scholarly journals Management of high cows-share-contribution of SCC to the bulk milk tank by acoustic pulse technology (APT)

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0255747
Author(s):  
Uzi Merin ◽  
Gabriel Leitner ◽  
Shamay Jacoby ◽  
Dani Gilad
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Time ◽  
Acoustic Pulse ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Deep Penetration ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Additional Tool ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
Milk Volume ◽  
Bulk Milk Tank ◽  
Pulse Technology

A cow with mastitis has a high somatic cell count (SCC) in its milk. Cow-share-contribution of somatic cells to the bulk milk tank (BMTSCC) refers to the relative addition made by each cow’s milk to the bulk tank’s SCC. Since bulk milk is graded and priced according to the BMTSCC, high-yielding cows with mastitis are the main contributors to penalizations in milk price. The benefits of acoustic pulse technology (APT) application to tissues are well documented, including its anti-inflammatory effect and restoration of tissue function by triggering natural healing processes. An APT-based device was developed specifically for treating mastitis in dairy cows. It enables rapid and deep penetration of the acoustic pulses over a large area of the udder in a single session. A study was performed on six farms with a total of 3,900 cows. One unit of cow-share-contribution equaled the addition of 1,000 cells to each mL of the bulk milk volume above the mean BMTSCC. A total of 206 cows were selected: 103 were treated with APT and 103 served as controls. All of the cows contributed over 1.5 units to the BMTSCC at the time of treatment. Seventy-five days after APT treatment, 2 of the 103 treated cows (1.9%) were culled, compared to 19 (18.5%) of the 103 control cows, as well as infected quarter dry-off in 5 others (4.85%). Overall success was defined as a decrease of >75% in cow-share-contribution from treatment time in two of the three monthly milk recordings following treatment. Results indicated 57.3% success for the APT-treated cows vs. 14.6% for the untreated control groups. Highest share-contribution provide an additional tool for the farmer’s decision of how to control BMTSCC. Because the cow-share-contribution value is relative to herd size and BMTSCC, this study included a similar number of cows, with similar SCC and milk yield from each of the six herds.

scholarly journals Otitis Media in Preweaned Holstein Dairy Calves in Michigan Due to Mycoplasma Bovis

1997 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 250-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul H. Walz ◽  
Thomas P. Mullaney ◽  
James A. Render ◽  
Robert D. Walker ◽  
Theresa Mosser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Otitis Media ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Head Tilt ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Mycoplasma Bovis ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
Periosteal Hyperostosis ◽  
Waste Milk ◽  
Bulk Milk Tank

Mycoplasma bovis was isolated from the tympanic bullae of dairy calves with an exudative otitis media. The history, clinical signs, gross and histologic lesions, and bacteriologic findings are described for 5 preweaned Holstein calves with otitis media from a 600-cow dairy in Michigan. Clinical findings consisted of unilateral or bilateral ear droop, epiphora, head tilt, and recumbency in severely affected calves. Postmortem examination revealed unilateral or bilateral fibrinosuppurative to caseous exudate in the tympanic bullae. Histologically, a marked fibrinosuppurative to caseous exudate filled the tympanic air spaces. The partially ulcerated tympanic mucosa was markedly thickened with mononuclear cell infiltration and proliferation of fibrous connective tissue. Bone remodeling and periosteal hyperostosis were present in some osseous septa. Mycoplasma bovis was isolated from the tympanic bullae of all 5 calves and from the lungs of 2 calves and the frontal sinus of 1 calf. Mycoplasma bovis was isolated at > 100,000 colony forming units/ml from the bulk milk tank of the farm of origin. The isolation of M. bovis from the bulk milk tank, indicating subclinical mycoplasmal mastitis coupled with the feeding of waste milk from mastitic cows to calves is suggestive of a possible source of the infection resulting in otitis media in preweaned dairy calves.

scholarly journals Comparison of Virus Isolation and Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for Detection of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Bulk Milk Tank Samples

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Renshaw ◽  
R. Ray ◽  
E. J. Dubovi
Keyword(s):  
Infected Animal ◽  
Virus Isolation ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Bulk Milk Tank

The use of a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay to screen bulk milk tank samples for bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) has proven to be a sensitive and economical means to evaluate the lactating animals in a herd. The assay is capable of detecting the presence of a single persistently infected animal within a group of several hundred cows. Over a 3–year period, 144 samples from 97 farms were tested for BVDV using an RT-PCR assay in conjunction with a classical virus isolation (VI) procedure to measure the relative effectiveness of the techniques. Virus could be detected with both methods when the milk from a single persistently infected animal was diluted 1:600 with the milk from a herd of BVDV-negative animals. Based on individual farms, there was an overall prevalence of 12.4% BVDV infection, and the correlation between the 2 assays was 95.9%. In terms of sensitivity, specificity, and turnaround time, RT-PCR was superior to VI. However, of the 17 samples that were VI positive, 4 were RT-PCR negative. RT-PCR may not detect all naturally occurring BVDV isolates because they may contain minor sequence variations in the primer regions. VI and RT-PCR are both suitable for detection of BVDV in bulk milk samples when used independently, but to increase the probability of successful detection and to provide cross-checks against assay contamination, it is desirable to utilize both methods in parallel.

scholarly journals The use of trawl, grab and camera in estimating marine benthos

1956 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 419-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. McIntyre
Keyword(s):  
Large Area ◽  
Patchy Distribution ◽  
Marine Benthos ◽  
Additional Tool ◽  
The Past ◽  
Underwater Photography ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Post War ◽  
Underwater Camera

Certain animals of the epifauna, because of their distribution over the bottom, are often difficult to sample quantitatively. They may occur as individuals widely dispersed over a large area, or they may be present in dense aggregations which themselves have a patchy distribution. In the past, workers have tried to estimate the numbers of such animals by the combined use of trawls and grabs of various types. The post-war development of underwater photography suggests that the camera will be a useful additional tool (e.g. Vevers, 1951, 1952). During the testing of an underwater camera from Aberdeen an opportunity was taken to compare the estimates of some of the larger epifauna from grab and trawl hauls with estimates derived from underwater photographs. The results are described in this paper.

scholarly journals Survey of pyrethroid, macrocyclic lactone and antibacterial residues in bulk milk tank from Minas Gerais State, Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lidia C.A. Picinin ◽  
Isabela M. Toaldo ◽  
Rodrigo B. Hoff ◽  
Fernando N. Souza ◽  
Mônica O. Leite ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Veterinary Drugs ◽  
Veterinary Drug ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
Minas Gerais State ◽  
Confirmatory Tests ◽  
Bulk Milk Tank

ABSTRACT: A survey of veterinary drug residues in bulk milk tank from Minas Gerais State, Brazil, was carried out through a broad scope analysis. Here, 132 raw milk samples were collected at 45 dairy farms in Minas Gerais from August 2009 to February 2010, and analyzed for 42 analytes, comprising pyrethroids, macrocyclic lactones and antibacterials, using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry in tandem mode and gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Within all milk samples, at least one veterinary drug residue was identified in 40 milk samples (30.30%) by confirmatory tests, whereas 16 samples (12.12%) showed the presence of at least two residues. With regard to the Brazilian maximum residue levels, 11 milk samples (8.33%) were non-compliant according to Brazilian Legislation. The veterinary drugs detected in the non-compliant milk samples include penicillin V (one sample), abamectin (one sample) and cypermethrin (nine samples). Furthermore, the antibacterial screening methods failed to identify most of the positive samples that were detected by confirmatory tests, leading to a large discrepancy between the screening and confirmatory antimicrobial tests. Thus, the present study indicated that the veterinary drugs residues still represents a great concern for the milk production chain.

scholarly journals New Treatment Option for Clinical and Subclinical Mastitis in Dairy Cows Using Acoustic Pulse Technology (APT)

Dairy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 256-269
Author(s):  
Gabriel Leitner ◽  
Eduard Papirov ◽  
Dan Gilad ◽  
Doron Haran ◽  
Oded Arkin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Streptococcal Infection ◽  
Acoustic Pulse ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Escherichia Coli Infection ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Pulse Technology

The effect of acoustic pulse technology (APT) on recovery, culling, milk yield, and economic benefits for 118 cows with subclinical mastitis was compared with a no-treatment control (59 vs. 59), and another 118 APT-treated cows with clinical mastitis were compared with antibiotic-treated controls (59 vs. 59). Recovery was defined as a decrease in somatic cell count (SCC) to <250 × 103 cells/mL in at least two out of three monthly milk recordings after treatments. For the subclinically infected cows, APT treatment resulted in 65.5% recovery, 0% culling, and additional milk yield of 2.74 L/cow per day compared to 35.6% recovery and 5.1% culling in the no-treatment controls. For the clinically infected cows, APT treatment resulted in 67.8% recovery, 6.8% culling, and additional milk yield of 3.9 L/cow per day compared to 35.6% recovery and 32.2% culling in the antibiotic-treated group. Bacteriological analysis was run for 95 (80%) cows with clinical mastitis (APT-46; AB-49). For cows with Escherichia coli infection, 85.7% (18/21) treated with APT recovered vs. 17.6% (3/17) in the antibiotic-treated group; for cows with streptococcal infection, 66.0% (12/18) in the APT-treated group recovered vs. 44.4% (8/18) in the antibiotic-treated group.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF A NEW TRUCK-MOUNTED ULV SPRAYING MACHINE WITH BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS VAR. ISRAELENSIS AGAINST LARVAL CULEX QUINQUEFASCIATUS

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-79
Author(s):  
Lei Luo
Keyword(s):  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Mosquito Larvae ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Additional Tool ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Droplet Sizes ◽  
Line P ◽  
Lc50 And Lc90

A field study about the effectiveness of a new truck-mounted ultra-low-volume (ULV) machine against larval Culex quinquefasciatus Say was conducted at Anastasia Mosquito Control District of St. Johns County, St. Augustine, FL, during the summer of 2017. Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae were treated using a ground application at different concentrations of Bti using a new truck-mounted ULV sprayer with a horizontal nozzle. Mortality of larvae was recorded after 24 h, and droplet sizes were measured. Overall, Bti sprayed by the new truck-mounted ULV spraying machine at a concentration of 2.625 mg/L resulted in the highest mortality of mosquito larvae. The results indicate that the Bti concentrations of 0.875 mg/L and 0.065 mg/L resulted in a significant difference in mean larval mortality between each distance from the spray line (P < 0.05), while the mortality by the other 3 concentrations (0.477 mg/L, 2.625 mg/L, and 5.25 mg/L) tested did not. The LC50 and LC90 of Bti against larvae were 0.261 mg/L (0.239~0.286) and 1.687 mg/L (1.481~1.922), respectively. The coverage (swath) of the spray by the new ULV machine showed that the Bti could be sprayed at least 33 meters away with a 20 meter width. Therefore, the new truck-mounted ULV spraying machine with liquid Bti could be used to treat a large area effectively and efficiently and as an additional tool for the control of mosquito larvae.

EFFECT OF BULK TANK GAUGE ROD STORAGE METHODS ON MILK WEIGHT LOSSES1

1965 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 227-230
Author(s):  
A. R. Pernice ◽  
T. Blakely ◽  
M. Beach
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
Attain Room Temperature ◽  
Storage Methods ◽  
Bulk Tank ◽  
Bulk Milk Tank

Summary Storage of the gauge rod outside the farm bulk milk tank more clearly aligns the technique presently used by regulatory officials in the calibration of farm tanks. Outside storage was related to a definite decrease in the amount of shrinkage per route studied. The study suggests that outside storage more consistently and more easily provided the collector with a gauge rod that had been washed clean, rinsed under hot water, allowed to drain dry and to attain room temperature prior to its use for measurement.

Comparison of milk production and herd characteristics in New Zealand herds milked once or twice a day

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 570 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Dairy Production ◽  
Replacement Rate ◽  
Aggregated Data ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Milk Volume ◽  
Calving Rate

To attract and retain quality staff, dairy farming must be competitive with industries offering conventional work hours. Full-lactation once-a-day (OAD) milking can improve staff working conditions. The aim of the present study was to compare the characteristics of OAD herds relative to a peer group of herds milked twice-a-day (TAD). Data were sourced from the Dairy Industry Good Animal Database, pairing OAD and TAD herds within 25 km, 20% herd size, and 14 days of planned start of calving. Aggregated data from these herds were extracted for the dairy production years 2007–2008 through 2015–2016. In 2015–2016, 9% of all herds tested in New Zealand were milked full-lactation OAD. Results are presented from –4 to 4 years, with 0 as the year of switching to OAD. Results indicated that herds adopting full-lactation OAD milking experienced an 11% decrease in total farm milksolid (MS; fat kg + protein kg) production (kg MS/herd) in Year 0 but, by Year 3, the prior level of production was regained. However, OAD herds remained 11% behind their TAD peer group, due to both OAD and TAD herds increasing production at a rate of 2171 kg MS/year in Years 0–4. The annual herd replacement rate was 20% for both groups. Differences also included a higher 6-week calving rate (82% TAD, 87% OAD), and a divergence in herd breed, with an increase in Jersey and a decrease in Holstein–Friesian genetics for the OAD herds from Year –2. Cows in OAD herds were less likely to be removed due to not being pregnant, but more likely to be removed due to low production or udder health. Milking interval × year interactions were significant for milk volume and liveweight breeding values, with OAD herds having lower values at Year 4. The main conclusion is that to retain an equivalent level of profitability, farm expenditure must be permanently reduced on the adoption of OAD by the initial production decrease multiplied by the long-term milk price. Farmers considering OAD should evaluate the trade-off between the ability to decrease costs to offset any decreased production and impacts on labour and/or lifestyle.

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