scholarly journals Limb development in skeletally-immature large-sized dogs: A radiographic study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0254788
Author(s):  
Mariana Roccaro ◽  
Alessia Diana ◽  
Nikolina Linta ◽  
Riccardo Rinnovati ◽  
Marzia Freo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Limb Development ◽  
Time Windows ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Labrador Retriever ◽  
Radiographic Examination ◽  
Skeletally Immature ◽  
German Shepherd ◽  
Radiographic Measurements ◽  
Breed Differences

Despite the extreme morphological variability of the canine species, data on limb development are limited and the time windows for the appearance of the limb ossification centres (OCs) reported in veterinary textbooks, considered universally valid for all dogs, are based on dated studies. The aim of this study was to acquire up-to-date information regarding the arm, forearm and leg bone development in skeletally-immature large-sized dogs from 6 weeks to 16 weeks of age. Nine litters of 5 large-sized breeds (Boxer, German Shepherd, Labrador Retriever, Saarloos Wolfdog, White Swiss Shepherd Dog) were included, for a total of 54 dogs, which were subject to radiographic examination on a bi-weekly basis. The appearance of 18 limb OCs was recorded and 14 radiographic measurements were performed; their relationship with age and body weight was investigated and any breed differences were analysed using different statistical non-parametric tests. The number of OCs present was significantly different at 6 and 8 weeks of age between the investigated breeds. The appearance of the OCs occurred earlier in the Saarloos Wolfdog, while the Labrador Retriever was the later breed. In Boxers and Labrador Retrievers, various OCs showed a delayed appearance compared to the data reported in the literature. The number of OCs was strongly and positively correlated to body weight. Breed differences were also observed in the relative increase of the measured OCs and were not limited to dogs of different morphotypes. Statistically significant differences were most frequently observed between Saarloos Wolfdogs and the other breeds. The OCs that showed a greater variability in their development were the olecranon tuber, the patella and the tibial tuberosity. Their increase was more strongly correlated with the dog’s age and body weight. Our data strongly suggest that differences in limb development exist in dog breeds of similar size and morphotype.

scholarly journals The effects of breed, age, sex, and body weight on electrocardiographic parameters in military working dogs

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1001-1004
Author(s):  
Wichaporn Lerdweeraphon ◽  
Surangkhana Thanwongsa ◽  
Suriya Youyod ◽  
Sermsawat Imsopa ◽  
Wootichai Kenchaiwong
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Labrador Retriever ◽  
German Shepherd ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pr Interval ◽  
Working Dogs ◽  
Electrocardiographic Recordings ◽  
Electrocardiographic Parameters ◽  
Military Working Dogs ◽  
Labrador Retrievers

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effects of breed, sex, age, and body weight on different electrocardiographic parameters in military working dogs (Labrador Retriever and German Shepherd). Materials and Methods: Electrocardiographic recordings (paper speed = 25 mm/s and calibration = 10 mm/mV) were performed to obtain all the standard bipolar limb leads (leads I, II, and III) and unipolar augmented limb leads (leads aVR, aVL, and aVF). A total of 16 Labrador Retrievers and 14 German Shepherds were restrained manually in the right lateral recumbency without any tranquilizer or anesthetic drug. Amplitude and duration of P, QRS, and T wave, PR and QT interval, mean electrical axis, and heart rate were measured in each recording. Results: There was no significant difference in electrocardiographic parameters across breed and sex. However, QRS duration tended to alter by breed (p<0.1) in Labrador Retrievers (0.04±0.005 s), which is lower than German Shepherds (0.05±0.005 s). PR interval was influenced by sex (p<0.1). PR interval was higher in females (0.13±0.005 s) than males (0.11±0.008 s). In addition, electrocardiographic values were not significantly affected by age and body weight, except that the amplitude of R wave was statistically affected by age (p<0.05). A correlation was found between the decrease in R wave amplitude and increase in age of dogs. Conclusion: Different electrocardiographic parameters were within the normal range. A significant effect of age was seen on amplitude of R wave. However, the effect of breed, sex, and body weight was not significant on different electrocardiographic parameters in Labrador Retriever and German Shepherd dogs.

scholarly journals Ultrastructural Changes in Articular Cartilages of Immature Beagle Dogs Dosed with Difloxacin, a Fluoroquinolone

1992 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 230-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Burkhardt ◽  
M. A. Hill ◽  
J. J. Turek ◽  
W. W. Carlton
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Electron Micrographs ◽  
Collagen Fibrils ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Pericellular Matrix ◽  
Skeletally Immature ◽  
Beagle Dogs ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Articular Cartilages

The ultrastructural features of quinolone-induced arthropathy were studied in' the humeral and femoral heads of nine skeletally immature Beagle dogs (3 months old) that were dosed orally with difloxacin at 300 mg/kg body weight and euthanatized 24, 36, or 48 hours later in groups of three. Three age-matched dogs were given a placebo and euthanatized after 48 hours. Mitochondria in chondrocytes had significantly greater cross-sectional areas ( P < 0.05) in electron micrographs from dogs euthanatized after 48 hours of treatment than did those in other groups. There was also a significantly greater percentage of chondrocytes with swollen mitochondria in treated dogs than in the controls ( P < 0.05). These changes preceded the necrosis observed in some chondrocytes in the dogs of the 48-hour group. Disruption of extracellular matrix was first observed in the pericellular matrix of necrotic chondrocytes, indicating that this change was secondary to the changes in chondrocytes. Fissures within cartilages apparently resulted from the loss of the normal association of proteoglycans with collagen fibrils.

Red cell volume and blood volume in beef cattle

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 145 ◽  
Author(s):  
PH Springell
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
The Body ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Confounding Effect ◽  
Red Cell Volume ◽  
Breed Differences ◽  
Good Nutrition ◽  
Cell Volumes

Twenty-four steers, comprising British (Herefords and Hereford x Shorthorn crosses), Zebu (Africander), and Zebu cross (British x Brahman or Africander) breeds, were maintained either on pasture or yarded, and fed on diets of a low and a high nutritional value. Blood volumes were determined on five occasions at intervals of 3 months by the 51Cr labelling technique, plasma and red cell volumes being then derived from the venous haematocrit. The blood plasma, and red cell volumes are all very significantly, correlated with, and represent respectively 4.97, 3.27, and 1.70% of, the fasting body weight. To avoid the confounding effect of body weight, the parameters are expressed as "contents", i.e, in terms of volume per kilogram fasting body weight. In the grazing group breed differences were generally absent. This may in part be due to the fact that the Zebu crossbreds belonged mostly to the F2 and partly to the F3 generation. In the yarded group, where F1 crossbreds were compared with British steers, breed differences were more frequent. British steers tended to have higher plasma contents, but lower red cell contents and haematocrits. Nutrition had no effect on plasma contents, but good nutrition was generally associated with higher haematocrits, as well as with elevated blood and red cell contents. Seasonal differences were in evidence, and all parameters generally reached minimal values in winter or spring. The significance of these findings in relation to adaptation to a tropical environment is discussed. The haematocrit does not necessarily reflect changes in the red cell volume. There is also some indication that the water and plasma contents may be related. The possible usefulness of the red cell volume for predicting the body composition is discussed.

scholarly journals LAMB AND WOOL PRODUCTION FROM FIVE BREEDS ON RANGE

1966 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Vesely ◽  
H. F. Peters ◽  
S. B. Slen
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Breed Differences ◽  
Percentage Yield ◽  
Ewe Lamb ◽  
Fleece Weight ◽  
Staple Length

Rambouillet, Romnelet, Columbia, Targhee, and Suffolk sheep were evaluated under range conditions for the production of lamb and wool in the period 1960–1963. The production traits analyzed were: birth and weaning weight; face cover and neck wrinkling; fertility, prolificacy, weaned lamb production, and body weight of ewe; lamb survival to weaning; grease and clean fleece weight, staple length, wool grade, and percentage yield of clean wool by yearling and mature ewes.Lambs of Romnelet were lighter at birth than those of the other breeds. Targhee and Suffolk were the heaviest at birth. Romnelet and Columbia lambs were lighter at weaning than those of Rambouillet, Targhee, and Suffolk.Fertility, prolificacy, and weaned lamb production were essentially the same in the four range breeds. Suffolk produced more weaned lamb than the other four breeds. There were no breed differences in the survival of lambs.Columbia exceeded all other breeds in production of grease and clean fleece weight. Suffolk produced the smallest amount of wool. Staple length of Columbia ewes was 4.3, 7.5, 18.6, 23.7 mm longer than that of Romnelet, Targhee, Suffolk, and Rambouillet ewes.

Early Diagnosis of Hip Dysplasia – A Stress-Radiographic Study

1995 ◽  
Vol 08 (02) ◽  
pp. 114-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Madsen ◽  
E. Svalastoga
Keyword(s):  
Femoral Head ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Hip Dysplasia ◽  
Radiographic Examination ◽  
Radiographic Evaluation ◽  
Radiographic Study ◽  
German Shepherd ◽  
Lateral Dislocation ◽  
The Future ◽  
Maximal Reduction

SummaryPresently, the diagnosis of hip dysplasia is based on a single pelvic radiographic examination of the dog at the age of 12 to 24 months. However, by this method, only a static appearance of the coxofemoral joint is evaluated. The purpose of our study was to diagnose hip dysplasia in young dogs and consequently, we included a radiographic evaluation of the dynamic appearance of the coxofemoral joint.A stress-radiographic examination was applied to 23 German Shepherd Dogs at the age of six and 12 months to obtain maximal reduction and maximal dislocation of the coxofemoral joint. Finally, at the age of 12 months, the hips were examined radiographically using the conventional criteria for hip dysplasia.At the age of six months, dogs with hip dysplasia showed significantly greater joint laxity and lateral dislocation of the femoral head than normal dogs. However, some predysplastic dogs, with lateral dislocation of the femoral head, developed normal hips and would be approved for breeding. Based on these findings, we conclude that stress-radiographic examinations of young dogs provide important, hitherto unrecognized, information of relevance in the future screening programmes to reduce the incidence of hip dysplasia.A stress-radiographic examination of young dogs provides important, hitherto unrecognized, information of relevance in the future screening programmes to reduce the incidence of hip dysplasia.

Corrigendum - Comparative breed studies of beef cattle. III. Carcass composition

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 333
Author(s):  
NM Tulloh
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Comparison Study ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Breed Differences ◽  
Breed Comparison

An investigation was made of published data on the carcass composition of cattle, based on dissection of carcasses into bone, muscle, and fat. The data included females and castrate males, without regard to breed, age, or nutritional history. It was found that the relation between each carcass component and empty body weight could be described by a linear regression equation by using logarithmic values for the variables. The differential growth ratios given by the regression equations indicated, as empty body weight increased, that: (a) the weight of each of the dissected carcass components (i.e. bone, muscle, and fat) also increased; (b) the proportion of carcass bone fell, that of fat increased, and that of muscle remained almost constant. The relations between dissected bone, muscle, and fat and carcass weight were similar to those obtained between dissected carcass components and empty body weight. To obtain evidence on whether the differential growth ratios between dissected carcass components and empty body weight or carcass weight showed any change throughout post-natal life, quadratic equations were computed by using logarithmic values for the variables. These ratios fell for all carcass components, but in only three out of six equations were the quadratic terms statistically significant. This re-examination of published data indicates that any comparisons of the carcass composition of cattle may be invalid unless they are made at the same body (or carcass) weights. In addition, a comparison made by using regression equations, with the variables expressed as percentages, is confusing because it may not reveal abnormal composition in animals of particular weights. A satisfactory type of analysis can be made by using regression techniques with the original data. The above principles of analysis were applied in a breed comparison study of the carcass composition of 28 Hereford, 25 Angus, and 18 Shorthorn steers. These cattle comprised two age groups, born in 1957 and 1958 respectively. Carcass composition was estimated by dissecting, into bone, muscle and fat, the left and right 11th ribcuts from the carcasses of the 1957 steers, and the 9th–10th–11th rib-cuts from the left sides of the carcasses of the 1958 steers. When the rib-cut data were plotted, the relations appeared linear; the data were therefore analysed by using linear regressions with arithmetical values for the variables. Results showed that the fat content was greater and the muscle content smaller in the rib-cuts of the Shorthorns in both years than in those of either Hereford or Angus steers. Differences between Herefords and Angus were small. In view of the high correlations found by other workers between the results of rib-cut dissections and carcass composition, it is assumed that the breed differences reported here in rib-cut composition were reflections of breed differences in carcass composition. The carcass compositions of the cattle used in the breed comparison study were also estimated from hot carcass weight by using regression equations derived from the literature. A comparison of the two methods of estimating carcass composition suggests that, if hot carcass weight is to be used, regression equations will need to be developed for each breed in various environments.

scholarly journals PSIII-30 Feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of Angus and Wagyu sired cattle raised to a similar body weight endpoint

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 259-259
Author(s):  
Jerad R Jaborek ◽  
Alejandro E Relling
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Design Experiment ◽  
Feedlot Performance ◽  
Incomplete Block Design ◽  
Breed Differences ◽  
Effect Of Treatment ◽  
Similar Body

Abstract Angus and Wagyu sired calves were used in an incomplete block design experiment to investigate breed differences for growth at a similar body weight. Cattle were individually fed a common corn silage based growing diet for 4 months and transitioned to a common finishing diet for the remainder of the study. Treatments were as follows: T1) Angus sired steers (n = 13) harvested at 612 kg, T2) Wagyu (LMR Fukutsuru 729T) sired steers (n = 4) and heifers (n = 5) harvested at 612 kg, T3) Wagyu (OW Yasufuku 229Y) sired steers (n = 5) and heifers (n = 8) harvested at 612 kg. Data were analyzed in SAS using the mixed model: Yij = μ + Ti + sj + eij, where Ti was the fixed effect of treatment, sj was the random effect of sex, and eij was the random error. Contrasts were made to compare T1 vs. T2 and T3, and T2 vs. T3. Receiving weight was greater (P ≤ 0.02) for Angus sired cattle compared to Wagyu sired cattle, and Fukutsuru sired cattle had greater (P ≤ 0.05) receiving weights compared to Yasufuku sired cattle. Off-test weights were similar across treatments (P = 0.49). Wagyu sired cattle required more days on feed (P ≤ 0.01), resulting in a greater age at harvest (P ≤ 0.01) compared to Angus sired cattle. Fukutsuru sired cattle tended to require fewer days on feed (P = 0.07) and be younger at harvest (P = 0.10) compared to Yasufuku sired cattle. Angus sired cattle had greater ADG (P ≤ 0.01), DMI (P ≤ 0.01), and G:F (P ≤ 0.02) compared to Wagyu sired cattle. Angus sired cattle had a lesser percentage of KPH fat (P ≤ 0.01) and tended to have more desirable YG scores (P = 0.06) compared to Wagyu sired cattle. Wagyu sired cattle had greater marbling scores (P ≤ 0.01) compared to Angus sired cattle, while Yasufuku sired cattle had greater marbling scores compared to Fukutsuru sired cattle.

scholarly journals Electroretinographic findings in day-blind dogs

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-214
Author(s):  
Magdalena Drążek-Kubiak ◽  
Marcin Lew ◽  
Sylwia Lew
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Labrador Retriever ◽  
Retinal Diseases ◽  
German Shepherd ◽  
Genetic Tests ◽  
Scotopic Vision ◽  
Cone Dysfunction ◽  
The World ◽  
Yorkshire Terrier

Cone degeneration (cd; day blindness) is one of the inherited retinal diseases of dogs. Its diagnosis is based on vision testing, fundoscopy, electroretinography (ERG) and, for some breeds, on genetic tests. Typical signs of the disease are day blindness and cone dysfunction during ERG while fundoscopy does not show any abnormalities. The aim of this study was to compare behavioural findings, fundoscopic lesions and electroretinographic alterations in 12 cd-affected dogs (Alaskan Malamute, Labrador Retriever, German Shepherd, Dachshund, Yorkshire Terrier, Shih Tzu, Siberian Husky and crossbreeds) examined at our clinic. None of the examined dogs had any fundoscopic lesions, and all of them had normal scotopic vision with strongly impaired or absent photopic vision. Light-adapted transient, cone-mediated and steady-state, 31-Hz cone flicker ERGs were much below the 5th percentile limits of normality or even unrecordable, while the rod-driven ERGs were within normal values. Vision test and ERG results corresponded to each other and, combined with the results of fundoscopy, were typical of cd. To date, our research is one of the few studies in the world presenting ERG alterations compared with vision test findings and fundoscopic results in the course of cd.

Effect of feeding level, breed and milking potential on body tissues and organs of mature, non-lactating cows

1991 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
St C. S. Taylor ◽  
J. I. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
Normal Adult ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Breed Differences ◽  
Gut Fill

ABSTRACTBody composition was studied in 20 mature, non-pregnant, non-lactating cows from five breeds (Hereford, Aberdeen Angus, Dexter, British Friesian and Jersey) kept on four feeding levels until they attained equilibrium body weights that were proportionately 0·7,0·9,1·1 or 1·3 of their normal adult body weight.Significant breed differences were found in the proportions of body tissues and organs and these were associated with breed differences in lactability (i.e. genetic milking potential adjusted for body size). As a proportion of body weight, intra-abdominal fat, liver, spleen and uterus increased significantly with lactability and hide decreased significantly. Empty gut and gut fill also increased with lactability but not significantly. Liver proportion in dairy breeds was 1·26 times the proportion in beef breeds. Corresponding values for intra-abdominal fat and hide were 1·43 and 0·83.The most dramatic increases with feeding level were in the proportions of subcutaneous fat, both intra-abdominal fat depots, and the udder. All fat depots were completely depleted when body weight decreased to about 0·6 of its normal adult value. Strong decreases occurred in the proportion of muscle, carcass bone and offal. The proportion of empty gut decreased significantly with increased feeding level. Liver, tail, thymus and possibly gut fill were the only traits entirely unaffected by feeding level.The near-constancy of liver proportion at equilibrium implies that the rapid response of the liver to a change in feeding level is eventually matched in magnitude by the slower responses in other tissues and organs, so that the original proportionality of about 1 kg body tissue for each 10 g liver is eventually restored.

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