scholarly journals Phytochemical and proximate content of Carapa procera bark and its antimicrobial potential against selected pathogens

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0261755
Author(s):  
Derrick Ansah Owusu ◽  
Alfred Elikem Kwami Afedzi ◽  
Lydia Quansah
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Inhibition Concentration ◽  
Microbial Infections ◽  
Phytochemical Constituents ◽  
Carapa Procera ◽  
Management And Conservation

Medicinal plants represent a great source of antimicrobial and phytochemical constituents which are increasingly used to treat microbial infections and other ailments such as tuberculosis, anemia, and trachoma. Despite the use of antibiotics, antimicrobial resistance continues to be a world issue, in as much as nutrition. This study investigated the presence of phytochemicals, proximate compositions, and antimicrobial activity of methanolic extract of Carapa procera bark. The bark of Carapa procera was collected, cleaned and air dried for 72 h. The powder obtained was treated with diethyl ether and soaked in methanol (99%) for 72 h to obtain crude extract. The extract was used to test for the presence of phytochemicals and antimicrobial activities. The raw bark was used for proximate analysis. The result showed presence of steroids, tannins and saponins, but no alkaloids present. The 100 mg/mL extract had the highest inhibition zone on all tested organisms from 24.00 ± 0.94 to 26.67 ± 1.18, and 50 mg/mL showed the least (16.67 ± 1.24) on Candida albicans. Staphylococcus aureus showed the lowest minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of 3.12 mg/mL, whereas the Gram-negative bacteria exhibited variations in their sensitivity with E. coli having the highest MIC of 25 mg/mL. The extract had high MIC (6.25 mg/mL) on Candida albicans than clotrimazole (50 mg/mL). The proximate compositions of Carapa procera were moisture (6.07 ± 0.07%), ash (12.46 ± 0.46%), crude protein (9.54 ± 0.12%), crude fat (1.42 ± 0.06%) and carbohydrate (70.50 ± 0.35%). The energy value was 1413.17 kj. Thus, Carapa procera possesses both antimicrobial and nutritional potentials worth exploring and domesticating for sustainable management and conservation.

scholarly journals Perbandingan Aktivitas Antimikroba Ekstrak Etanol dari Tiga Spesies Ganoderma Asal Pulau Lombok

2022 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-172
Author(s):  
Faturrahman Faturrahman ◽  
Sukiman Sukiman ◽  
Bambang Fajar Suryadi ◽  
Sarkono Sarkono ◽  
Ernin Hidayati
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Cryptococcus Neoformans ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Microbial Infections ◽  
Ethanol Extracts

The use of antibiotics is one of the most important ways to deal with the spread and treatment of pathogenic microbial infections. The search for new antibiotic sources continues to be carried out to anticipate the emergence of microbial resistance. One of the natural resources that has the potential as an antimicrobial source is a member of the macrofungi of the Genus Ganoderma. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial performance of the ethanol extracts of Ganoderma  lucidum, G. applanatum dan Ganorderma sp. against fungi (Candida albicans dan Cryptococcus neoformans),  gram positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus dan Staphylococcus aureus) and gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli dan Shigella sp.). Macrofungi samples were taken from the forest area of Nature Tourism Park (TWA) Gunung Tunak, TWA Kerandangan, TWA Suranadi, TWA Nuraksa Sesaot, TWA Lemor and Pusuk forest. The stages of the method performed are sample collection, sample preparation, extraction, and testing of antimicrobial activity using the well difusion method. The ethanol extract concentrations for testing were 20%, 40%, 60% and 80%. The results showed that the three Ganoderma species had anti-fungal and antibacterial activity and that different levels of concentration had an effect on inhibition. The size of the inhibition zone is directly proportional to the higher the extract concentration. The antimicrobial activity of the ethanol extract of G. lucidum was higher when compared to G. applanatum and Ganoderma sp. both against fungi (Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans) as well as against gram-positive and gram-negative test bacteria. In addition, G. applanatum showed very weak inhibition against both groups of tested bacteria.  Key words: candidiasis; cryptococcosis; comorbid infections; macerations; pathogens

scholarly journals Design, Synthesis, and Antimicrobial Activity of Certain New Indole-1,2,4 Triazole Conjugates

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 2292
Author(s):  
Reem I. Al-Wabli ◽  
Mona A. Alsulami ◽  
Sarah I. Bukhari ◽  
Nadine M. S. Moubayed ◽  
Maha S. Al-Mutairi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Moderate Activity ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Design Synthesis ◽  
Inhibition Concentration ◽  
Microbial Infections ◽  
New Chemical Entities ◽  
Microbial Strains ◽  
Mic Value

The increasing prevalence of microbial infections and the emergence of resistance to the currently available antimicrobial drugs urged the development of potent new chemical entities with eminent pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic profiles. Thus, a series of new indole-triazole conjugates 6a-u was designed and synthesized to be assessed as new antimicrobial candidates using the diameter of the inhibition zone and minimum inhibitory concentration assays against certain microbial strains. Their in vitro antibacterial evaluation revealed good to moderate activity against most of the tested Gram-negative strains with diameter of the inhibition zone (DIZ) values in the range of 11–15 mm and minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) values around 250 µg/mL. Meanwhile, their in vitro antifungal evaluation demonstrated a potent activity against Candida tropicalis with MIC value as low as 2 µg/mL for most of the tested compounds. Moreover, compound 6f is the most potent congener with an MIC value of 2 µg/mL against Candida albicans.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial activity of aqueous extracts of pomegranate, sumac, sage, anise, hand bull tongue, thyme, cloves, lemon and mint against some food-borne pathogens

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-94
Author(s):  
Maha A. Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Food Borne Pathogens ◽  
Food Borne

The increasing rate of resistance development for commonly used antibiotics have led to search for newer, more effective, affordable and easily available medicine. Medicinal plants have revived as a consequence of current problems associated with the use of antibiotics. Aqueous extracts of nine plants (pomegranate, sumac, sage, anise, hand bull tongue, thyme, cloves, lemon and mint) were qualitatively and quantitatively examined against twenty microbial isolates, mostly food borne including pathogens. (E.coli, Salmonella typhi and Candida albicans) antimicrobial screening was done by agar diffusion (well diffusion) and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods. Among the screened plants, cloves were the most inhibitor against isolates of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Candida albicans followed by the inhibitory effect of sumac against (E.coli, Salmonella typhi and Candida albicans). On the other hand, pomegranate, sage and lemon showed varied inhibitory effect against the tested food borne isolates, whereas the extracts of anise, hand bull tongue, thyme and mint showed no antimicrobial activities against most of the tested isolates. Regarding the inhibition zone and MIC results, the present study certified that Candida albicans was the most sensitive pathogen as compared with the other food borne pathogens tested (Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi).

scholarly journals ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTS OF SOME DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS ON FUNGAL ISOLATES OF CANDIDA albicans AND TRICHOPHYTON mentagrophyte

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Obhioze Augustine Akpoka ◽  
A. A. Enaigbe ◽  
M. U. Okwu ◽  
O. E. Izevbuwa ◽  
E. A. Ufuah
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Sensitivity Test ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Fungal Isolates ◽  
Drug Concentrations

The preliminary phytochemical screening revealed that, antimicrobial properties of the leaf extracts were due to secondary metabolites such as amino acids, essential oils, flavonoids and saponins contained. The antimicrobial activities of alcoholic extracts were tested against pathogenic fungal isolates of Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophyte. This was performed by inoculating the isolates into the pure extract, spread onto petri plates containing Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) media, observed for growth at stipulated standards. The sensitivity test was done by the disk diffusion method to test the effectiveness of an antimycotic (Griseofulvin) applied on the specific isolates. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined to ascertain the lowest drug concentrations that inhibited the fungal growths. The antimicrobial test revealed that, the leaf extracts of Eupatorium odoratum and Canjanus cajan inhibited the growths of the organisms while extracts of Citrus aurantifolia and Eucalyptus citriodora only prevented the growth of Candida albicans. The sensitivity test recorded the inhibition zone to range from 11 mm to 32 mm, with the lowest cleared area reported in the extract of E. citriodora and the highest in E, odoratum. Consequently, the MIC values of extracts at dilution levels were; E. odoratum: 1: 10000; 1: 1000, C. cajan: 1: 1000; 1: 10000, E. citriodora: 1:1000; 1:100 and C. aurantifolia: 1: 100000; 1: 100 respectively. This work has confirmed the progressive utilization of plants as antimicrobials for the benefit of mankind, to have originated from microbial sources.

Antimicrobial properties and phytochemical constituents of the metha-nol extracts of Euphorbia retusa Forssk. and Euphorbia terracina L. from Saudi Arabia

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-53
Author(s):  
Emad M. Abdallah
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽  
Methanol Extracts ◽  
Phytochemical Constituents ◽  
Antimicrobial Potency

This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical constituents and antimi-crobial activities of the crude methanol extracts of leaves of Euphorbia re-tusa Forssk and Euphorbia terracina L. collected from Saudi Arabia (Al-Rass province). Extracts of both plants showed presence of some bioactive phyto-chemicals such as tannins, saponins, terpenoids and traces of alkaloids for E. terracina; and tannins, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids and terpenoids for E. retusa. Among investigated microorganisms, methanol extracts exhibited some degree of antimicrobial activity towards some microorganisms; name-ly,Candida albicans ATCC 1405, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 49461, Bacillus cereus ATCC 10876 and Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC 27736 respec-tively for E. retusa and towards Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923.Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 49461,Candida albicans ATCC 1405,Bacillus cereus ATCC 10876 and Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC 27736 re-spectively for E. terracina. MIC testing was ranged from 100 to 6.2 mg/ml, proving the antimicrobial potency of these plants’ extracts against some mi-croorganisms. Further studies regarding purification and fractionation are required since the antimicrobial activities of tested extracts were not com-petitor when compared to the antibiotics Chloramphenicol 25mg/ml or Clot-rimazole 10 mg/ml.

scholarly journals Brine-Shrimp Lethality Bioassay of different extracts of the medicinal plant matricaria (chamomilla) flowers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amal Elnour Ali ◽  
Shayob Mohammed El Hassan Ali ◽  
Suad Abd Elgadir Abdo EL-Rhman ◽  
Mona Abd ELmoneim Mohamed ◽  
Tarig Osman Khider
Keyword(s):  
Petroleum Ether ◽  
Spectroscopic Analysis ◽  
Ultra Violet ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disc Diffusion Method ◽  
Growth Inhibition Zone ◽  
Soxhlet Apparatus ◽  
Phytochemical Constituents

Abstract The present study aimed to throw some light on phytochemical constituents of Matricaria (cammomile) flowers. The grinded flowers were extracted successively by petroleum ether (40-60°C), chloroform, 95% ethanol, and ethyl acetate; using soxhlet apparatus respectively. The extracts were concentrated under vacuum (rotatory evaporator).Phytochemical screening of matricaria flowers, were performed using standard methods, showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, and anthraquinone. The 95% ethanolic crude extract was subjected to column chromatography and nine fractions were collected. Fractions 1-6 have the same Rf value, (using thin layer pre-coated silica gel (0.25cm). were combined and subjected to spectroscopic analysis; infrared spectra showed absorption at 1860, 1637 and 805 cm’ indicating the presence of c=o, c=c, and c-o groups respectively. Ultra violet absorption at 250-283nm assign for the presence of flavonoids, (lit. 250-280). Finally GC/MS spectra performed the presence flavonoids.Crude extracts (ethanol, methanol, petroleum ether, and chloroform) were investigated for antimicrobial activities against four strains of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus sub tills, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and two fungi: Asperigillus niger, and Candida albican) with disc diffusion method, the diameter of growth inhibition zone ranged 15-22mm.The distilled essential oil (hydro distillation) of matricaria flowers was subjected to GC/MS, a Number of aliphatic compounds were detected e.g. 2, 3 heptadione and 3-hexa none, 2, 5 dimethyl.

scholarly journals The Antimicrobial Effect Of Virgin Coconut Oil On Oral Pathogen

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Ainatul Mardia Bt Mohamad Nasir ◽  
Zurainie Bt Abllah ◽  
Intan Azura Bt Shahdan ◽  
Anil Azura Bt Jalaludin
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Lactobacillus Casei ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Virgin Coconut Oil

Introduction: As time progressed, our diet changed to include the types of foods that will promote decay and so dental caries became a widespread and serious concern. Dental caries had been reported adding to the significantly high number of oral health problem worldwide, causing a burden to health care system. Despite the existing of prevention courses, the numbers did not appear to decrease. Originated from natural resources, virgin coconut oil (VCO) has been proposed as an alternative treatment as it has been reported to demonstrate antimicrobial activity on various bacteria. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate whether VCO has antimicrobial effects on certain, selected cariogenic bacteria. Materials and Methods: Crude extract of VCO was prepared by using a natural method of fermentation. The composition of VCO were screened using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrophotometry (GCMS). The antimicrobial activities of VCO were evaluated against three selected oral pathogens; Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus casei and Candida albicans using disc diffusion method. The inhibitory activities of VCO were determined by measuring the diameter of inhibition zone. The antimicrobial activities were further tested using broth micro-dilution technique to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Results: The inhibition zone was observed on Candida albicans plate, however no inhibitions were observed on Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus casei plates. The MIC and MBC results were inconsistent in 3 duplication that have been done for all the bacteria. Conclusion(s): VCO demonstrated potential antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans but not on Streptococcus mutans and Lactbacillus casei.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Properties and Melissopalynology, Proximate and Elemental Analyses of Honey Samples from Three Different Ecozones in Nigeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 326-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter A. ADEONIPEKUN ◽  
Tiwalade A. ADENIYI ◽  
David EDEN
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Antimicrobial Studies ◽  
Elemental Analyses ◽  
Lowland Rainforest ◽  
Sudan Savanna ◽  
First Time

Honey samples from three different ecozones - coastal freshwater (Ogba), lowland rainforest (Oka-Akoko) and montane Sudan savanna (Mambilla plateau) – were subjected to melissopalynological, proximate and elemental analyses, as well as antimicrobial studies. The aim of the research was to determine the contribution of pollen, if any, in the antimicrobial activities of the studied honey samples. Standard preparation methods were adopted for these studies. The Mambilla honey recorded the highest pollen diversity, while that of Oka-Akoko and Ogba regions had similar diversity, both having lower values. The Ogba honey however contained the highest abundance of pollen. Proximate analysis showed that the Mambilla honey also recorded the highest values of moisture, ash, protein, fats and oil, as well as potassium and reducing sugars. Antimicrobial investigation revealed the highest antimicrobial activities for the Mambilla honey, followed by Oka-Akoko and Ogba against Staphylococcus aureus (gram positive) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (gram negative). Moisture content, proteins and carbohydrates were significantly different, with positive and negative trends respectively, when related with the antimicrobial activities of the honey samples. The pollen contents were also qualitatively different. This is the first time the antimicrobial activity of honey is ever traced to pollen contents.  More conclusions can be accurately made only after further research upon pollen grains directly.

scholarly journals Evaluasi Kandungan Nutrisi Pakan dan Daya Hambat Tepung Biji Asam Kandis (Gracinia cowa) sebagai Bahan Pakan Unggas

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Febri Puska Padang ◽  
Osfar Sjofjan ◽  
Edhy Sudjarwo
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Food Ingredient ◽  
Feed Ingredients ◽  
Inhibitory Bacteria

Kandis acid (Gracinia cowa) has been used for cooking, medicine, beauty, etc., but using of seeds has not been profitable so it was wasted. Seeds can be used as a fitobiotic to replace antibiotics or as feed ingredients. The purpose of this study was to determine the food ingredient and the inhibitory of bacteria on kandis seeds flour. This research was conducted by laboratory experiments using Kandis seeds flour as a material, analysis proximate used to represent the composition of feedstuft, bioactive used test flavonoid quantitaf seconder and the inhibitory test with hollow diffusion methode. The results of the test were dry matter 89.11%, crude fat 4.77, fiber 18.57, crude protein 0.99, tannin 0.29%, GE 5244 kcal / kg, Ca 0.72%, P 0, 22%, flavonoids 0.44%, density 413 g / mL. The smallest inhibitory bacteria produced by lactic acid bacteria then Salmonella and Escherichia coli. The food ingredient represented that value Kandis acid seeds flour can be used as food and there are bacterial inhibitory by the activity of flavonoids and tannins. The conclusion is the kandis acid seeds have potential as feed ingredients and phytobiotics Keywords: gracinia cowa, flavonoid, proximate analysis, inhibition

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