scholarly journals Low cuticle deposition rate in ‘Apple’ mango increases elastic strain, weakens the cuticle and increases russet

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. e0258521
Author(s):  
Thomas O. Athoo ◽  
Bishnu P. Khanal ◽  
Moritz Knoche
Keyword(s):  
Deposition Rate ◽  
Strain Relaxation ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Cell Orientation ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Cuticular Membrane ◽  
Cumulative Strain ◽  
Mechanistic Basis ◽  
Membrane Strain

Russeting compromises appearance and downgrades the market value of many fruitcrops, including of the mango cv. ‘Apple’. The objective was to identify the mechanistic basis of ‘Apple’ mango’s high susceptibility to russeting. We focused on fruit growth, cuticle deposition, stress/strain relaxation analysis and the mechanical properties of the cuticle. The non-susceptible mango cv. ‘Tommy Atkins’ served for comparison. Compared with ‘Tommy Atkins’, fruit of ‘Apple’ had a lower mass, a smaller surface area and a lower growth rate. There were little differences between the epidermal and hypodermal cells of ‘Apple’ and ‘Tommy Atkins’ including cell size, cell orientation and cell number. Lenticel density decreased during development, being lower in ‘Apple’ than in ‘Tommy Atkins’. The mean lenticel area increased during development but was consistently greater in ‘Apple’ than in ‘Tommy Atkins’. The deposition rate of the cuticular membrane was initially rapid but later slowed till it matched the area expansion rate, thereafter mass per unit area was effectively constant. The cuticle of ‘Apple’ is thinner than that of ‘Tommy Atkins’. Cumulative strain increased sigmoidally with fruit growth. Strains released stepwise on excision and isolation (εexc+iso), and on wax extraction (εextr) were higher in ‘Apple’ than in ‘Tommy Atkins’. Membrane stiffness increased during development being consistently lower in ‘Apple’ than in ‘Tommy Atkins’. Membrane fracture force (Fmax) was low and constant in developing ‘Apple’ but increased in ‘Tommy Atkin’. Membrane strain at fracture (εmax) decreased linearly during development but was lower in ‘Apple’ than in ‘Tommy Atkins’. Frequency of membrane failure associated with lenticels increased during development and was consistently higher in ‘Apple’ than in ‘Tommy Atkins’. The lower rate of cuticular deposition, the higher strain releases on excision, isolation and wax extraction and the weaker cuticle account for the high russet susceptibility of ‘Apple’ mango.

scholarly journals Rootstock Effects on Growth, Cell Number, and Cell Size of `Gala' Apples

2004 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yahya K. Al-Hinai ◽  
Teryl R. Roper
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Final Size ◽  
Load Effects

The effects of rootstock on growth of fruit cell number and size of `Gala' apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh) were investigated over three consecutive seasons (2000-02) growing on Malling 26 (M.26), Ottawa-3, Pajam-1, and Vineland (V)-605 rootstocks at the Peninsular Agricultural Research Station near Sturgeon Bay, WI. Fruit growth as a function of cell division and expansion was monitored from full bloom until harvest using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cell count and cell size measurements showed that rootstock had no affect on fruit growth and final size even when crop load effects were removed. Cell division ceased about 5 to 6 weeks after full bloom (WAFB) followed by cell expansion. Fruit size was positively correlated (r2 = 0.85) with cell size, suggesting that differences in fruit size were primarily a result of changes in cell size rather than cell number or intercellular space (IS).

scholarly journals Response of Cell Division and Cell Expansion to Local Fruit Heating in Tomato Fruit

2012 ◽  
Vol 137 (5) ◽  
pp. 294-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julienne Fanwoua ◽  
Pieter de Visser ◽  
Ep Heuvelink ◽  
Gerco Angenent ◽  
Xinyou Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Expansion ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Direction Parallel ◽  
Cell Divisions ◽  
Fruit Skin

To improve our understanding of fruit growth responses to temperature, it is important to analyze temperature effects on underlying fruit cellular processes. This study aimed at analyzing the response of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit size to heating as affected by changes in cell number and cell expansion in different directions. Individual trusses were enclosed into cuvettes and heating was applied either only during the first 7 days after anthesis (DAA), from 7 DAA until fruit maturity (breaker stage), or both. Fruit size and histological characteristics in the pericarp were measured. Heating fruit shortened fruit growth period and reduced final fruit size. Reduction in final fruit size of early-heated fruit was mainly associated with reduction in final pericarp cell volume. Early heating increased the number of cell layers in the pericarp but did not affect the total number of pericarp cells. These results indicate that in the tomato pericarp, periclinal cell divisions respond differently to temperature than anticlinal or randomly oriented cell divisions. Late heating only decreased pericarp thickness significantly. Continuously heating fruit reduced anticlinal cell expansion (direction perpendicular to fruit skin) more than periclinal cell expansion (direction parallel to fruit skin). This study emphasizes the need to measure cell expansion in more than one dimension in histological studies of fruit.

scholarly journals EjBZR1 represses fruit enlargement by binding to the EjCYP90 promoter in loquat

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenbing Su ◽  
Zikun Shao ◽  
Man Wang ◽  
Xiaoqing Gan ◽  
Xianghui Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Eriobotrya Japonica ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Virus Induced Gene Silencing ◽  
P450 Gene

AbstractLoquat (Eriobotrya japonica) is a subtropical tree that bears fruit that ripens during late spring. Fruit size is one of the dominant factors inhibiting the large-scale production of this fruit crop. To date, little is known about fruit size regulation. In this study, we first discovered that cell size is more important to fruit size than cell number in loquat and that the expression of the EjBZR1 gene is negatively correlated with cell and fruit size. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of EjBZR1 led to larger cells and fruits in loquat, while its overexpression reduced cell and plant size in Arabidopsis. Moreover, both the suppression and overexpression of EjBZR1 inhibited the expression of brassinosteroid (BR) biosynthesis genes, especially that of EjCYP90A. Further experiments indicated that EjCYP90A, a cytochrome P450 gene, is a fruit growth activator, while EjBZR1 binds to the BRRE (CGTGTG) motif of the EjCYP90A promoter to repress its expression and fruit cell enlargement. Overall, our results demonstrate a possible pathway by which EjBZR1 directly targets EjCYP90A and thereby affects BR biosynthesis, which influences cell expansion and, consequently, fruit size. These findings help to elucidate the molecular functions of BZR1 in fruit growth and thus highlight a useful genetic improvement that can lead to increased crop yields by repressing gene expression.

scholarly journals Apple Fruit Growth and Cell Division in Relation to Embryo and Endosperm Development in Two Climates, New York State and Washington State

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1097B-1097 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin C. Goffinet ◽  
James R. McFerson ◽  
Alan N. Lakso
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
New York State ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Endosperm Development ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
York State ◽  
Wall Formation ◽  
Cortex Cell

In 2002 in New York State, we collected king fruit of `Gala' and `Red Delicious' on fruiting spurs from 0 to 66 days after full bloom (DAB). In 2003 in Washington State, we collected king fruit of these cultivars from 14 to 62 DAB. At each collection we determined radial cell number across the fruit cortex and developmental stage of the embryo and endosperm in seeds. Fruit diameter was slightly greater in Washington fruit than in New York fruit until about 40 DAB; thereafter, New York `Delicious' outgrew Washington `Delicious', while `Gala' in the two climates (and two different years) grew identically. The New York fruits had a much earlier rise in fruit growth rate and maintained a slightly higher rate throughout the period. The cortex thickness of Washington fruit was greater than that of New York fruit for both cultivars. Most rapid cell division in the cortex occurred between 10 and 28 DAB and, by 40 DAB, most cell proliferation had ceased. The Washington fruit formed more cells across the radius than did New York fruit. Cortex thickness increased with respect to increase in cortex cell number about 30% to 40% faster in Washington fruit than in New York fruit. Developmental stages of embryos and endosperm followed a sigmoid time pattern for both cultivars in both states. By 60 DAB, embryos and endosperm reached their maximum stage of development. In both cultivars and states, cell divisions were nearly completed by the time the embryo and endosperm approached stage 3: for embryos this is the heart-shaped stage, for endosperm it is near completion of cell wall formation. The completion of wall formation in the endosperm, the near completion of cortex cell division, and the generation of the cotyledons and apical meristems in the embryo are highly correlated processes. We saw no evidence that endosperm development precedes embryo development.

Comparative Study on the Nonlinear Calculation of Ratcheting Deformation Using Different Constitutive Model

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuejiao Shao ◽  
Hai Xie ◽  
Furui Xiong ◽  
Xiaolong Fu ◽  
Kaikai Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Strain ◽  
Constitutive Model ◽  
Kinematic Hardening ◽  
Constitutive Models ◽  
Fatigue Analysis ◽  
Constitutive Law ◽  
Elastic Plastic ◽  
Bending Strain ◽  
Cumulative Strain ◽  
Membrane Strain

Abstract In the fatigue assessment of nuclear components following the RCC-M B3200, if the results using the simplified elastic-plastic method cannot meet the Code’s requirements, it is necessary to conduct a detailed elastic-plastic fatigue analysis of the component. In this paper, the A-F and Chaboche nonlinear kinematic hardening constitutive models are used to conduct an elasto-plastic fatigue analysis for a typical nozzle component, aiming to calculate the secondary cumulative cyclic plastic strain of the structure induced by the rapid temperature change transient. The calculation method of nonlinear ratcheting behavior under cyclic loading is studied. The method of determining the parameters of constitutive model based on cyclic stable stress-strain curve is also studied. A sensitive study of the parameters for the same constitutive law is presented, including the results of cumulative plastic strain. The ratcheting behavior simulation calculated by different constitutive models are compared. The results show that the A-F model has a conservative prediction of ratcheting behavior as the dynamic recovery term is too strong. It was found that the Chaboche constitutive model is the better methodology for ratcheting analysis. In order to evaluate the bearing ability of the section, the membrane strain and bending strain is obtained by linearizing the node strain along the cross section. The ratios of membrane strain and membrane plus bending strain to total strain are calculated, which is helpful to determining the limit criteria for the cumulative strain of structures.

The growth of apricot fruit. I. Morphological changes during development and the effects of various tree factors

1966 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 465 ◽  
Author(s):  
DI Jackson ◽  
BG Coombe
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Prunus Armeniaca ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Constant Number ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Final Size ◽  
Branch Diameter ◽  
Prunus Armeniaca L ◽  
Positive Correlations

A study has been made of growth in the fruit of apricot, Prunus armeniaca L. cv. Moorpark, in Adelaide, S.A. Morphological changes in the seed and mesocarp from anthesis to maturity are described. Significant positive correlations have been shown between the diameter of fruit at early pit-hardening, and that at the end of pit-hardening and at maturity. Large fruit at pit-hardening were also shown to ripen earlier. Other factors such as leaf/fruit ratio, fruit or leaf number per branch, branch diameter, and amount of light received by branches could not be correlated with fruit growth or final size. Differences were found in the rate of fruit growth during the first 3 or 4 weeks after anthesis between seasons, and also between fruit from early and late flowers. These differences were positively correlated with air temperature during this period; a constant number of "degree-days" above 5°C had accumulated when the fruit had grown to 2.3 cm in diameter. Fruit were shown to vary in volume and in the number and volume of mesocarp cells, both within and between trees. Volume differences in fruit within a tree were mainly due to differences in cell number, but between trees the contribution of cell volume was relatively more important.

scholarly journals Accumulation of nutrients during the development of ‘Méndez’ avocado fruit

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 469
Author(s):  
Samuel Salazar-García ◽  
Arturo Álvarez-Bravo ◽  
Martha Elva Ibarra-Estrada ◽  
Adriana Mellado-Vázquez
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Development ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Avocado Fruit

Balanced and timely nutrition is important to ensure the yield and quality of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) fruit. This research was carried out in the cv. Méndez with the objectives of a) to describe the dynamics of fruit growth and the process of dry matter accumulation in mesocarp, b) to quantify the concentration and accumulation of nutrients in the mesocarp (pulp) during fruit development. In a commercial orchard with site-specif ic fertilization, 20 trees were selected and 30 summer flowering inflorescences per production cycle (2014-15, 2015-16 and 2016-17) were marked in each one. Five fruits per tree were randomly collected in f ive stages of development, from olive size to harvest, and the dry matter of the mesocarp and the concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn and B in this tissue were quantif ied. The fruit required 300 days from anthesis to harvest. It showed accelerated growth in the f irst three stages of development (S-Olive, S-I and S-II) and lower growth in the last stage (S-III). Dry matter accumulation was constant during fruit development, although the largest accumulation occurred in S-III. In general, the concentration of nutrients in the mesocarp decreased with fruit development and its accumulation increased. The greatest fruit growth occurred in the f irst 185 post-anthesis days, when the mesocarp accumulated less than one-third of the total nutrients required until harvest. The results indicate the need to review how nutrients are supplied to the tree, to make sure they are adequately provided during fruit development.

scholarly journals Fruit growth and sink strength in olive (Olea europaea) are related to cell number, not to tissue size

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 1098
Author(s):  
Adolfo Rosati ◽  
Silvia Caporali ◽  
Sofiene B. M. Hammami ◽  
Inmaculada Moreno-Alías ◽  
Hava Rapoport
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Good Predictor ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Olive Cultivar ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Tissue Size ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between tissue (mesocarp and endocarp) growth and either tissue initial (i.e. in the ovary at bloom) size or cell number was studied using the olive cultivar Leccino (L) and its mutated clone (LC), which produces tetraploid fruits. LC ovaries were 2.7 times the volume of L ovaries, but contained an overall similar number of much larger cells. This allowed decoupling cell number and ovary size, which are normally closely correlated. With this decoupling, cell number in the ovary correlated with tissue growth in the fruit while tissue size in the ovary did not. Cell size in the ovary was inversely correlated with the tissue relative growth from bloom to harvest (i.e. the ratio between final and initial tissue size). These results support the hypothesis that cell number and not tissue size are related to fruit growth and sink strength, and that cell size in the ovary tissues is a good predictor of tissue growth, across cultivars and tissues, even when cell size is strongly affected by ploidy.

scholarly journals Differences in Fruit Development among Large- and Small-fruited Cultivars of Saskatoon (Amelanchier alnifolia)

2001 ◽  
Vol 126 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roisin McGarry ◽  
Jocelyn A. Ozga ◽  
Dennis M. Reinecke
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Amelanchier Alnifolia ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Harvest Maturity

Fruit growth in saskatoons (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.), an emerging horticultural crop across the Canadian prairies, results from development of the mesocarp and the endocarp-locular-ovular structure which includes the developing seeds. Contribution of these tissues to fruit size was assessed using transverse sections of ovaries sampled at six developmental stages among large- and small-fruited cultivars. Mesocarp development was similar among the larger-fruited cultivars (Thiessen, Northline, and Smoky); the number of cells increased rapidly through Stage I [162 to 293 growing degree days (GDDs)] of fruit growth, and cell number increase was minimal during Stages II (293 to 577 GDDs) and III (577 to 747 GDDs). In `Regent' fruit (a small-fruited cultivar), the maximal rate of cell division was delayed until Stage II and the mesocarp contained fewer cells than the larger-fruited cultivars at harvest maturity. Mesocarp cell enlargement was similar among all of the cultivars studied where cell expansion was maximal during Stage I and continued at a slower rate during Stages II and III. The area of the endocarp-locular-ovular structure was greatest for `Thiessen' and `Northline', midrange for `Smoky', and smallest for `Regent'. Data suggest that a minimum number of mesocarp cells early in fruit development is required to attain maximal mesocarp size, and that differences in cultivar fruit size are a function of both the mesocarp and the endocarp-locular-ovular structure.

What drives fruit growth?

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (9) ◽  
pp. 817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. O. Okello ◽  
Ep Heuvelink ◽  
Pieter H. B. de Visser ◽  
Paul C. Struik ◽  
Leo F. M. Marcelis
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Nuclear Dna Content ◽  
Growth Dynamics ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Cell Level ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Positive Correlations

Cell division, endoreduplication (an increase in nuclear DNA content without cell division) and cell expansion are important processes for growth. It is debatable whether organ growth is driven by all three cellular processes. Alternatively, all could be part of a dominant extracellular growth regulatory mechanism. Cell level processes have been studied extensively and a positive correlation between cell number and fruit size is commonly reported, although few positive correlations between cell size or ploidy level and fruit size have been found. Here, we discuss cell-level growth dynamics in fruits and ask what drives fruit growth and during which development stages. We argue that (1) the widely accepted positive correlation between cell number and fruit size does not imply a causal relationship; (2) fruit growth is regulated by both cell autonomous and noncell autonomous mechanisms as well as a global coordinator, the target of rapamycin; and (3) increases in fruit size follow the neocellular theory of growth.

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