI by 5.05 units (95% CI [-7.87, -2.24]) at the 25th percentile of HEI. Stronger associations were found at higher levels of BMI and worse diet quality among females. No associations were found among males. Through a detailed investigation of mechanisms, we were able to rule out T. gondii exposure from cat ownership, differing amounts of meat, and drinking water source as potential confounding factors; environmental exposure to T. gondii as well as changes in human behavior due to parasitic infection remain primary mechanisms.

scholarly journals Three-year trends in dietary behaviours among mothers, teenagers and children from SNAP-Ed (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program–Education) eligible households across California

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred Molitor ◽  
Celeste Doerr ◽  
John Pugliese ◽  
Lauren Whetstone
Keyword(s):  
Diet Quality ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Vegetable Intake ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Healthy Eating Index ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Assistance Program ◽  
Dietary Behaviours ◽  
Nutrition Assistance

AbstractObjective:To examine trends from 2015 to 2017 in dietary behaviours and diet quality among low-income mothers, teenagers and children.Design:Cross-sectional telephone surveys using a validated 24 h dietary assessment.Setting:Randomly sampled households with incomes ≤185 % of the US federal poverty level across California.Participants:Survey participants were 13 247 mothers (≥18 years), 3293 teenagers (12–17 years) and 6043 children (5–11 years). Respondents were mostly Latino.Results:Over the 3-year study period, consumption of fruits and vegetables with and without 100 % fruit juice increased (P ≤ 0·05) by at least 0·3 cups/d for mothers, teenagers and children. Intake of water also increased (P ≤ 0·001) by more than 1 cup/d for mothers and children and 2 cups/d for teenagers. Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption was unchanged over the 3 years. Overall diet quality, as assessed by the Healthy Eating Index-2015, improved (P ≤ 0·01) for mothers, teenagers and children. Covariates for the fifteen regression models (three age groups by five outcome variables) included race/ethnicity, age, education for mothers, and gender for teenagers and children.Conclusions:The observed increases in fruit and vegetable intake and improvements in overall diet quality during the 3-year period suggest that low-income Californians may have lowered their risk of preventable diseases. However, more intense or strategic SSB-reduction interventions are required. Regional- or state-level, population-based surveillance of dietary behaviours is useful for public health nutrition policy and programme decision making, and can be used to assess potential trends in future negative health outcomes and related costs associated with poor dietary behaviours within at-risk populations.

scholarly journals The prevalence of noma in northwest Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. e002141
Author(s):  
Elise Farley ◽  
Modupe Juliana Oyemakinde ◽  
Jorien Schuurmans ◽  
Cono Ariti ◽  
Fatima Saleh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Oral Screening

BackgroundNoma, a rapidly progressing infection of the oral cavity, mainly affects children. The true burden is unknown. This study reports estimated noma prevalence in children in northwest Nigeria.MethodsOral screening was performed on all ≤15 year olds, with caretaker consent, in selected households during this cross-sectional survey. Noma stages were classified using WHO criteria and caretakers answered survey questions. The prevalence of noma was estimated stratified by age group (0–5 and 6–15 years). Factors associated with noma were estimated using logistic regression.ResultsA total of 177 clusters, 3499 households and 7122 children were included. In this sample, 4239 (59.8%) were 0–5 years and 3692 (52.1%) were female. Simple gingivitis was identified in 3.1% (n=181; 95% CI 2.6 to 3.8), acute necrotising gingivitis in 0.1% (n=10; CI 0.1 to 0.3) and oedema in 0.05% (n=3; CI 0.02 to 0.2). No cases of late-stage noma were detected. Multivariable analysis in the group aged 0–5 years showed having a well as the drinking water source (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.1; CI 1.2 to 3.6) and being aged 3–5 years (aOR 3.9; CI 2.1 to 7.8) was associated with being a noma case. In 6–15 year olds, being male (aOR 1.5; CI 1.0 to 2.2) was associated with being a noma case and preparing pap once or more per week (aOR 0.4; CI 0.2 to 0.8) was associated with not having noma. We estimated that 129120 (CI 105294 to 1 52 947) individuals <15 years of age would have any stage of noma at the time of the survey within the two states. Most of these cases (93%; n=120 082) would be children with simple gingivitis.ConclusionsOur study identified a high prevalence of children at risk of developing advanced noma. This disease is important but neglected and therefore merits inclusion in the WHO neglected tropical diseases list.

scholarly journals KARAKTERISTIK RUMAH TANGGA PENGGUNA AIR MINUM KEMASAN DAN ISI ULANG DI INDONESIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-164
Author(s):  
Elsa Elsi ◽  
Sahat P Manalu ◽  
Dasuki Dasuki ◽  
Aria Kusuma
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Travel Time ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Source Characteristics ◽  
Drinking Water Sources

ABSTRACT One of SDG's 2030 targets is that households have access to drinking water. The phenomenon is some of community use bottled water/refill as drinking water. The aim of this article are knowing household proportion with improve clean water source and water collecting time that use bottled water/refill drinking water, and relation of clean water source characteristics with using bottle/refill drinking water. Research design is cross sectional. Dependent variable is household drinking water sources type, independents are household clean water source characteristics, and travel time collecting water. Bivariate data analysis was carried out to analyze the relationship between the proportion of bottled / refilled water users by households with adequate water sources and households that use inappropriate water sources. The results showed that proportion of households with unimproved drinking water sources, unimproved clean water source and unimproved water collecting time are greater using bottled/refill  drinking, each (7,6%) and (26,7%). There are statistic significances relation between household with unimproved drinking water source, unimproved travel time collecting water with using bottled/ relill drinking water (p = 0,000). Also found statistic significances between household with improved drinking water source, unimproved clean water source and unimproved travel time collecting water with using bottled/ relill drinking water (p = 0,000). Keywords: Bottled water, refill drinking water, improved water   ABSTRAK Salah satu target SDG’s 2030 adalah rumah tangga memiliki akses terhadap air minum. Sebagian masyarakat menggunakan air minum kemasan/ isi ulang sebagai air minum. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik pengguna air minum kemasan/isi ulang sebagai sumber air utama. Desain penelitian adalah potong lintang. Variabel terikat adalah jenis sumber air minum rumah tangga, sedangkan variabel bebas terdiri dari karakteristik sumber air utama dan waktu yang diperlukan untuk mengambil air. Analisis data secara bivariat dilakukan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara proporsi pengguna air minum kemasan/isi ulang oleh rumah tangga dengan sumber air layak dengan rumah tangga yang menggunakan sumber air tidak  layak.  Hasil menunjukkan bahwa proporsi pengguna air minum kemasan/isi ulang oleh  rumah tangga dengan sumber air minum yang belum layak  lebih tinggi diibandingkan dengan rumah tangga dengan sumber air minum layak, yaitu masing-masing (7,6%) dan (26,7%). Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara rumah tangga dengan sumber air minum belum layak, dengan waktu tempuh pengambilan air belum layak terhadap penggunaan air minum kemasan/ isi ulang (p=0,000).  Pada rumah tangga dengan  sumber air minum layak, sumber air utama belum layak dan waktu pengambilan belum layak juga ditemukan hubungan bermakna secara statistik terhadap penggunaan air minum kemasan/ isi ulang (p=0,000). Kata kunci: Air kemasan, air minum isi ulang, air layak

scholarly journals HBV and HEV Co-infections among Animal Handlers and Non-Animal Handlers in Osun State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
I. R. Gidado ◽  
I. O. Okonko ◽  
F. A. Osundare ◽  
O. O. Opaleye
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
University Of Technology ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Blood Screening ◽  
Pork Consumption ◽  
Animal Handlers

Aim: Co-infection of hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E viruses may lead to severe morbidity and mortality. This study was conducted to determine prevalence of co-infection of HBV and HEV among animal and non-animal handlers in Osun State, Nigeria. Study Design:  Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH), Nigeria, between June 2015 and July 2019. Methods: A total of 180 blood samples were obtained and screened for Hepatitis B and E virus from cohorts of 90 animal handlers and 90 non-animal handlers. Questionnaires on HBV and HEV were administered to obtain a demographic characteristic of the participants. HBsAg and anti-HEV antibodies were screened using HBsAg and HEV ELISA kits. Results: Results showed the overall prevalence of HBV and HEV Co-infection to be 12.2 %. There was variation in the HBV/HEV co-infections rates among the studied population, with a co-infection rates of 15.9%, 14.3% and 7.8% for butchers, pig handlers and non-animal handlers, respectively. Sources of drinking water was the predisposition factor for HBV/HEV coinfections (P=0.02). The results revealed that subjects who used tap and river as a drinking water source had the highest prevalence followed by well and sachet and then all water source. Although results portray no statistically significant association with, frequent washing of hands after, rearing of animal, type of toilet, eating of pork, consumption of grilled meat and cow skin (P> 0.05). Conclusion: This study reported a high prevalence of HBV/HEV coinfections among animal and non-animal handlers in Osun State, Nigeria. There is, therefore, the need to increase health promotion efforts such as immunization, health education, campaign, provision of adequate blood screening equipment and proper hygiene is recommended for further reduction in HBV/HEV transmission. Since the consumption of contaminated water is the main transmission route of HEV, improving the level of public health sanitation in the area should be considered a priority by policymakers. 

Water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH) practices and diarrhoea prevalence among children under five years in a tribal setting in Palghar, Maharashtra, India

2020 ◽  
pp. 136749352091602
Author(s):  
Angeline Jeyakumar ◽  
Swapnil Rajendra Godbharle ◽  
Bibek Raj Giri
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Water Index ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene

Providing safe drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH) in geographically isolated settings is a global public health priority. Prevalence of WaSH practices among mothers and diarrhoea among their children (birth to 59 months) was studied in nine randomly selected tribal villages of Mokhada in Palghar, Maharashtra, India. A community-based cross-sectional survey among 577 mother–child pairs was performed. Participants were recruited from the anganwadi list of enrolled children through household visits. WaSH index was used for assessing WaSH practices. Well was the major (47%) drinking water source. Almost 70% treated and covered the stored drinking water. Nearly 75% of the mothers used soap for washing hands before food and 35% after defecation. Open drains and open defecation were observed in 99% and 50% of households, respectively. The median score for drinking water index was 3 (interquartile range (IQR) = 2), personal hygiene index (PHI) was 2 (IQR = 2), household hygiene index (HHI) was 2 (IQR = 1) and composite index (CI) was 6 (IQR = 2). Prevalence of diarrhoea among children was found to be 33.4% and was significantly associated with poor HHI ( p = .007), PHI ( p < .001) and CI ( p < .001). Measures to provide basic WaSH resources combined with efforts to create awareness would ensure improved WaSH practices and prevent diarrhoea.

scholarly journals Determinants of Fast Food Consumption Among Puerto Rican Adults Living in a Rural Community

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 503-503
Author(s):  
Kiara Amaro-Rivera ◽  
Elena Carbone
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Rural Community ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fast Food Consumption

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to explore the association between fast food consumption, sociodemographic and health-related variables among adults living in a small rural community in Puerto Rico. Methods This study was cross-sectional. A researcher-designed questionnaire was distributed to every household in the community. A multivariable logistic regression was conducted to examine the association between fast food consumption (&lt;1 or ≥1 time/week), and the following independent variables: age; gender; education; poverty level estimate; employment status; weight status; self-rated health; self-perceived diet quality; self-perceived weight status; currently trying to lose weight; fruit, non-starchy vegetables, starchy vegetables, and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) intake; physical activity; and recreational screen time. Results A total of 195 adults aged ≥18 years participated in this study. Of these, 53.1% were female, 53.1% completed more than high school, 45.4% were employed, 28.7% were overweight and 32.3% were obese. Over one-third (34.9%) of participants reported consuming fast food ≥1 time/week. Eating fast food ≥1 time/week was associated with ages 35–49 years (OR = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.16–0.94) and ≥50 years (OR = 0.09, 95% CI: 0.03–0.32) as compared to being 18–34 years old; being unemployed/homemaker/disabled (OR = 0.24, 95% CI: 0.08–0.73) as compared to being employed; being obese (OR = 3.17, 95% CI: 1.02–9.85) as compared to being under/normal weight; currently trying to lose weight (OR = 3.00, 95% CI: 1.31–6.88) as compared to those not trying to lose weight; eating fewer than 1 cup of non-starchy vegetables daily (OR = 0.39 95% CI: 0.16–0.93) as compared to those who eat ≥1cup daily; and drinking SSB ≥1 times daily (OR = 3.80 95% CI: 1.50–9.60) as compared to those who drink SSB less than once daily in the adjusted model. Conclusions Fast food consumption was associated with older age, employment, obesity, trying to lose weight, and intake of non-starchy vegetables and SSB in our sample. Future research should examine the relationship between fast food consumption and diet quality among those living in rural communities, as previous research has shown that Puerto Ricans living in urban areas are undergoing a nutrition transition to lower quality diets. Funding Sources The authors received no financial support for this research.

Systematic detection and association ofEntamoebaspecies in stool samples from selected sites in India

2014 ◽  
Vol 143 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. NATH ◽  
N. BANYAL ◽  
D. S. GAUTAM ◽  
S. K. GHOSH ◽  
B. SINGHA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Dot Blot ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cd4 Cell Count ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Cd4 Cell

SUMMARYThis study developed a fast and high throughput dot-blot technique to evaluate the presence ofEntamoebain stool samples (n = 643) followed by a PCR-based method to validate and differentiate the two speciesE. histolyticaandE. dispar. The prevalence rate of the parasite has been detected in a cross-sectional study carried out in the population of the Eastern and Northern parts of India. Of the various demographic features, prevalence was highest in the monsoon season (P = 0·017), in the <15 years age group (P = 0·015). In HIV-positive individuals, the prevalence rate was significantly high (P = 0·008) in patients with a CD4 cell count <200 as well as in patients without antiretroviral therapy (ART) (P = 0·011). Our analysis further confirmed that risk factors such as toilet facilities, living conditions, hygienic practices, drinking water source, occupation and level of education are important predictors as they were found to contribute significantly in the prevalence of the parasite.

scholarly journals A Malaria Knowledge, Attitudes and Practice Survey in a Rural Community in Guinea.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin Holsted ◽  
Barclay Kadiebwe ◽  
Amer Sattar ◽  
Abigail Salthouse ◽  
Nirmal Ravi
Keyword(s):  
Child Health ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Malaria Prevention ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Malaria Knowledge

Malaria is the top public health problem in the Republic of Guinea. In 2016, we conducted a cross-sectional household survey in Timbi-Touni, Guinea using community workers. The survey included respondent demographic characteristics, child health, child health promotion related to malaria knowledge, water and sanitation, and health services access. Majority of our respondents were women (89.41%) and had never been to school (71.18%). Slightly more than half the children were reported to have ever had malaria and 45% reported to have ever had diarrhea. We did not find any statistically significant association between gender or level of education and malaria knowledge. Eighty six percent of respondents had received a free bednet during national campaigns and 61% slept under a bednet the night before the survey. We found a statistically significant association between receiving information on malaria prevention and sleeping under a bednet. There was no statistically significant association between drinking water source and malaria or diarrhea. Both malaria and diarrhea were considered to be serious illnesses for adults and children by nearly all respondents. Insights from our detailed KAP survey can guide policy makers and practitioners who design and implement malaria control and prevention measures in Guinea.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Toxoplasma gondii Infection among Domestic Ruminants in East Hararghe Zone of Oromia Region, Ethiopia

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Berhanu Tilahun ◽  
Yacob Hailu Tolossa ◽  
Getachew Tilahun ◽  
Hagos Ashenafi ◽  
Shihun Shimelis
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Domestic Ruminants ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
The Impact

A cross-sectional study was carried out from July 2011 to September 2013 to assess the seroprevalence and identify risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic ruminants of East Hararghe zone of Oromia region, Ethiopia. Sera of 1360 domestic ruminants were analyzed for the presence of anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies using the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA). Additionally, the owners were also interviewed using a structured questionnaire to identify the potential risk factors of T. gondii infection. Overall, the prevalence of T. gondii infection in domestic ruminants was 22.2% (302/1360). The seroprevalence in sheep, goats, cattle, and camels was 33.7%, 27.6%, 10.7%, and 14.4%, respectively. District, species, sex, age, and water source were identified as risk factors for T. gondii infection. Increased seropositivity was observed in females (OR = 2.63) and also with the use of pond (OR = 4.25) and pipe (OR = 9.57) water sources in sheep; age >1 year old (OR = 3.45) and with drinking from pond (OR = 6.03) and pipe (OR = 11.61) water sources in goats; with the use of pond (OR = 5.60) and pipe (OR = 10.68) water sources in cattle; and in >4-year-old camels (OR = 2.49). In conclusion, T. gondii infection is common and widespread among the domestic ruminants of the study area, indicating the potential transmission to humans from these animals when they are used as a source of food. Hence, it is crucial to raise awareness of the people about T. gondii infection and conduct further study to explore the impact of the disease on food animal production.

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