scholarly journals Global surgery for medical students – is it meaningful? A mixed-method study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. e0257297
Author(s):  
Sofia Kühner ◽  
Solvig Ekblad ◽  
Jan Larsson ◽  
Jenny Löfgren
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
Course Evaluation ◽  
Global Surgery ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Signed Rank ◽  
Signed Rank Test ◽  
Surgical Conditions ◽  
Case Based

Introduction There has been an increase in global health courses at medical universities in high-income countries. Their effect on students, however, is poorly understood. In 2016 an elective global surgery course was introduced for medical students at Karolinska Institutet in Sweden. The course includes a theoretical module in Sweden and a two-week clinical rotation in Uganda. The present study aimed to assess the format and determine its effect on students’ knowledge of global surgery and approach towards patients of non-Swedish origin. Method A mixed-methods design was used. Semi-structured case-based interviews were conducted individually with 18 students and analysed using qualitative content analysis. Examination scores and the course evaluation were analysed with Kruskal Wallis one-way analysis of variance, Pearson’s Chi-square and a Wilcoxon signed-rank test as appropriate. Results The course was appreciated and students reported gained insights and interest in global surgery. Students’ ability to reason about global surgery issues was improved after the course. Students considered complicating aspects in the meeting with patients of non-Swedish origin. Students with abroad clinical experience felt less compelled to act on preconceptions. Discussion The global surgery course at Karolinska Institutet is appreciated and students gained valuable knowledge. The case-based interviews acted as a catalyst for reflection and showed that students felt insecure as they lacked knowledge about globally common surgical conditions and struggled with generalized preconceptions of patients of non-Swedish origin. To further support students to integrate theoretical knowledge and professional development, we suggest the introduction of problem-based learning. Conclusion The ability of the course to inspire students’ commitment to global surgery is promising as this engagement is the key to reaching the goal of equitable health globally. Offering such courses is a step towards inspiring and recruiting the future clinicians and researchers needed for expanding the field of global surgery.

scholarly journals Strengthening student communication through pediatric simulated patient encounters

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Whitt ◽  
Gregory Toussaint ◽  
S. Bruce Binder ◽  
Nicole J. Borges
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Communication Skills ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Simulated Patient ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Clinical Communication ◽  
Oral Feedback ◽  
Signed Rank ◽  
Signed Rank Test

As medical students enter the role of physician, clinical outcomes not only rely on their mastery of clinical knowledge, but also on the effectiveness in which they can communicate with patients and family members. While students typically have numerous opportunities to practice clinical communication with adult patients, such practice in pediatric settings is limited. This study examines if simulated patient (SP) encounters strengthen third-year medical students’ communication skills during the pediatrics clerkship. During 2011-2013, three SP encounters (comprising 3 pediatric scenarios) were incorporated into a pediatrics clerkship at one United States medical school to give students a safe venue to practice advanced communication with observation and direct feedback. Third-year medical students engaged in the scenarios and received both written and oral feedback from an evaluator observing the encounter. With IRB approval, students’ self-perceived confidence and abilities at performing the advanced communication skills were measured using an eightitem, Likert scale questionnaire administered pre and post the SP encounter. Pre- and post-questionnaires (n = 215; response rate, 96%) analyzed using a Wilcoxon-matched pairs signed-rank test demonstrated statistically significant increases in students’ perception of their confidence and abilities regarding their performance (P < 0.05; Bonferroni correction, P < 0.006). There was an increases in student confidence and self-perceived ability in: first, communicating with children and family members of young patients; second, managing confrontational situations involving parents; third, performing a thorough psychosocial history with an adolescent; and fourth, using Evidence Based Medicine to motivate parents.

scholarly journals Comparison of Transmittance and Reflectance Pulse Oximetry in Anesthetized Dogs

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Nixdorff ◽  
Yury Zablotski ◽  
Katrin Hartmann ◽  
Rene Dörfelt
Keyword(s):  
Failure Rate ◽  
Pulse Oximeter ◽  
Matched Pair ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Signed Rank ◽  
Signed Rank Test ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Probe Site ◽  
Pulse Oximeter Probe

Objectives: The tongue is the standard site for placement of a pulse oximeter probe but is difficult to access during certain procedures such as dental and ophthalmic procedures and computerized tomography of the head. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of a new-generation reflectance pulse oximeter using the tail and tibia as sites for probe attachment.Materials and Methods: A total of 100 client-owned dogs that underwent anesthesia for various reasons were premedicated with butorphanol (n = 50; 0.2 mg/kg; group BUT) or butorphanol and dexmedetomidine (n = 50; 5 μg/kg; group DEX), administered intravenously. Anesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with sevoflurane. A transmittance pulse oximeter probe was placed on the tongue and served as the reference standard. A reflectance probe was randomly placed on the tail base or the proximal tibia, and the position changed after testing. Signals from three consecutive measurements were obtained at each position. Failure was defined as “no signal,” “low signal,” or a pulse difference &gt;10/min compared with the ECG heart rate. Data were analyzed using chi-square test, Wilcoxon matched-pair signed-rank test, and Bland-Altman analysis. P &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.Results: In both groups (BUT and DEX), failure rate was higher when the tibia and tail were used as probe sites compared with the tongue. In both groups, the failure rate was higher for the tibia than for the tail. Dexmedetomidine-induced vasoconstriction increased failure rate at all probe positions.Clinical Significance: The tail base, but not the tibia, is an acceptable position for reflectance pulse oximeter probes in dogs. The tongue remains the probe site of choice, if accessible.

scholarly journals COVID-19, Lockdown and Its Effect on Consumption Behavior of Household: Evidence from Maharashtra State, India

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-82
Author(s):  
Sachin Pawar ◽  
Abhijeet Birari ◽  
Jitendrasinh Jamadar
Keyword(s):  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Consumption Behavior ◽  
Logistics Regression ◽  
Signed Rank ◽  
Signed Rank Test ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

The purpose of this paper is to assess the effect of COVID-19, nationwide lockdown, and measures taken by the central bank to adjust the consumer behavior of households in Maharashtra, India. This study used a structured questionnaire to achieve the objectives with a sample size of 221 and statistical tools like Logistics regression, Kruskal Wallis Test, Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test, and Chi-Square Test. The results indicate that COVID-19 decreased the consumption of the household and that there was a significantly positive relationship between the level of consumption during lockdown and age, gender, number of dependents, income, education level, and region. People tend to lower their consumption for non-essential categories and increase for essential ones. The current study is considered the first of its kind conducted in Maharashtra, India. To the best of our knowledge, there were no such studies regarding measuring the impact of COVID-19 on household consumption.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Mechanism by Which the TNO Stereo Test Overestimates Stereo Thresholds

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Yu Zhang ◽  
Bingbing Meng ◽  
Huang Wu
Keyword(s):  
Rank Test ◽  
Friedman Test ◽  
Testing Methods ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Spearman's Rho ◽  
Signed Rank ◽  
Spearman’S Rho ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Signed Rank Test

Several studies have revealed that results of the TNO stereo test may overestimate the stereoacuity value (the less the better) compared with other testing measurements. The manner in which vision is divided among two eyes of a person wearing anaglyph glasses may play an important role. This study aimed to examine the effect of anaglyph glasses on stereopsis measurements. A stereopsis measurement system using a phoropter and two Sony smartphones was established. Four types of test patterns, including the original TNO stereo test pictures, isoluminant red-green pictures, grayscale pictures, and black and white dots pictures, were designed. A total of 32 participants were recruited for this study. A significant difference was found among the four groups (Friedman test, chi-square = 50.985, P < 0.001 ). The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to detect differences between the groups. The stereoacuity of the original TNO group was significantly worse than those of the isoluminant, grayscale, and black-white groups. However, no significant difference was found between the isoluminant and grayscale groups. The correlation coefficient between the original TNO and isoluminant groups was 0.952 (Spearman’s rho, P < 0.001 ; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.901–0.988), while that between the original and grayscale groups was 0.771 (Spearman’s rho, P < 0.001 ; 95% CI, 0.550–0.916). Anaglyph glasses played an important role in determining the stereoacuity values with the TNO stereo test, and the results were overestimated when compared with that of the other testing methods. The imbalance of chroma and luminance between the two eyes caused by the anaglyph glasses was indicated as one of the reasons for the overestimation of stereo thresholds.

scholarly journals What Influences Mental Illness? Discrepancies Between Medical Education and Conception

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 238212051770512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan Hy Einstein ◽  
Lidia Klepacz
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Medical Education ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Systemic Racism ◽  
Signed Rank ◽  
Signed Rank Test

Objective: This preliminary study examined the differences between what was taught during a formal medical education and medical students’ and psychiatry residents’ conceptions of notions regarding the causes and determinants of mental illness. Methods: The authors surveyed 74 medical students and 11 residents via convenience sampling. The survey contained 18 statements which were rated twice based on truthfulness in terms of a participant’s formal education and conception, respectively. Descriptive statistics and a Wilcoxon signed rank test determined differences between education and conception. Results: Results showed that students were less likely to perceive a neurotransmitter imbalance to cause mental illness, as opposed to what was emphasized during a formal medical education. Students and residents also understood the importance of factors such as systemic racism and socioeconomic status in the development of mental illness, which were factors that did not receive heavy emphasis during medical education. Furthermore, students and residents believed that not only did mental illnesses have nonuniform pathologies, but that the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders also had the propensity to sometimes arbitrarily categorize individuals with potentially negative consequences. Conclusions: If these notions are therefore part of students’ and residents’ conceptions, as well as documented in the literature, then it seems appropriate for medical education to be further developed to emphasize these ideas.

Analysis of Electric Vehicle Purchaser Satisfaction and Rejection Reasons

2017 ◽  
Vol 2628 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parasto Jabbari ◽  
William Chernicoff ◽  
Don MacKenzie
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Satisfaction ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Vehicle Choice ◽  
Market Expansion ◽  
Signed Rank ◽  
Signed Rank Test ◽  
Matched Data

This study used a matched data set drawn from more than 1 million new vehicle postpurchase consumer satisfaction surveys to test for differences in satisfaction and reasons for vehicle choice and rejection between conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles and plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs). The Wilcoxon signed rank test and the McNemar and chi-square tests were used to evaluate consumer satisfaction and reasons for rejecting considered vehicles, respectively. Results show that PEV purchasers and considerers—people who considered purchasing a specific type of car (Editor’s note: This term is the authors’.)—were less satisfied with their overall purchase experience, but those who considered and rejected a PEV were less likely than those who considered and rejected an ICE to cite the dealer’s attitude as the reason for rejection. Price and value were the most cited reasons and were similarly important for both groups. Reasons related to model availability and vehicle attributes were more often a concern for PEV considerers than for ICE considerers. These results suggest that even with existing incentives, the limitations of the current technology (e.g., price and range) and the variety of available vehicles are the most important challenges to market expansion.

scholarly journals Learning Experiences and Scholastic Achievement of School Students in Mathematics – Role of Intervention

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Venkateshwar Rao D ◽  
Beena C
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Intelligences ◽  
Learning Experiences ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Scholastic Achievement ◽  
School Students ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Signed Rank ◽  
Signed Rank Test

The present study examined the influence of intervention incorporating multiple intelligences on learning experiences and scholastic achievement of secondary school students. Data was collected from 208 students of 6th grade by following two stage sampling technique. Data was subjected to statistical analysis using chi-square, ‘t’ test and wilcoxon signed rank test. It was observed that in class rooms in which teacher incorporates multiple intelligences in teaching practices the students showed more interest in mathematics and also showed higher scholastic achievement. It has been recommended to follow the same teaching approach to generate interest among students in mathematics.

scholarly journals Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic: Perspectives of medical students

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia Saeed ◽  
Nismat Javed
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Signed Rank ◽  
Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test ◽  
Signed Rank Test

Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health and lifestyle of our medical students. Methods: This observational study was conducted on medical students of Shifa College of Medicine, Islamabad from June to August 2020. The GAD-7 and PHQ-9 questionnaires were used for anxiety and depression assessment. Different aspects of changes in lifestyle were evaluated and students were inquired about their views regarding the COVID-19 pandemic. The chi-square test was applied to assess the associations between levels of anxiety and depression with student’s responses to the concerns and lifestyle changes. The binomial logistic analysis was used to highlight important predictors of anxiety and depression. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the time spent on various activities before and during the pandemic. Results: There were 234 participants in the study. The depression and anxiety were detected in 151 (64.5%) and 146 (66.7%) students. The college closure led to a significant increase in sleeping time, sedentary time, and time on gadgets (Z=-4.67, Z=-7.23, Z= -6.72, respectively) on the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The binomial regression analysis identified study years be the significant predictors for the development of depression and anxiety (p<0.05). Conclusions: Our study emphasizes prioritizing both the physical and mental health of medical students is vital to avoid complications related to the pandemic. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.5.4177 How to cite this:Saeed N, Javed N. Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic: perspectives of medical students. Pak J Med Sci. 2021;37(5):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.5.4177 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

scholarly journals Level of ERAS understanding affects practitioners’ practice and perception of early postoperative resumption of oral intake: a nationwide survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huizhen Huang ◽  
Yuelun Zhang ◽  
Le Shen ◽  
Yuguang Huang
Keyword(s):  
Mainland China ◽  
Oral Intake ◽  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Signed Rank ◽  
Signed Rank Test ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Level Of Understanding

Abstract Background Early postoperative resumption of oral intake is supposed to be safe and beneficial to patients recovery. However, practitioners still have great confusion and disagreement about postoperative resumption of oral intake. This is a nationwide survey to investigate the current status of clinical practice and practitioners’ attitude toward postoperative resumption of oral intake along with their level of understanding of the ERAS guidelines. Methods An anonymous web-based survey questionnaire via mobile social platform was carried out in mainland China from December 11–20, 2020. The Wilcoxon signed rank test or chi-square test was used to compare the propensity of the resumption of oral intake. Results Totally 5370 responses were received, and 89% of them were from anesthesiology departments. The nature of the responses from clinical practitioners was highly diverse, but each of the three surgery types showed unique patterns of ERAS implementation. The respondents were more conservative regarding the commencement of both fluid and solid diets after gastrointestinal (GI) and hepato-pancreato-biliary (HPB) surgery than after non-abdominal (NA) surgery. Most respondents agreed that early oral intake is beneficial to reduce postoperative complications improve bowel recovery and overall outcome. 55% respondents considered themselves to have a better understanding of ERAS and tended to initiate oral intake early for all three surgery types (P < 0.001). Conclusions The postoperative resumption of oral intake is highly variable among GI, HPB and NA surgeries. A better understanding of ERAS would encourage practitioners to commence oral intake resumption much earlier.

scholarly journals Residency Prep Course Instills Confidence in Interns

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 149-152
Author(s):  
Kelly Winter ◽  
Karson Quinn ◽  
Stephen Helmer ◽  
Marilee McBoyle
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Clinical Skills ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Course Completion ◽  
Surgical Skills ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
General Surgery Residency ◽  
Signed Rank ◽  
Signed Rank Test ◽  
Surgery Residency Program

Introduction.  Physicians entering surgical residency often feel unprepared for tasks expected of them beginning July 1, including responding to pages, writing orders, doing procedures independently, and a multitude of other requirements.  Our aim was to design a surgical boot camp to help graduating senior medical students feel more confident entering residency. Methods.  A two-week intensive surgery residency prep course was conducted in the spring of 2019 at an Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-accredited General Surgery residency program. The course was designed combining aspects from existing prep courses and innovative ideas tailored to resources available at our institution.  Medical students participated in the Surgery Residency Prep Course as an elective at the end of their fourth year of medical school.  An anonymous survey was given pre- and post-prep course completion evaluating confidence in medical knowledge, clinical skills, and surgical skills.  Data were compared using Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test. Results.  Six students completed the course as a medical elective.  Students felt more confident at course completion in most aspects, were significantly more confident in all areas of surgical skills taught and evaluated, and nearly all areas of medical knowledge.  Subjectively, students felt as though the course was beneficial and helped them feel more prepared for starting internship. Conclusions.  This course designed at our institution was successful in helping prepare and instill confidence in graduating medical students prior to starting their internship.

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