scholarly journals Lean mass and biological maturation as predictors of muscle power and strength performance in young athletes

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0254552
Author(s):  
Paulo Francisco de Almeida-Neto ◽  
Rafaela Catherine da Silva Cunha de Medeiros ◽  
Dihogo Gama de Matos ◽  
Adam D. G. Baxter-Jones ◽  
Felipe J. Aidar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Muscle Power ◽  
Bone Age ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Upper Limbs ◽  
Young Athletes ◽  
Adolescent Athletes ◽  
Network Analyses ◽  
Biological Maturation

Background The biological maturation (BM) analyzed by peak height velocity (PHV) and bone age (BA), and lean body mass has been associated with the strength and muscle power of young athletes. However, the ability of BM (PHV and BA) and LM markers to predict muscle strength and power in young athletes remains uncertain. Objective The Aim was determine the predicting power of BM markers (PHV and BA) and LM in relation to muscle power of upper and lower limbs and muscle strength of upper limbs in adolescent athletes at puberty. Methods Ninety-two adolescent athletes (both sexes; age 12.4 ± 1.02 years) were assessed for body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Power of upper limbs (ULP), force handgrip (HG), vertical jump (VJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ) were recorded. BM was predicted by mathematical models to estimate PHV and BA. Multilayer artificial neural network analyses (MLP’s) were used to determine the power of prediction of LM, PHV and BA on muscle power and strength of upper- and lower-limbs of the athletes. Results LM, BA and PHV were associated with HG (r>0.74, p<0.05) and ULS (r>0.60, p<0.05) in both sexes. In both sexes BA was associated with VJ (r>0.55, p<0.05) and CMJ (r>0.53, p<0.05). LM indicated associations (r>0.60, p<0.05) with BA and with PHV (r<0.83, p<0.05) in both sexes. MLP’s analysis revealed that the LM provides > 72% of probability to predict the muscle power of upper- and lower-limbs, and the strength of the upper limbs; whereas PHV provides > 43% and bone age >64% in both female and male adolescent athletes. Conclusion We identified that, like PHV and BA, LM is a strong predictor of low cost of both upper limbs muscle strength and upper and lower limbs power in adolescent athletes.

scholarly journals Biological Maturation and Hormonal Markers, Relationship to Neuromotor Performance in Female Children

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 3277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Francisco de Almeida-Neto ◽  
Paulo Moreira Silva Dantas ◽  
Vanessa Carla Monteiro Pinto ◽  
Tatianny de Macêdo Cesário ◽  
Nathália Monastirski Ribeiro Campos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Age ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Upper Limbs ◽  
Muscular Power ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Change Of Direction ◽  
Biological Maturation ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Mechanisms that influence muscle strength can interfere with neuromotor performance and overall health, thus hormone markers and maturation can interact in this process. Objective: The present study aimed to verify the relationship of hormonal markers and biological maturation on neuromotor abilities in young people. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with 44 female participants (11.5 ± 1.5 years). Hormones were analyzed biochemically. Skeletal and somatic maturation were analyzed using anthropometry. The muscular power of the upper and lower limbs, body speed with change of direction, and speed of the upper limbs were verified. Results: Bone age was correlated with hormonal markers (estradiol: r = 0.58; p = 0.0007), (testosterone: r = 0.51; p = 0.005). Peak growth velocity correlated with estradiol (r = 0.51; p = 0.004). The power of the lower limbs (estradiol: r = 0.52; p = 0.006; testosterone: r = 0.42; p = 0.03) and of the upper limbs (estradiol: r = 0.51; p = 0.007; testosterone: r = 0.42; p = 0.02) had a positive correlation with hormone levels and had similar results with maturation. The analysis by artificial neural networks indicated that the maturation can predict the neuromotor performance between 57.4% and 76%, while the hormonal markers showed a potential of more than 95% for the foreshadowing of the neuromotor performance of the upper limbs. Conclusion: It was possible to conclude that the hormones had a relationship with maturational development and bone age in female subjects.

scholarly journals Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training Combined with L-Citrulline Supplementation on Functional Capacities and Muscle Function in Dynapenic-Obese Older Adults

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanny Buckinx ◽  
Gilles Gouspillou ◽  
Livia Carvalho ◽  
Vincent Marcangeli ◽  
Guy El Hajj Boutros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Functional Capacity ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Muscle Function ◽  
Muscle Power ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Upper Limbs ◽  
High Intensity Interval Training ◽  
High Intensity Interval

Background: To compare the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) alone vs. HIIT combined with L-citrulline (CIT) supplementation on functional capacity and muscle function in dynapenic-obese elderly. Methods: A total of 56 obese (fat mass: men > 25%, women > 35%) and dynapenic (grip strength/body weight: women < 0.44, men < 0.61) subjects were recruited and divided in two groups: HIIT+CIT (n = 26; age: 6 5 ± four years) vs. HIIT+Placebo (PLA, n = 30; age: 68 ± four years). Participants followed a 12-week HIIT using an elliptical trainer. Participants took a single and isocaloric 10 g-dose of CIT or PLA every day. Body composition; functional and aerobic capacities; absolute or relative upper and lower limbs muscle strength, muscle power; and energy balance were measured pre and post intervention. Results: Both groups significantly improved functional capacity and muscle function. However, HIIT+CIT demonstrated greater improvements in fast-paced Timed Up & Go (p = 0.04) and upper limbs muscle strength (absolute and relative) (p = 0.05) than HIIT+Placebo. Conclusion: CIT supplementation when combined with HIIT seems to induce greater improvements in upper limbs muscle strength and walking speed in dynapenic-obese elderly. Further studies are needed to confirm our results, to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of CIT and to define the long-term impact of CIT/HIIT.

scholarly journals Can the Neuromuscular Performance of Young Athletes Be Influenced by Hormone Levels and Different Stages of Puberty?

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (16) ◽  
pp. 5637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Francisco de Almeida-Neto ◽  
Dihogo Gama de Matos ◽  
Vanessa Carla Monteiro Pinto ◽  
Paulo Moreira Silva Dantas ◽  
Tatianny de Macêdo Cesário ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Young People ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Young Athletes ◽  
Testosterone Levels ◽  
Neuromuscular Performance ◽  
Lower Limb Strength ◽  
Determining Factor ◽  
Hormonal Levels

Background: Endocrine mechanisms can be a determining factor in the neuromuscular performance of young athletes. Objective: The objective of the present study was to relate maturational and hormonal markers to neuromuscular performance, as well as to verify whether young athletes with different testosterone levels show differences in muscle strength. Methods: The sample consisted of 37 young male Brazilian athletes (11.3 ± 0.94 years) who were members of a sports initiation project. Hormonal markers were analyzed biochemically by blood samples, and maturation markers by mathematical models based on anthropometry. Body composition was verified by tetrapolar bioimpedance. The performance of upper and lower limb strength and body speed were analyzed. Results: Hormonal and maturational markers were related to neuromuscular performance (p < 0.05). Young people with higher testosterone levels showed higher muscle strength (p < 0.05). Artificial neural networks showed that testosterone predicted the performance of upper limbs by 49%, and maturation by 60%. Maturation foreshadowed the performance of lower limbs by 30.3%. Conclusion: Biological maturation and hormonal levels can be related to neuromuscular performance, and young people with higher testosterone levels show superior muscle strength in relation to the others.

Physical Hand Function of the Child with Spina Bifida Myelomeningocele

1984 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 147-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann M Hamilton ◽  
Surya K Shah
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Spina Bifida ◽  
Motor Function ◽  
Muscle Power ◽  
Hand Function ◽  
Motor Dysfunction ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Upper Limbs ◽  
Spinal Level ◽  
Normal Children

Hand dysfunction has been reported to be present in myelomeningocele children, yet the type, extent, and cause of such dysfunction have remained unclear. This study was undertaken to discover whether motor dysfunction was present in the upper limbs of children with the diagnosis spina bifida myelomeningocele with lesions below the spinal level T4. Tests of manual muscle strength and grip strength indicated that spina bifida children have inferior motor function when compared with a control group of individually matched normal children. When the spina bifida group was divided on the basis of presence or absence of hydrocephalus it was apparent that the hydrocephalic children had poorer muscle power. The non-hydrocephalic children, however, did not have normal motor function. Thus the level of the lesion, and the presence of hydrocephalus, could not be identified as the prime cause of hand dysfunction discovered in the sample studied.

scholarly journals Testing the Functional Model of Bone Development: Direct and Mediating Role of Muscle Strength on Bone Properties in Growing Youth

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 3154
Author(s):  
Izabella A. Ludwa ◽  
Kevin Mongeon ◽  
Malcolm Sanderson ◽  
Luis Gracia Marco ◽  
Panagiota Klentrou
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Bone Development ◽  
Functional Model ◽  
Bone Age ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Direct Impact ◽  
Bone Properties

This study examines the functional model of bone development in peri-pubertal boys and girls. Specifically, we implemented a mixed-longitudinal design and hierarchical structural models to provide experimental evidence in support of the conceptual functional model of bone development, postulating that the primary mechanical stimulus of bone strength development is muscle force. To this end, we measured radial and tibial bone properties (speed of sound, SOS), isometric grip and knee extensors strength, bone resorption (urinary NTX concentration), body mass index (BMI), somatic maturity (years from peak height velocity) and skeletal maturity (bone age) in 180 children aged 8–16 years. Measurements were repeated 2–4 times over a period of 3 years. The multilevel structural equation modeling of 406 participant-session observations revealed similar results for radial and tibial SOS. Muscle strength (i.e., grip strength for the radial and knee extension for tibial model) and NTX have a significant direct effect on bone SOS (β = 0.29 and −0.18, respectively). Somatic maturity had a direct impact on muscle strength (β = 0.24) and both a direct and indirect effect on bone SOS (total effect, β = 0.30). Physical activity and BMI also had a significant direct impact on bone properties, (β = 0.06 and −0.18, respectively), and an additional significant indirect effect through muscle strength (β = 0.01 and 0.05, respectively) with small differences per bone site and sex. Muscle strength fully mediated the impact of bone age (β = 0.14) while there was no significant effect of energy intake on either muscle strength or bone SOS. In conclusion, our results support the functional model of bone development in that muscle strength and bone metabolism directly affect bone development while the contribution of maturity, physical activity, and other modulators such as BMI, on bone development is additionally modulated through their effect on muscle strength.

scholarly journals Índice de asimetría bilateral similar de las manifestaciones de la fuerza muscular de extremidades inferiores en jóvenes universitarios (Similar bilateral asymmetry index of the expressions of muscle strength in lower limbs in university students)

Retos ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 34-36
Author(s):  
Ramón Candia Luján ◽  
Beatríz Anai Núñez Escudero ◽  
Karen Ileana Carreón Santa Cruz ◽  
Lidia Guillermina De León Fierro ◽  
Caudia Esther Carrasco Legleu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
University Students ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Muscle Power ◽  
Asymmetry Index ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Bilateral Asymmetry ◽  
Las Mujeres ◽  
Estudiantes Universitarios

El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la asimetría bilateral y comparar el índice de asimetría (IA) de las manifestaciones de la fuerza muscular de las extremidades inferiores. Participaron 16 hombres y 14 mujeres con una edad de 22.5 ± 2 años, todos ellos estudiantes universitarios, se les midió la fuerza muscular máxima dinámica, la fuerza máxima isométrica y la potencia muscular de cada extremidad inferior con la sentadilla unilateral. El IA presentado por los sujetos fue entre 2.8 ± 3.0 y 4.0 ± 4.3 % en las diferentes manifestaciones de la fuerza muscular, cuando se compararon dichas manifestaciones no hubo diferencia entre ellas. Por último las mujeres presentaron entre un 2.5 ± 2.7 y un 4.0 ± 4.1 % de IA de las manifestaciones de la fuerza mientras que para los hombres fue entre un 3.0 ± 3.4 y 5.0 ± 4.6 %, sin diferencia cuando se comparó por género. Por lo que se concluye que la asimetría bilateral de las manifestaciones de la fuerza está presente en los sujetos evaluados, siendo similar el IA de las manifestaciones evaluadas así como entre hombres y mujeres.Abstract. The aim of this study was to determine the bilateral asymmetry, and to compare the asymmetry index (AI) of muscle strength expressions in the lower limbs. A total 30 university students (16 men and 14 women) with a mean age of 22.5 ± 2 years participated in the study. Maximum dynamic muscle strength, maximum isometric strength, and muscle power in unilateral lower limb squat were assessed. The IA presented by the subjects ranged from 2.8 ± 3.0 and 4.0 ± 4.3 % in the different manifestations of muscle strength. The comparison of these manifestations revealed no differences. In addition, women scored between 2.5 ± 2.7 and 4.0 ± 4.1 % AI of expression of strength, whereas in men this value ranged between 3.0 ± 3.4 and 5.0 ± 4.6 %. No statistical difference was found comparing by gender. Therefore, we can conclude that there exists a bilateral asymmetry in the manifestations of strength in our sample, at the same time their IA is similar both considering the overall sample and assessing it by gender.

scholarly journals Efeito de duas diferentes frequências semanais de treinamento com pesos sobre a força muscular e pressão arterial em mulheres idosas normotensas

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renato Galindo da Silva ◽  
Danilo Rodrigues Pereira da Silva ◽  
Fábio Luiz Cheche Pina ◽  
Matheus Amarante do Nascimento ◽  
Alex Silva Ribeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Older Women ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Upper Limbs ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Improve Muscle Strength ◽  
Total Muscle

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2017v19n1p118 The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of two different weekly resistance training (RT) frequencies on muscle strength and blood pressure (BP) in normotensive older women. Thirty normotensive and physically independent older women participated in the study, which were divided into two groups: RT performed in two weekly sessions (G2X, n = 17; 67.6 ± 4.6 years; 69.7 ± 13.4 kg; 156.6 ± 5.8 cm) and three weekly sessions (G3X; n = 13; 68.7 ± 5.0 years; 69.8 ± 16.1 kg, 155.2 ± 7.8 cm). The RT program was composed by eight exercises for different muscle groups (upper limbs, trunk and lower limbs), lasting 24 weeks (two phases of 12 weeks each). In the first phase, exercises were performed in one set of 10-15 maximum repetitions per exercise, while in the second phase, two sets were performed. BP and muscle strength (1RM) measures were performed at pre-training and after 12 and 24 weeks of RT. Increases in total muscle strength (P < 0.05) were observed in both groups (G2X = 16.8% and G3X = 18.9%), with no difference between groups. On the other hand, no significant changes (P > 0.05) in systolic BP and diastolic BP were found in both groups. The results suggest that 24 weeks of a supervised RT program improve muscle strength without affecting BP in normotensive older women, regardless of frequency of two or three weekly sessions. 

scholarly journals LOCALIZED FAT-FREE MASS DOES NOT INFLUENCE MUSCLE STRENGTH IN OBESE AND NON-OBESE BOYS

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 361-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederico Bento de Moraes Junior ◽  
Wendell Arthur Lopes ◽  
Larissa Rosa da Silva ◽  
Cristiane Tavares Araújo ◽  
Incare Correa de Jesus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Upper Limbs ◽  
Level Of Evidence

ABSTRACT Introduction: Obesity in adolescents has increased worldwide, and is generally associated with poor eating habits and physical inactivity. Objective: To compare absolute and relative muscle strength with body mass (BM), fat-free mass (FFM) and localized FFM of upper and lower limbs among obese and non-obese adolescents. Methods: BM, height and body mass index (BMI) were verified in 39 male adolescents (aged 13-17 years). Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and maximal strength of upper and lower limbs was estimated by a one-repetition maximum (1RM) test. Participants were divided into three groups: eutrophic (normal weight) (n=11), overweight (n=14), and obese (n=14). One-way ANOVA was used to compare the variables, followed by a Bonferroni post-hoc test for multiple comparisons. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used for relevant correlations and multiple linear regression to verify the influence of anthropometric variables, body composition and muscle strength of upper and lower limbs. Results: Obese and overweight adolescents had absolute muscle strength values similar to those of the eutrophic adolescents, which were lower when corrected by BM (p<0.001). However, muscle strength related to FFM and localized FFM were similar between groups in both upper and lower limbs. Linear regression showed that BMI explained 59% of the variation in absolute muscle strength of the lower limbs (β=0.59, p<0.05), FFM explained 84% of the variation in absolute muscle strength of the upper limbs (β=0.84, p<0.01) and 68% of the lower limbs (β=0.68; p<0.01), while localized FM was inversely associated in the lower limbs (β=−0.53, p<0.05). Conclusion: Muscle strength of lower and upper limbs, when corrected by localized FFM, does not distinguish between overweight and normal weight adolescents, indicating that obesity does not have a negative effect on generation of muscle strength in obese boys. Level of Evidence III; Case-control study.

scholarly journals Physical Activity–Related Injury Profile in Children and Adolescents According to Their Age, Maturation, and Level of Sports Participation

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara Costa e Silva ◽  
Maria Isabel Fragoso ◽  
Júlia Teles
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
Sports Participation ◽  
Bone Age ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
Biological Maturation ◽  
Early Maturing

Background: Physical activity (PA) is beneficial, enhancing healthy development. However, one-third of school-age children practicing sports regularly suffer from an injury. These injuries are associated with sex, chronological age, and PA level. Purpose: To identify the importance of age, PA level, and maturity as predictors of injury in Portuguese youth. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiological study. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: Information about injury and PA level was assessed via 2 questionnaires (LESADO RAPIL II) from 647 subjects aged 10 to 17 years. Maturity offset according to Mirwald (time before or after peak height velocity) and Tanner-Whitehouse III bone age estimates were used to evaluate maturation. Binary logistic regression and gamma regression were used to determine significant predictors of injury and injury rate. Results: Injury occurrence was higher for both sexes in recreational, school, and federated athletes (athletes engaged in sports that are regulated by their respective federations, with formal competition). These injuries also increased with age in boys and in the higher maturity offset group in girls. Injury rate was higher for both sexes in the no sports participation group. Early-maturing girls, with higher bone age and lower maturity offset, showed higher injury rate. Conclusion: Injuries in Portuguese youth were related to PA level, age, and biological maturation. Recreational, school, and federated athletes had more injury ocurrences while subjects with no sports participation had higher injury risk. Older subjects had more injuries. Early-maturing girls that had just passed peak height velocity may be particularly vulnerable to risk of sports injury because of the growing process. Clinical Relevance: Increased knowledge about injury with specific PA exposure data is important to an overall risk management strategy. This study has deepened the association between injury and biological maturation variables.

Adolescent athletes and nutrition – analysis of two groups of children

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Tatyana Dzimbova
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Young Athletes ◽  
Adolescent Athletes ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
The Right

Introduction. Proper nutrition is crucial for child and adolescent athletes to maintain growth and development and to achieveoptimal results in sports. It is very important to balance the energy expenditure with the energy intake in order to prevent the energy deficit or excess.Materials and methods. Subjects involved in two different sports participated in the study: 13 gymnasts (age 13.8 ± 4.1 years, height 153.4 ± 11.3 cm, weight 47.1 ± 10.5 kg) and 15 basketball players (age 15.5 ± 1.1 years, height 176.7 ± 7.9 cm, weight 65.2 ± 10.7 kg). Determination of total energy expenditure was made by prediction equations. The subjects maintained a food records for 5 consecutive days, which were processed in the ASA24 system of the NCI. Results and discussion. Energy intake in both groups is sufficient to meet the daily needs, development of young athletes andprovide the energy needed in training. The intake of three minerals (calcium, magnesium and potassium) and three vitamins (D, E and A) was lower than recommended values in both groups.Conclusion. As a result of the busy schedule of adolescent athletes, their main meals are out of home, and the proportion of highly processed foods containing small amounts of important vitamins and minerals is high. The main recommendations include dairy products, fruits, vegetables and whole grains. The idea behind the changes is to give young athletes the right diet and the right eating habits.

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