scholarly journals Assessment of small-intestine permeability in healthy Nigerian children is altered by urinary volume and voiding status

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0253436
Author(s):  
Ibukun Afolami ◽  
Folake Olukemi Samuel ◽  
Martin Mwangi ◽  
Michael Oderinde ◽  
Marlies Diepeveen-de Bruin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Test Solution ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Urinary Volume ◽  
Nigerian Children ◽  
Endemic Setting ◽  
Minute Period ◽  
Apparently Healthy

Objective This study aimed to uncover the effect of voided urinary volume on small intestine permeability ratios in healthy children. Methods We assessed small intestine permeability in 155 apparently healthy children, aged 3–5 years old, without any visible symptoms of disease, in a rural, malaria-endemic setting in Nigeria, using a multi-sugar test solution, comprising lactulose, sucrose, mannitol, and rhamnose. Children were categorized into low urinary volume (LV) and high urinary volume (HV), based on the volume of urine voided per kg body weight per hour. LV children voided less than 25th percentile of the total population, while HV children voided greater than 75th percentile of the total population. Urinary volume excreted over a 90-minute period after administration of the test solution was measured, and differences in sugar ratios were compared between children with high (HV) and low urinary volumes (LV), as well as between children who voided (VC) or who were not able to void (NVC) before administration of the test solution. Results Urinary mannitol and rhamnose recovery were 44% (p = 0.002) and 77% (p<0.001) higher in HV children compared to LV children respectively, while urinary lactulose recovery was 34% lower (p = 0.071). There was no difference in urinary sucrose recovery between groups (p = 0.74). Lactulose-mannitol ratio, lactulose-rhamnose ratio and sucrose-rhamnose ratio were all significantly higher in children in the LV group compared to children in the HV group (p<0.001). In a multiple regression analysis, urinary volume and voiding status combined, explained 13%, 23% and 7% of the variation observed in lactulose-mannitol, lactulose-rhamnose and sucrose-rhamnose ratios, respectively. Conclusion Sugar permeability ratios vary significantly with total urinary volume in multi-sugar small-intestine permeability tests. Voiding status before sugar administration appears to influence lactulose recovery, lactulose-rhamnose and sucrose-rhamnose ratios independently of total urinary volume. Evidence from this study suggests the need to take urinary volume into account when conducting multi-sugar small-intestine permeability tests.

DOSAGE OF DRUGS IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN: I. ATROPINE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-207
Author(s):  
KLAUS R. UNNA ◽  
KURT GLASER ◽  
EARL LIPTON ◽  
PAUL R. PATTERSON
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Subcutaneous Administration ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Hypodermic Injection ◽  
Minimal Effective Dose ◽  
In Infants And Children ◽  
Apparently Healthy

The susceptibility of apparently healthy children of all age groups to atropine by oral and subcutaneous administration was studied in carefully controlled experiments on 129 children. The minimal effective dose (MED) of atropine was determined by its effect in suppressing sialorrhea elicited either mechanically by chewing gum and/or pharmacologically by subcutaneous injection of methacholine. Variations in individual susceptibility to atropine are large in all age groups and independent of the route of administration (oral, hypodermic.) The average MED/kg. body weight following oral administration is somewhat smaller in infants of 1 to 12 months and children from 12 to 36 months (0.16 and 0.14 mg./kg., respectively) than in older children in the age groups of 3 to 6 years and 6 to 12 years (0.22 and 0.20 mg./kg., respectively). Comparable results are obtained by hypodermic administration. The ratio between the MED by mouth and the MED by hypodermic injection is approximately 3:1 in all age groups. The determination of the susceptibility of children of various ages of atropine fails to adduce evidence supporting the assumption of an increased resistance to atropine or of a physiologic vagotonia in infants. The relation of the MED of atropine in apparently healthy children to the doses recommended in pediatric therapy is discussed. The calculation of the dosage of atropine by body weight is recommended.

Age development of cortical rhythmics in the EEG depending on the formation of the child’s personal psychical characteristics

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (8) ◽  
pp. 42-50
Author(s):  
A. V. Budkevich ◽  
L. B. Ivanov ◽  
G. R. Novikova ◽  
G. M. Dzhanumova
Keyword(s):  
Alpha Rhythm ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Brain Organization ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Mathematical Processing ◽  
Functional Brain Organization ◽  
Child's Brain ◽  
Attention Function ◽  
Apparently Healthy

According to the authors, rationing the age-related EEG parameters in children should be based on personal psychical characteristics. A comparative analysis of personal psychical characteristics and electroencephalographic data was carried out in 300 apparently healthy children aged 3-15 years. According to this principle, two subgroups of conditionally healthy children in each age group were singled out: 1) with an immature attention function and 2) with an increased anxious background that do not reach the pathological level. Registration and analysis of EEG was performed by the Neurokariograf computer complex (MBN, Moscow) using mathematical processing methods.The EEG interpretation was based on the principle of assessing the functional state of a child's brain using a three-component model according to: 1) wakefulness level and its dissociation, 2) severity of signs of the EEG neurotic pattern, 3) directionality of formation of traits of the system-functional brain organization (severity of signs functional hypofrontality).lt was found the presence of EEG signs was indicative of a lower level of wakefulness in children with an immature function of attention in all age groups, compared with the indicators of the average population of group and children with an increased background of anxiety. Children with an increased background of anxiety have a tendency to prevalence and excessive spatial synchronization of the alpha rhythm. ln healthy children, the fact of a decrease in wakefulness and the presence of signs of anxiety in the clinic and in EEG patterns indicates individual personalities and should not be considered as pathology.

Is overweight/obesity a risk factor for atopic allergic disease in prepubertal children? A case–control study

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aysel Vehapoglu ◽  
Zeynep Ebru Cakın ◽  
Feyza Ustabas Kahraman ◽  
Mustafa Atilla Nursoy ◽  
Ali Toprak
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Allergic Disease ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Prepubertal Children ◽  
Body Weight Status ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Objectives It is unclear whether body weight status (underweight/normal weight/overweight/obese) is associated with allergic disease. Our objective was to investigate the relationship between body weight status (body mass index; BMI) and atopic allergic disease in prepubertal children, and to compare children with atopic allergic diseases with non atopic healthy children. Methods A prospective cross sectional study of 707 prepubertal children aged 3–10 years was performed; the participants were 278 atopic children with physician-diagnosed allergic disease (allergic rhinitis and asthma) (serum total IgE level >100 kU/l and eosinophilia >4%, or positivity to at least one allergen in skin test) and 429 non atopic healthy age- and sex-matched controls. Data were collected between December 2019 and November 2020 at the Pediatric General and Pediatric Allergy Outpatient Clinics of Bezmialem Vakıf University Hospital. Results Underweight was observed in 11.6% of all participants (10.8% of atopic children, 12.2% of healthy controls), and obesity in 14.9% of all participants (18.0% of atopic children, 12.8% of controls). Obese (OR 1.71; 95% CI: 1.08–2.71, p=0.021), and overweight status (OR 1.62; 95% CI: 1.06–2.50, p=0.026) were associated with an increased risk of atopic allergic disease compared to normal weight in pre-pubertal children. This association did not differ by gender. There was no relationship between underweight status and atopic allergic disease (OR 1.03; 95% CI: 0.63–1.68, p=0.894). Conclusions Overweight and obesity were associated with an increased risk of atopic allergic disease compared to normal weight among middle-income and high-income pre pubertal children living in Istanbul.

The triglycerides and glucose index is associated with elevated blood pressure in apparently healthy children and adolescents

2019 ◽  
Vol 178 (7) ◽  
pp. 1069-1074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis E. Simental-Mendía ◽  
Gabriela Hernández-Ronquillo ◽  
Claudia I. Gamboa-Gómez ◽  
Rita Gómez-Díaz ◽  
Martha Rodríguez-Morán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Elevated Blood Pressure ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Elevated Blood ◽  
Apparently Healthy

Studies on Eimeria grenieri in the guinea fowl (Numida meleagris)

Parasitology ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Long ◽  
B. J. Millard
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Chorioallantoic Membrane ◽  
Severe Depression ◽  
Guinea Fowl ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Numida Meleagris ◽  
Pathogenic Effects

SummaryEimeria grenieri was isolated from intensively reared guinea fowl in Britain. The oocysts had average dimensions of 21·09 × 15·48 μm and a small micropyle. Three generations of schizonts were found in the small intestine. The first mature schizonts were found in the upper intestine 30 h after inoculation. Second-generation schizonts were seen 48–80 h and third-generation schizonts were present 80–96 h after inoculation. These schizonts were found in the middle and lower small intestine. It was confirmed that gametogony of this species occurs only in the caeca. The pre-patent time was 112 h and the reproductive index from a dose of 6 × 102 oocysts was 8 × 104. Doses of between 1 × 104 and 1 × 106 caused severe depression of body weight gain. Immunity to re-infection developed rapidly. Sulphaquinoxaline at a dose of 0·04% in the drinking water given after inoculation was effective in reducing the pathogenic effects of the disease. Robenidine given in the food at a concentration of 16·5 ppm (50% of the recommended concentration for chickens) was effective in preventing disease caused by E. grenieri.The endogenous life-cycle of E. grenieri was completed in the chorioallantoic membrane of developing chicken embryos.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Predictors of Undiagnosed Hypertension in an Apparently Healthy Western Indian Population

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anand N. Shukla ◽  
Tarun Madan ◽  
Bhavesh M. Thakkar ◽  
Meena M. Parmar ◽  
Komal H. Shah
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Indian Population ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Undiagnosed Hypertension ◽  
History Of ◽  
Major Illness ◽  
Apparently Healthy

This epidemiological study was designed to evaluate the prevalence of undetected hypertension in an apparently healthy western Indian population having no history of major illness. 3629 individuals of ≥18 years of age were included in the study. Hypertension (HTN) was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 90 mmHg and prehypertension (PHTN) as SBP ≥ 120–139 mmHg or DBP ≥ 80–89 mmHg, but without HTN. The prevalence of undiagnosed HTN in the total population was 26% and was 11% and 40% in the young (≤40-year) and old (>40-year) populations, respectively. The prevalence of PHTN, 40% in the overall population, was nearly the same in the young (39%) and the old population (42%). The risk factor most strongly associated with PHTN and HTN was obesity, showing the highest odds ratio in the overall (PHTN 2.14; 95% CI 1.20–3.81; HTN 2.72; 95% CI 1.53–4.85), the young (PHTN 2.29; 95% CI 1.25–4.21; HTN 2.92; 95% CI 1.59–5.35), and the old (PHTN 1.13; 95% CI 0.65–1.96; HTN 1.38; 95% CI 0.79–2.4) populations. Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases which must not be ignored, especially in the western Indian population.

DOSAGE OF DRUGS IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN: III. NEOSTIGMINE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-38
Author(s):  
Paul R. Patterson ◽  
Earle L. Lipton ◽  
Klaus R. Unna ◽  
Kurt Glaser
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Gastrointestinal Motility ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Controlled Experiments ◽  
Hypodermic Injection ◽  
Effective Doses ◽  
In Infants And Children ◽  
Stimulation Of

The susceptibility of healthy children to neostigmine by hypodermic injection was studied in controlled experiments on 45 children ranging in age from 1 month to 12 years. Minimum effective doses (MED) of neostigmine were determined by their effect in stimulating salivary and sweat glands, and in increasing gastrointestinal motility. The MED of neostigmine for stimulation of salivation is in all age groups smaller (by 6 to 38 per cent) than the MED increasing gastrointestinal motility. The average MED either for glandular (.025 to .036 mg./kg.) or gastrointestinal (.036 to .045 mg./kg.) activity fails to show significant differences among the various age groups when expressed in terms of body weight. Exceptions were found exclusively in children weighing more than 30 kg. The findings do not support the view that a physiologic vagotonia is present in infants.

Significance of graded doses of aqueous seed extract of Moringa oleifera (L) on live body weight, gonadal, extragonadal dimensions and sperm reserves of Yankasa rams

2021 ◽  
pp. 33-40
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Live Body Weight ◽  
And Control ◽  
Standard Techniques ◽  
Different Doses ◽  
Apparently Healthy

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of Moringa oleifera aqueous seed extract on live body weight, gonadal and extragonadal dimensions and sperm reserves of Yankasa rams. Twenty five apparently healthy Yankasa rams aged 1-2 years and weighing 19.0 ± 2.1 Kg were used for the study. The rams were randomly selected into five groups: A, B, C, D and E with five rams in each group as treatment and control groups respectively. Groups A - D were given oral dose of Moringa oleifera aqueous seed extract at a dose rate of 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 (mg/kg), respectively while group E was given 10 ml/kg water orally, daily for five months. Live body weight, gonadal and extragonadal reserves were determined according to standard techniques. The results showed a significant increase in live body weight in the months of April to June among rams treated with different doses of Moringa oleifera aqueous seed extract compared with the control group. The control group showed no significant differences in the body weight, gonadal and extragonadal dimensions and sperm reserves. In conclusion, the treatment of Yankasa rams with Moringa oleifera aqueous seed extract increased live body weight, but had no significant effects on gonadal and extragonadal dimensions and sperm reserves in Yankasa rams. Therefore, it is recommended that M. oleifera aqueous seed extract can be used at doses of 2000mg/kg to 3000mg/kg in Yankasa rams for optimum gain in live body weight.

Indicators of the kinin blood system in severe forms of acute respiratory viral infections in children

1982 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-52
Author(s):  
V. A. Anokhin ◽  
A. D. Tsaregorodtsev
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Blood System ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infection ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Acute Respiratory Viral Infection ◽  
Apparently Healthy

The aim of this work was to study the parameters of the components of the kinin blood system in children with severe forms of acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) with neurotoxicosis syndrome. 55 children with ARVI (aged from 1 to 6 months - 14, from 6 months to 1 year - 18, from 1 to 3 years - 11, from 3 to 7 years - 12). 38 patients were admitted in the first three days of illness, 12 - on 4-5 days and 5 - at a later date. 30 children had a severe form of acute respiratory viral infection and 25 - moderate. Adenovirus infection was diagnosed in 14 patients, influenza - in 16, parainfluenza - in 7, MS-viral infection in 5, mixed viral infection - in 13. The control group consisted of 10 apparently healthy children.

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